Examples of exemplary people throughout the ages Note that throughout the ages!

Shang Yang (ca. 395 BC - 338 BC), surnamed Gongsun, first name Yang, was a native of the State of Wei (present-day Anyang City, Henan Province, around the town of Liangzhuang, Neihuang). He was a native of the State of Wei (present-day Liangzhuang Township, Neihuang, An Yang City, Henan Province). He was later named Shang Yang (商鞅), as he was awarded the title of Shang Jun (商君) for his achievements in the Battle of Hexi (河西). During the Warring States period, he was a statesman and thinker, and was one of the leading figures of the Legalist school, along with Han Fei and others. From 356 to 350 B.C., Shang Yang implemented two large-scale law reforms. Shang Yang's law change was the most thorough one in the Warring States period. It not only promoted the development of Qin society, but also promoted the transformation of the patriarchal feudal system to the centralized power system, laid the foundation for the establishment of the great unified empire by Qin Shi Huang, and had a profound influence on the later generations. That is why it was said in later times, "A hundred years are still the same as Qin's political law." It also established the mode of production, which was the greatest impact of Shang Yang's change of law on ancient Chinese society. However, Shang's law was too mean and unforgiving, setting up the law of guilt-by-association, enacting harsh laws, increasing the number of corporal punishments and the great pardons, with the punishments of chiseling the top of the head, pulling out the ribs, and cooking in a wok. In particular, the system of military honors caused much resentment among the nobles of Qin. Zhao Liang (赵良), a member of the Qin royal family, advised Shang Yang to "return to the fifteen capitals and plant a garden in the mean" and "not to covet the wealth of merchants and Yu, and not to favor the teachings of the Qin state", but Shang Yang refused to listen to him. In 338, Duke Xiaodong of Qin collapsed and King Huiwen took the throne. Duke Ziqi accused Shang Yang of plotting a rebellion, and Shang Yang fled to the border, where he wanted to stay in a guest house, but the shopkeepers did not dare to keep him there for fear of being implicated in a crime because he did not show any documents; and he wanted to flee to the state of Wei, but the people of Wei were unwilling to keep him because of Shang Yang's treachery in attacking the commander of the state of Wei. Later, when Shang Yang returned to Shangyi, he sent his soldiers north to attack Zheng, and Qin sent troops to discuss the matter, killing Yang in Zheng's Strider Pond, and was sentenced by King Hui of Qin to be "split into two pieces" in Tong, exterminating Shang Jun's family. [1] In the Ming Dynasty novel "The Chronicles of the Warring States of the Eastern Zhou", Shang Yang was tortured by "splitting his body into five pieces by five oxen" instead of "splitting his body into five pieces by five horses", as is commonly believed. Shang Yang once sighed to himself and said, "I have set up this law, but I am also harming myself."

Shang Yang was killed, but the new law was not abolished. The fact that the new law was adapted to the trend of the times was the reason why King Huiwen of Qin did not abolish it. At the same time, Shang Yang's change of law also established the mode of production in which landowners exploited peasants by taking possession of the land and shooting them. After this change of law, King Huiwen of Qin became the biggest landlord in Qin, which was also an important reason why King Huiwen of Qin did not abolish Shang Yang's decree.

Wang Anshi (December 18, 1021 - May 21, 1086), male, Song dynasty politician, literati, calligrapher, Han nationality, the word Jiefu, the late name of Hanshan, posthumously known as "Wen", the world known as Wang Wengong, the self-proclaimed Mr. Linchuan, late in the year of the Duke of Jing, the world known as Linchuan! Mr. also known as Wang Jing Gong, Jiangxi Linchuan (now Linchuan District Dengjiaxiang) people, China's outstanding politicians, writers, thinkers, reformers. Wang Anshi change of law on the late Northern Song Dynasty social and economic impact is very deep, has the characteristics of modern change, Wang Anshi to "the sky is not enough to fear, the ancestors are not enough to law, people say not enough to compassionate" spirit to promote the reform, trying to get rid of the existence of the Northern Song Dynasty, the implementation of a series of measures to enrich the country and strengthen the army, is the eleventh century, China's great reformer. In literature with outstanding achievements, is one of the eight great Tang and Song dynasties, namely the Tang Dynasty Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan and Song Dynasty Su Shi, Su Xun, Su Zhe (Su Shi, Su Xun, Su Zhe father and son of three known as the three Su), Ouyang Xiu, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong (who once worshipped Ouyang Xiu as a teacher).

