What are some of the more important characters that appeared in the four ancient civilizations! A cat and a dog don't come to fool around, accurate value answer!

"The four great ancient civilizations" is popular in China on the world civilization process plays an important role in the history of the stage of the four countries and regions in the general name, respectively, ancient Babylon, ancient Egypt, ancient India and ancient China.... The expression "four ancient civilizations" is derived from Liang Qichao's statement that "there are four ancient civilizations on earth", but it is not the same as its original meaning. This statement is only popular in China, and is not recognized by the worldwide historical community. Because this statement can only represent the center of civilization where the civilization originated, and is not standardized. The four ancient civilizations actually correspond to the four major origins of the world, civilization refers to the two river valleys, Ancient Egypt, Ancient India, China, the four earliest regions of human civilization, while the Aegean civilization of the same period was not included. The significance of the four major ancient civilizations is not in the sequence of time, but in the fact that they are the birthplace of the present civilization. There are not many important figures in Babylon, but King Nebuchadnezzar II waged many foreign wars to expand his empire, which should be considered as an important figure... However, there are many mythological figures, such as Noah, a Babylonian mythological figure; Ishtan, the goddess Ishkentar, and so on. Ancient Egypt is the pharaohs, Tutankhamun, Khufu, etc... Ancient India is also best known for the person inside the myth, Lord Shiva. All four ancient civilizations had their own myths and legends. They used myths to strengthen their authoritarian rule. The Pharaohs of ancient Egypt claimed to be "sons of the sun god", Hammurabi, the ruler of ancient Babylon, claimed to be "descendants of the moon god", and the Chinese monarchs claimed to be "sons of heaven".

The four great civilizations had their own calendars, with a 12-month year and leap months. Each civilization created its own script. The Indus, Yellow, and Two Rivers civilizations used the potter's wheel to make pottery, Egypt and the Two Rivers calculated pi, Babylon and China discovered the Pythagorean Theorem, and India invented Arabic numerals.

Detailed Explanation:

Ancient Egypt

The most important local administrative unit during the Ancient Kingdom was the Nome (state), whose administrator was the Nomarh (governor). Governors were both hereditary and appointed by the king. Hereditary governors might also be formally appointed or approved by the king. Some people could serve as nomarch for two nomes. Nomalhs managed local administration, commanded local armies, maintained local law and order, collected state taxes on behalf of the state, managed the royal economy and state estates in that nom, managed local temple affairs, and maintained local irrigation systems. Most of the Nomarchs during the Ancient Kingdom were the old local nobles who were very powerful and influential in the Benom. At the beginning of the Ancient Kingdom, the royal power was still able to control them; at the end of the Ancient Kingdom, the monarchical dictatorship was greatly weakened, and the royal power had to rely on them in many ways, selecting senior officials from them, and some local nobles even married the king and took up senior official positions such as vizier. As a result, some nomarchs showed great separatist tendencies, and they even enriched themselves by weakening the royal economy. Between the nomarchs and the central government, there was an Upper Egyptian official residence at the end of the 5th dynasty, and the minister Unni served as the governor of the Upper Egyptian residence. Some researchers believe that the Lower Egyptian Residence was established later, probably during the 11th Dynasty, but the mention in the biography of Minister Unni of the official positions of the chiefs of Upper and Lower Egypt, and the chiefs of the monks of Upper and Lower Egypt, seems to indicate that the Lower Egyptian Residence was also established during the Old Kingdom. The Upper Egyptian chiefs were apparently appointed by the king. In the case of the Unni, his powers included collecting taxes on behalf of the state, commanding the local army temporarily called up in times of war, and so on. It may also have served as a watchdog over the local nomarchs on behalf of the king.

Royal family control of government: The monarchy in the Old Kingdom period was not only manifested in the king's direct control of the main powers of the state, but also in the control of government by the royal family, and most of the high-ranking officials and eunuchs were members of the royal family. In the 4th dynasty, the post of vizier was mostly held by princes, and even in the 5th-6th dynasties, there were princes who held the post of vizier. Among the six princes tomb during the 5th-6th dynasties in the place of Saqqara, one of them served as a vizier; two of them held the posts of supervisor of royal affairs and commander of the army. At the end of the ancient kingdom, when royal power weakened and the power of local nobles rose, some local nobles served as viziers, such as a vizier named Zau in the 6th dynasty, who turned out to be a local noble. However, the reason why Zaou became a vizier may have something to do with the fact that two of his sisters became queens.