The poem "learn Du get its thin hard", good at reasoning and rhetoric, good at using allusions, style strong, incisive and refined, but also has a deep rhyme works. Author of "Mr. Linchuan anthology", the existing "Wang Linchuan collection", "Linchuan collection of gleanings", the famous prose "tour of Mount Baochan".

Qingli two years boarded Yang put down the list of the fourth scholar, successively served as signing the Huainan East Road (seat in present-day Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province) section of the magistrate official business, Yin County (present-day Yinzhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province) governor. Shuzhou (now anqing, anhui) pass judgment, jiangnan east road (in today's jiangsu and zhejiang area) criminal prison. Zhiping four years (1067 (dingwei year)) the first reign of Emperor Shenzong, the edict of Anshi Zhi Jiangningfu, spinning call for the Hanlin scholar. Xining two years (1069) to mention for the Counselor of Politics, from Xining three years, twice as the same Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhang matter, the implementation of new laws. Xining nine years after the dismissal of reclusive, died in Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu Province) Zhongshan, posthumous name "Wen", so the world called Wang Wen Gong. He was one of the eight most famous scholars of the Tang and Song dynasties.

Kang Youwei was born into a feudal bureaucratic family, his grandfather, Kang Zanxiu, was a scholar during the Daoguang period, and his father, Kang Dachu, was a magistrate in Jiangxi. He studied Confucianism from an early age and began to come into contact with Western culture in 1879. 1882, Kang went to Beijing to take the Shun Tian rural examination, but failed to get in. When he returned to the south, he passed through Shanghai and purchased a large number of western books, absorbing the theory of evolution and political viewpoints from the west, and initially formed the ideological system of the Reform and Change of Law.

In 1888, Kang Youwei once again went to Beijing to participate in the Shuntian township exams, and took the opportunity to write to the Guangxu Emperor for the first time, requesting a change in the law, which was blocked and did not reach. 1891, he set up the Wanmu Cao Tang in Guangzhou, and accepted disciples to give lectures, and his disciples included Liang Qichao, Chen Qianqiu, etc. He also wrote a letter to the Emperor, asking for a change in the law.

1895, he went to Beijing to participate in the examination, learned that the Treaty of Shimonoseki signed, united more than 1,300 students, on the 10,000-word letter, that is, "petition on the bus", and did not reach. At the end of May of that year, he wrote a third petition, was praised by the emperor Guangxu. July, he and Liang Qichao founded the "Chinese and foreign journal", and soon organized in Beijing strong society.

In 1897, when the Germans occupied Jiaozhou Bay, Kang Youwei again submitted a petition to change the law. In January of the following year, the Guangxu Emperor ordered Kang Youwei to present his views on the reform of the law, he submitted "should be imperial decree to coordinate the whole situation", and submitted the book "Japan's Meiji change of government", "Russia's big Peter change of government" two books. in April, he and Liang Qichao organized to protect the Nationalist Government, and called for the rescue of the country and strive for strength. 16 June, the Guangxu Emperor in the Summer Palace Palace of the Emperor summoned Kang Youwei, and appointed him as the Premier of the Yamen Zhangjing, allowed to be special folders to play, and to prepare for the reform of the law, known as the Hundred Days Reform, which is the history of the Hundred Days Reform. The Hundred Days' Reform (戊戌变法), known as the Hundred Days' Reform in history. Due to the intervention of Empress Dowager Cixi, the reform movement failed, and its details are still controversial.

After the failure of the Hundred Days Reform, Emperor Guangxu was placed under house arrest, Kang Youwei's brother Kang Guangren was killed, and Kang Youwei fled

Empress Dowager Cixi

to France, where he claimed to be in possession of the Emperor's Sash and Sash Edict, and organized the Royalist Society, which advocated openness and authoritarianism in opposition to the revolution. To gain international support, he traveled to various countries and met with European monarchs.

After the Xinhai Revolution, Kang returned to China in 1913 and edited a magazine called "Intolerance", which advocated the restoration of Confucianism. As a leader of the royalist party, he opposed the **** and system, and had been planning the restoration of the Qing emperor Puyi. 1917, Kang and the loyalist warlord Zhang Xun launched a restoration of the Qing dynasty and installed Puyi on the throne, which soon failed under the crusade of the premier of the Peking government, Mr. Duan Qirui.