Ancient Babylon;

The country of Babylon may be called the Kingdom of Babylon, and is divided into the Kingdom of Ancient Babylon and the Kingdom of Neo-Babylon (also known as the Chaldean Kingdom). [5]

The earliest slave state of mankind arose in the east of the world in about 3500 BC

gubabilun (8 photos), Babylon is one of the oldest known ancient eastern states. According to historical scholars deduce that about four thousand years BC, the Sumerians living in this area had a more developed culture, not only invented the written word, but also invented the "clay tablets" used to write the text. After the fall of Sumer, the city of Babylon rose. The first dynasty of Babylon began in 1894 B.C., when the sixth king, Hammurabi (1792-1750 B.C.), conquered the cities in the north and south and established a centralized authoritarian system, promulgated the Hammurabi Code, and completed the unification of the two river valleys. Later on, it passed through the Second Dynasty (middle of the 16th century BC to 1530 BC), the Third Dynasty (1530 BC to 1157 BC) and the Fourth Dynasty (1157 BC to 729 BC), and was destroyed by Assyria in 729 BC. In the early 1000's B.C., the Chaldeans, another branch of the Semites, came to settle in the southern part of the Two Rivers Valley. In 630 B.C., Nabopolassar, a Chaldean leader, took advantage of the civil unrest in Neo-Assyria, which ruled the valley at that time, and gradually gained control of Babylon. He made himself King of Babylon in 626 BC. Later he formed an alliance with Midian and captured Nineveh in 612 BC and destroyed the Assyrian Empire. With the fall of the Assyrian Empire, the inheritance was divided between the Kingdom of Neo-Babylon and the Kingdom of Midian, in which the Kingdom of Neo-Babylon divided the western half of the Assyrian Empire, i.e. the southern part of the Two River Basin, Syria, Palestine and Pho[féi]nikki, and re-established the Kingdom of Neo-Babylon (626~538 BC), which was also known as the Kingdom of the Chaldeans. The New Babylonian Kingdom reached its heyday under the rule of Nebuchadnezzar II (605~562 BC). In 538 BC, the Neo-Babylonian Kingdom, which had existed for 88 years, was incorporated into the Persian Empire.

Ancient India;

In the pre-Vedic period, there had been a division into three classes among the Aryan tribes, namely, the powerful, mainly ra^jan, the hereditary priests, and the general population. In the Late Vedic period, the exclusiveness of these three classes increased and the three castes of Kshatriyas, Brahmins and Vaishyas were formed. Under the three castes, there were subordinate peoples, the main source of which was the conquered aborigines. This was the early form of the caste system.

The caste system was a common social system in India and other parts of South Asia. The caste system was centered on the Brahmins, and was divided into a number of endogamous groups, or castes, based on occupation. The various castes are divided into many sub-castes depending on the region they live in, and these sub-castes are further divided into many tribal castes depending on the settlement they live in, and these tribal castes are finally divided into clans with different lines of extramarital marriages, which are interlocked in this way, and are integrated to form a set of social systems scattered throughout the Indian subcontinent. Therefore, the caste system covers most of the groups in the Indian society and is closely related to the Indian social system, cosmology, religion and interpersonal relations, and can be said to be the most important social system and norms in traditional India.

Ancient India was a mythological country, where religion and philosophy were exceptionally developed. Therefore, India's ancient bronze statues are often symbols of mythology, religious icons and philosophical metaphors, casting the spirit of the gods. Indian bronze statue tradition is very long, can be traced back to about 2500 BC - 1500 years of the Indus era of bronze figurines "Dancing Girl". The rise of Brahminism (the predecessor of Hinduism), Buddhism, and Jainism in the 9th - 6th centuries BC provided a timeless theme for ancient Indian art, including bronze statuary. During the Indian Middle Ages (7th - 13th centuries AD), Indian bronze statuary reached its heyday.

Buddhism arose in the 6th century BC, its founder is Chodama Siddhartha, later honored by the Buddhists as "World Honored One", the name "Shakyamuni Buddha". His disciples called him "Buddha", meaning "one who has achieved great enlightenment". Buddhism proclaims the equality of the four natures and believes that the root cause of human suffering lies in human desire, and that only by practicing diligently and eliminating desire can we reach the "world of bliss" and step into the everlasting light of nirvana.

China:

Long cultural reasons . Traditional Chinese culture takes Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism as

the main body of its three theories of thought, and also includes some schools of thought such as Mohism, Legalism and

Militarism, among which Confucianism dominates, and Confucianism also

plays a major role in maintaining the monarchical and authoritarian rule. Confucianism was founded by Confucius during the Spring and Autumn Period, and its basic political idea was to maintain the patriarchal hierarchical

system of the Western

Zhou. The patriarchal system took the first-born son inheritance system as its main content, emphasizing the maintenance of the hereditary prerogative of domination of parents and patriarchs over the

members and property of the family and clan; the structure of the state was similar to that of the family, with the royal family of the Zhou being the largest clan in the world, and the vassals being the smaller ones, who had to be subjected to the rule and condescension of the king of the Zhou. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the patriarchal

system was gradually destroyed, the power of the Zhou king was weakening, and the power of the vassals was getting stronger and stronger, and the Zhou king gradually

lost control over the vassals; within the vassal states, the power of the ministers and daughters of the Zhou dynasty continued to strengthen, and often influenced the abolition of the vassal and the conquest of armies, which resulted in a situation of the so-called Rituals, music and corruption "The Zhou royal family is the largest clan in the world, and the vassals are smaller clans, which are subject to the rule and condemnation of the Zhou king. "

Confucius was the first to say this.

Confucius was very saddened by this situation, and the starting point of his political thought was to "restore the rites", i.e., to restore the Western Zhou's patriarchal

hierarchy. He emphasized the importance of "correcting names", i.e., correcting all kinds of violations of the Western Zhou's patriarchal hierarchy; Confucius especially advocated "filial piety and loyalty", advocating that people should strictly abide by the patriarchal hierarchy of "ruler, minister, father, son".

The Confucian philosopher advocated strict adherence to the patriarchal ethical principles of "sovereign, minister, father, son", hoping that the monarch should be noble and loyal as the monarch, the minister should be loyal to the monarch as the minister; the father should be authoritative as the father, and the son should be filial to his father as the son, which, in general, means that one should be filial to one's father and loyal to one's monarch. Confucius summarized the social and ethical relationships

into five kinds of relationships: "ruler and minister, father and son, husband and wife, brother and friend", and demanded that "the ruler should be benevolent and the minister should be loyal, the father should be kind and the son should be filial, the husband should be righteous and the woman should be obedient, the brother and the brother should be respectful, and the friend should have faith".

This is the principle of the five virtues, which has served to maintain authoritarian rule throughout history.

On the surface, Confucius put forward the requirements for both the ruler and the minister, father and son, husband and wife, but in fact, in the authoritarian society

society, the power and obligation between them are unequal, the power is concentrated in the former, and the obligation is concentrated in the

the latter, if the ruler is not benevolent, the father is not kind, the husband is not righteous, the latter, in addition to exhortation, there is nothing to do

whereas if the minister is not kind, the father is not kind, the husband is not righteous, the latter can not help. The principle of the five Confucianisms is actually a spiritual yoke on the latter.

Another important element in Confucius' system of thought is ren, which he called ren, and he regarded filial piety and fraternal duty as the root of ren, and filial piety as filial piety and fraternal duty. He called all good deeds "ren", and regarded "filial piety and fraternal duty" as the root of ren, with filial piety being filial obedience to parents and fraternal duty being respect for brothers and sisters. He regarded loyalty and obedience to the ruler as an extension and enlargement of filial piety, and emphasized that the family is the foundation of the state, the ruler and the father are one, and loyalty and filial piety are intertwined.

It is clear that Confucius emphasized that filial piety was in the service of loyalty. In this way, Confucius combined the ethics of the family with the state system, and loyalty to the king was no longer only a requirement of the state system, but also a requirement of social ethics and morality, thus increasing the constraints on the ministers.

This is an important part of Confucius' political thought, and it is also an important part of his political thinking. These are the important elements of Confucius' political thought, from which it is clear that his aim was to defend the monarch's

authoritarian rule. Confucius was a great educator who compiled a series of ancient cultural texts, opened private

schools, and recruited a wide range of disciples to

transmit his culture as well as his own ideas, so that his teachings were widely disseminated. After Confucius, two

great scholars, Mencius and Xunzi, inherited and developed Confucius' ideas, making Confucianism the most

influential of all the schools of thought during the Spring and Autumn Period. Because Confucius' doctrine did not meet the needs of the wars of rivalry among the vassals at that time, especially his demand that the vassals should be loyal to the king of Zhou, which the vassals were unwilling to listen to, Confucius' doctrine was not accepted by the vassals at that time, and did not gain a political position; however, his doctrine met the needs of the monarchs who unified the world in later times to maintain the autocratic rule.