Kang Youwei always claimed to be loyal to the Qing Dynasty in his later years, and after Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City by Feng Yuxiang, he traveled to Tianjin to visit Puyi in his Jingyuan Garden.

In 1923, Kang Youwei moved to Qingdao and purchased a residence on the shore of Huiquan Bay, which he named "Tianyouyuan". Later, several of his children also lived here when they were studying in Qingdao. When he first lived in Qingdao, he intended to build a university and drew up a charter for the university, which was abandoned because Gao Enhong, the governor of the Jiao-Ou commercial port, went ahead of him. In his later years, for the beautiful scenery of Qingdao wrote a lot of poetry, a number of poems carved stone has become part of the Laoshan attractions.

On March 8, 1927, Kang Youwei in Shanghai to do 70 birthday, on the 21st arrived in Qingdao. 30 evening, a fellow Guangdong invited him to dinner, not the end of the table and abdominal pain, the next day died in a foreign country.

Kang Youwei

Kang Youwei saw the crisis of the country in his time and made a bold attempt to guide Sun Wen's Xinhai Revolution in practice.

Kang Youwei was killed by the Qing government several times in his life, and went into exile several times in foreign countries, and his thoughts were agitated by the western and middle school. As a result, many contradictions were reflected in him, and he was often at odds with what he said and what he did.

For example, he advocated equality between men and women and monogamy, but he himself had many concubines and was known as a saintly man.

In the bumpy and turbulent life in exile, Kang Youwei a*** married six wives, one of whom was an American Chinese and one Japanese.

In 1907, at the age of 49, Kang Youwei was in the western United States, and met the 17-year-old American overseas Chinese Ho Senli. Ho, who was not only fluent in four languages but also familiar with Chinese culture, could sing and dance well, and became infatuated with Kang after listening to his speeches. At the time, Kang had already married his first wife, Zhang Yunzhu, and his second wife, Liang Suijue, but Ho married Kang despite her parents' opposition.

After the failure of the Restoration, Kang was so bored that he traveled to Hangzhou in the spring and summer of 1918. The "saint" even "hostage prostitutes to swim in the lake", and make a poem in the mood, the beginning is "South makeup Xizi pan West Lake, I also floating Fan Dafu". The prostitute compared to Xi Shi, himself compared to Fan Li, a moment was rumored to be a laughing stock.

One day, Kang Youwei pan lake tour, suddenly saw a wonderful girl in the coiffure, suspected to be the reincarnation of Xi Shi. After inquiring about this woman called Zhang Guang, only 18 years old, not yet married. Kang hastened to ask someone to propose marriage, Zhang's family see Kang has been over age, politely refused.

In 1919, Kang Youwei held a wedding ceremony in Shanghai, where he was congratulated by his family and friends, but his concubines and children were not in favor of the marriage, and boycotted the event by absenting themselves from the wedding.

Among his six wives, Kang Youwei seemed to be particularly fond of Ho Senli. He died in 1914, since then every anniversary of the death, Kang Youwei will burn incense in front of his spirit, crying; Qingming Festival, the cemetery in person to pay tribute to the old man, in front of the grave with tears, kneeling.

Zhang Jianwei said in "WENHU HUXU YIN", Kang Youwei was down and out in Shanghai, every day, apolitical prostitutes, but there is no money to pay for johns. Over time, let the brothels know, the group to the inn where Kang Youwei stayed to ask for, Kang Youwei feel very embarrassed, and fled to Guangdong. On the day of embarkation, all the brothels came to the ship to look for him, and they searched for him for half a day and could not find him. After the ship sailed, a sailor saw someone inside the board, and was so shocked that he called all the people to see that it was Mr. Kang Youwei. Later, someone wrote a poem to satirize it: "avoid debt without a platform but have a boat, not worth a penny Mo Fengliu".

However, Kang Youwei's life in his later years is considered to be a bellwether. According to speculation, Kang Youwei 55 years old after the 14 years in Shanghai and Jiangnan life, the Kang family spent no less than 20,000 silver yuan per year, equivalent to 800,000 yuan today.

However, when Kang Youwei died in Qingdao in 1927, according to his second wife Liang Sui Jue said, the family had no money left, even the coffin can not afford to buy, can not be buried. Warlord Zhang Zongchang sent three thousand yuan (some say 30,000 yuan), so that things can be done

There are many more, such as the Han Wu emperor's period of pushing the order of grace, the Northern Wei Wei emperor's implementation of Sinicization and so on