Confucius was also honored by the autocratic monarchs as "The Sage".

After Confucius, there were many others who defended the autocratic rule of the monarchs, and Dong Zhongshu of the Han Dynasty was one of the most influential

. Dong Zhongshu, a Confucian master of the Western Han Dynasty, put forward the theory of "Divine Right of Kings", believing that the monarch ruled the world on behalf of heaven, and that the monarch's power was conferred by heaven, and that all the powers of the world should be united

with the monarch. Dong Zhongshu combined Confucius's idea of the five virtues with the idea of yin and yang and the five elements, and put forward the theory of the "Three Principles

Five Constants", which means that the ruler is the principle of the subject, the father is the principle of the son, and the husband is the principle of the wife. He believed that in the three

relationships of monarch, father and son, and husband and wife, the former is the yang and the latter is the yin, and the way of nature is that the yin is attached to the yang, so the latter obeys the former

as a matter of course. The theories of "Divine Right of Kings" and "Three Principles and Five Constants" are extremely confusing and deceptive, and have become

powerful tools for the maintenance of monarchical autocracy, and thus have become the feudal

political orthodoxies that have ruled China for more than 2,000 years in the latter days. Ideology. Dong Zhongshu also put forward the idea of "dismissing the hundred schools and honoring only the Confucians", which was adopted by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, and since then, the study of Confucian classics has become a ladder to enter the civil service, and Confucian classics have become very popular, and Confucianism has gained the status of the mainstay of traditional Chinese thought and culture, and Confucianism has dominated the thinking of the Chinese nation. Confucianism has since dominated the thinking of the entire Chinese nation.

After Dong Zhongshu, Zhu Xi of the Southern Song Dynasty was another important figure in the defense of monarchical autocracy. Based on

Confucianism, he blended the theories of Buddhism and Taoism to create the "Science of Reason," a collection of traditional Chinese thought and culture. Drawing on Taoism, he pointed out that "reason" is the origin of all things in the universe, and that the feudal rites and rituals with the Three Principles and Five Principles as their core

hearts are the embodiment of the origin of the universe in the human society, and are the "Divine Principle", and he called on the people to "

He regarded the pursuit of freedom, equality, democracy and other ideas in people's hearts that did not conform to feudal rites as human desires that did not conform to

The Divine Principle, and called on people to consciously remove them from their minds, i.e., "extinguish human desires".

The The science of reasoning was adapted to the needs of feudal monarchs

to maintain authoritarian rule, and was vigorously pursued by the dynasties after the Song Dynasty, becoming the official school, resulting in "four

seas within the non-Cheng Zhu's books are not read", feudal ritualism further penetrated into all corners of the Chinese society, and the feudal ethical

morals such as "The king calls for the death of the minister, the minister must die, the minister does not die as unfaithful; the father calls for the death of the son, the son must die, the son does not

death is considered unfilial", "martyrs do not marry two husbands", "starvation is a small matter, but the loss of the festival is a big matter "and other concepts y rooted in people's minds, seriously

poisoned the minds of the Chinese people, countless people because of adherence to the loyal ministers, filial piety, martyrdom, women's feudal

rituals and sacrificed their own happiness and even life. Confucius, Dong Zhongshu, Zhu Xi three people are only three prominent representatives of Confucianism to defend the monarch

authoritarian rule, other

in history in this regard has a greater impact on many others, the development of Confucianism in the form of rationale, for example, is not

Zhu Xi's one person's original creation, the rationale originated in the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu, Li Ao, by the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhou Dunyi, Shao

Yong, Cheng Hao, Cheng Yi inheritance and development, by the Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi, Zhu Xi set its completion, Zhu Xi, after the Ming Dynasty, Qiu Joon, a scholar of the University of the Ming Dynasty, to summarize and play a more comprehensive

. In summary, the defense of monarchical autocracy is the main content of Confucian political thought

. In ancient Chinese society, due to the advocacy of the autocratic monarchs, Confucianism achieved a dominant position in traditional Chinese literature

culture, thus making Confucian political propositions firmly bind people's minds, making them consciously

accept and defend the feudal autocratic rule, and acting as a great obstacle to China's emergence from the feudal society. China's ancient

traditional culture, in addition to Confucianism, there are also schools of thought such as Mohism, Legalism, Taoism, Buddhism, and so on, and he

they all belonged to the political aspect of defending or not opposing the monarchical autocratic rule. First, let's talk about Mohism, which is a school of thought during the Warring States period

and its founder, Mo Zhai, who advocated the principles of "concurrent love", "non-attack", and "respect for the wise", etc. In his

thoughts, he did not explicitly oppose monarchical rule. >There is no explicit opposition to or advocacy of monarchical autocracy in his thought, which is actually an endorsement of monarchical autocracy

. Mo Zhai had a point of view that required the people to agree with the claims of the "Son of Heaven", and that all those in favor of the monarch should be in favor of the monarch, and all those against the monarch should be against the monarch, on the premise that the claims of the "Son of Heaven" should be in the service of the common good of the world, which

is actually not possible. This is actually impossible. His view was absorbed by the Legalists and pushed to the extreme, which played a bad role.

The Legalists were also a school of thought during the Warring States period, represented by Shang Yang, Han Fei, Li Si, etc. They advocated

"change of law" and "rule of law", which played an important historical role in ending the wars and moving towards unification. The Legalists

advocated a high degree of centralization of power in the hands of the monarch, and all powers of the state should be concentrated in the hands of the monarch, so it is clear that the Legalists defended the monarch's autocratic

rule. Taoism is second only to Confucianism in China's traditional culture, and its founder was Laozi (老聃), who lived in Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period, and was known to cultivate himself and cultivate his character. In politics, he advocated the principle of "doing nothing but

ruling", which is opposed to both Confucianism's benevolence, righteousness, and propriety, and Legalism's rule of law, and has a tendency to negate realpolitik.

But they did not criticize the shortcomings of the monarchical authoritarian system. Instead, they hoped that the society would return to the primitive and obscurantist state of "a small country with few people" or even without any organization of political power, and "the people are like the deer", which was a kind of wish for the society to regress. This is a kind of wish for social regression. Lastly, let's talk about Buddhism. Buddhism is a religion that came from India during the Eastern Han Dynasty and took

roots on the Chinese soil, becoming an important part of traditional Chinese culture together with Confucianism and Taoism. Buddhism aims at the pursuit of the soul's

transcendence of the cycle of life and death and eternal happiness, and is not concerned with the realities of social politics, and is certainly not opposed to the monarchical dictatorship

system. Buddhism teaches people to abstain from desires and to endure suffering, and in fact has the effect of helping people to settle down in the rule of monarchies and dictatorships

.

Ancient Chinese people attached great importance to practicality, focusing on technical research that can solve practical problems, and did not like to see not

to the immediate effect of the study of the inner laws of things, so the vast majority of ancient Chinese inventions are

practical technology, and scientific things such as the collinear theorem, pi, and so on are very few. Technical research and scientific research

there is a big difference: technical research is in order to achieve a certain purpose, with a variety of methods to try to find a certain

methods to achieve the purpose, and then use the method, or in the case of purposelessness, by chance to find a certain

methods to achieve a certain effect, it will be remembered, and then use the method to achieve the effect of that

method. effect.

Seeing that the study of technology is practical and inseparable from experience, some people call it empirical science, but in fact it is mainly

technology rather than science.

The four great inventions, for example, are all technical, and the three great works of traditional science completed during the Ming Dynasty in China

The Compendium of Materia Medica, The Complete Book of Agricultural Politics, and The Works of Heaven and Earth are also all part of the collation of the books of the previous generations

and the summarization of the past experiences, which are also technical. Scientific research is based on observing a large number of objective phenomena or conducting a lot of experiments

based on mathematical analysis, combined with the law of things to make speculations, and then verified through experiments,

on the shortcomings or errors found to be corrected, and then re-experimentation and then verified, until a reliable conclusion. This kind of research

is not for practical purposes, but for exploring laws. Scientific research has never been developed by the ancient Chinese because they lacked sufficient interest in the objective things of nature

and also because of their way of thinking. We know that simple

technology can be successful because it spontaneously fits the objective laws, while complex technology such as modern

industrial and agricultural production technology must be based on scientific knowledge, science does not develop, the progress of technology will inevitably tend to

stagnate. In ancient China, from the Song Dynasty onwards, the pace of technological progress in production gradually slowed down, and in the middle and late Ming

Dynasty, it began to be surpassed by Europe, and in the early nineteenth century, it was already far behind (refer to "Five Hundred Years of Comparison between the East and the West

Comparison"). The backwardness of science and technology directly led to the backwardness of industrial and agricultural production and social economy. Therefore, the lack of scientific components in Chinese

traditional culture is also an important cultural reason for China's modern decline. In addition to the backwardness of science and technology

that led to China's socio-economic backwardness, the successive dynasties of the unification of agriculture and commerce

governance policy is also caused by China's modern socio-economic backwardness is an important reason. Since ancient times, agriculture has been the basis for the survival of the Chinese nation, and the ancestors of the Chinese nation, the Yandi tribe and the Yellow Emperor tribe, were the two tribes that took agriculture as their main source of

living. Since ancient times, the Chinese people have y realized that agriculture is the basis of food and clothing, the source of wealth

, the rulers of successive dynasties also y understand that "the country is based on the people, the people are food for the day," the reasoning.

They spontaneously formed the policy tendency of agrarianism, and the writings on the importance of agriculture have become an integral part of the traditional culture of the Chinese nation. The importance of agriculture is nothing to be ashamed of, but due to the over-emphasis on agriculture

, the rulers of successive generations have regarded industry and commerce as negative factors affecting the development of agriculture, and they believe that agriculture is

producing food, clothing and silk, and industry and commerce are consuming food, clothing and silk, and that if more people are engaged in the industry and commerce, it

will lead to a shortage of food and clothing and " A man who does not plow may suffer from his hunger; a woman who does not weave may suffer from her cold" (Jia Yi, "On Accumulation and Storage

Shuo") is a prominent expression of this view. This kind of thinking ignores the foundation and promotion of industry and commerce on agriculture

use, such as sickle, hoe and other agricultural production tools are provided by the handicraft industry, the improvement of production tools directly improve

agricultural productivity, this kind of thinking even more fail to recognize the commodity economy on agricultural production regulation: if

fruit engaged in industry and commerce more people, food prices rise, it will stimulate the development of agriculture. In the role of this thought

under the role of successive rulers have regarded agriculture as the basis and regarded industry and commerce as not yet, adopted a heavy

agriculture and suppression of business policy, such as the Han Zhaodi had a clear edict that: the world to agriculture and mulberry as the basis. Policies that emphasized agriculture and suppressed commerce included the implementation of

a strict household registration system, fixing peasants on the land, restricting the free movement of population, rewarding cultivation and weaving,

setting up heavy barriers, imposing higher taxes on businessmen and industrialists, and the policy of "sea ban" (prohibiting overseas

trade) after the reign of Emperor Chengzou of the Ming Dynasty. and so on. All these measures obviously inhibited the development of industry and commerce, maintained the natural economic model of combining family farming and handicrafts in the style of male cultivation and female weaving, limited the deepening of the social division of labor and the expansion of the scale of production, deprived science and technology of the soil on which it was produced and applied, and inhibited the progress of science and technology. The long term policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce has hindered China's socio-economic development. In addition, Confucianism's ideas such as "not to seek its own profit, not to count its own merits", "emphasizing righteousness over profit", "righteousness before profit", and a set of strict family patriarchal system also hindered the development of China's society and economy. The strict family patriarchal system also bound people's minds and feet, the development of commodity economy

economy played a role in hindering the development of the corrupt monarchical authoritarian system is a direct stifling of capitalist economy

economy bud, hindering the development of China's capitalist economy. Unlike China, European countries emphasized the development of commerce and industry in ancient Athens and ancient Rome

Ma, and the industrial and commercial economy was more developed. After the European Renaissance, in the process of the development of capitalist

capitalist industry and commerce, all countries adopted policies to actively support the development of industry and commerce, which promoted the development of social

economy. Although Russia, China's neighbor to the north, was also a strongly feudalistic country,

from Peter I onwards, successive tsars focused on the development of capitalist industry and commerce, so that Russia maintained a relatively strong national strength

and military strength, and was able to continue to expand and fight for supremacy, it was the country that madly plundered more than one million square kilometers of land from China

and forced the independence of Outer Mongolia. From this we can see that China's

ruling policy of emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce is also an important cultural reason for China's decline in modern times.