Architectural characteristics of religion

Classification: social livelihood >> religion

Analysis:

Buddhist architecture includes Buddhist temples, pagodas and grottoes. At the same time, the early Indian influence on Buddhist architecture soon started the process of China.

In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the layout of Buddhist temples was generally a strictly symmetrical multi-courtyard form composed of principal rooms and matching rooms. In front of the main shaft is the mountain gate-the entrance to the whole temple. There are clocks and drum towers around the mountain gate. Right in the middle of the mountain gate is Tianwang Hall, which is often made into three halls in the form of one hall. Pass through the Heavenly King's Hall and enter the second courtyard, the main hall, which is usually called "Ursa Major Hall" and is located in the middle of the main shaft. Daxiong Hall is the central building of the whole Buddhist temple complex, which is superior to other single buildings in both volume and quality. There are halls on the left and right sides of the main hall or decorated in the form of two-story pavilions. As soon as you enter the courtyard behind the main hall, you will often build a two-story "Tibetan Scripture Building". In addition, houses where monks live, such as monasteries, meditation halls and zhaitang, are arranged on both sides of the main well yard. Large Buddhist temples in Beijing, such as Guangji Temple in Xisipailou, belong to this type.

Small temples generally only enter the courtyard-the entrance to the mountain gate is the main hall, and the hatchback is the monk's room.

A series of ancillary buildings are often arranged in Buddhist temple buildings, such as memorial archways, lion sculptures, towers, towers and piedmont monuments.

The existing pagodas in Beijing are all built of bricks and stones. The famous Tianning Temple Tower in Liao Dynasty outside Guang 'anmen (with dense eaves); The white pagoda of Miaoying Temple built in Fuchengmen in Yuan Dynasty (earth slope type); Cishou Temple Tower built in Fuchengmen in Ming Dynasty (with dense eaves); King Kong Throne Tower of Dazhengjue Temple (King Kong Throne of India); The reclining Buddha Temple is located at the southern foot of Jubaoshan (Shouanshan), the remnant vein of Xishan Mountain. Founded in the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty (627-649), it was originally named Doulv Temple, or Shouan Temple. In the 12th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (1734), it was renamed as Shifang Pujue Temple. Because there is a bronze statue of Sakyamuni's nirvana in the temple, which was cast from the first year of Yuan Dynasty to the second year of Yuan Dynasty (1330- 133 1), it is generally called the reclining Buddha Temple.

Biyun Temple is located at the eastern foot of Xishan Mountain, and each group of halls rises step by step. Built in the Yuan Dynasty to Shunnian, it was originally named Biyun 'an, and was expanded in the Zheng De period of Ming Dynasty (1early 6th century). In the 13th year of Qing Qianlong (1748), it was expanded on a large scale on the original basis.

Tianning Temple Tower, located outside Guang 'anmen, is a typical brick tower with dense eaves in China. This tower existed in the Sui Dynasty, and the existing tower was built in the Liao Dynasty.

Second, the Lama Temple.

In China, Lamaism believes in Lamaism, and the two fraternal nationalities are Mongolian and Tibetan, so the buildings of Lamaism are different from those of Buddhist temples because of their religious contents and national characteristics.

Lamaism architecture in Beijing began in the Yuan Dynasty.

Lamaism architecture generally has two forms, one is a palace-style wooden structure similar to a Buddhist temple; The other is the anvil building, which belongs to the bunker type. The Lama Temple in Beijing and the East and West Yellow Temples all belong to the former. Only a group of Lama temples on the back hill of the Summer Palace are bunkers.

The wooden Lama Temple still adopts quadrangle-style layout, and the front half of the mountain gate, the Heavenly King Hall and the Daxiong Hall are similar to Buddhist temples. However, there are often tall and magnificent buildings in the later stage of the hall, and the layout has also changed; For example, the back of the Lama Temple adopts the system of three halls juxtaposed, and the tall Wanfu Pavilion is connected with Yongkang Pavilion and Yanning Pavilion on both sides, which is very majestic.

Lamaism towers are different from stupas. It evolved from the slopes of India. The Lama Pagoda in China is also used as the tomb of monks, but the Lama Pagoda built in the temple has the same function as the stupa.

The architectural styles of churches are mainly Romanesque, Byzantine and Gothic. Romanesque church is a common architectural style adopted by some cathedrals after Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire. It is modeled after the Roman basilica and the early Christian "basilica" church. Basilica is a rectangular hall with two rows of columns separated by long corridors. The corridor in the middle is called the central hall, and the two sides are called the side corridors. The hall runs east-west, with a semicircular vault at the west end, a semicircular altar under it and an altar in front of it, which is the place where missionaries preside over ceremonies. Later, the vault was built at the eastern end, and the church door was opened at the western end. The towering altar, representing the skull mountain where Jesus was crucified, was placed in the east to avoid changing direction every time he prayed for Jesus' crucifixion. With the increasing complexity of religious ceremonies, the horizontal space in front of the altar has expanded, and its height and width correspond to that of the main hall. So as to form a cross-shaped plane, which is short horizontally and long vertically, and the intersection point is close to the east end. This is called the Latin cross, which symbolizes the crucifixion of Jesus and strengthens the religious significance.

The main achievement and feature of Byzantine architecture is that the dome is on a square plane, and the construction and weight of the dome fall on four independent pillars, which is a great contribution to the development of European architecture. Hagia Sophia is a typical Byzantine building. Its hall base is rectangular like Romanesque, but the roof of the central part is composed of a huge circular vault and semi-circular vaults at the front and back. The characteristic of Orthodox Church is that the foundation is changed from rectangular to square, but it still retains Byzantine style in architectural art. The churches in Eastern Europe highlight the dome and raise the drum base, making the dome fuller. At present, Huaxi Blajin Inner Church in the Red Square of the Soviet Union is a famous church building in Byzantium. It is characterized by a large pier in the center and eight small piers arranged in a square around it. Each small pier has a dome of different sizes. This building is a treasure among the world's religious buildings.

Gothic architecture has developed all over France. 12-15th century, urban handicrafts and commercial guilds were quite developed, and the city practiced a certain degree of democracy. Citizens built churches with great enthusiasm and showed their cities by fighting for victory. Besides, at that time, the church was no longer a purely religious building. It has become the center of urban public life, the Great Hall of the Citizens, the public auditorium, and even used as a market and theater. On religious festivals, churches often become lively playgrounds.

Gothic architecture is characterized by towering spires. In the design, cross arches, flying tickets, slender columns and new frame structures are adopted to increase the strength of the supporting top, so that the whole building has a strong religious atmosphere in the church with its straight lines, majestic appearance and open space in the church, combined with long windows inlaid with colored glass. The plane of the church is basically a Latin cross, but a pair of tall towers are added on both sides of the west gate. Famous Gothic buildings include Notre Dame de Paris, Milan, Germany, Cologne and Westminster, England.

Protestant churches are different from each other. Generally speaking, church buildings are relatively simple, mostly rectangular auditoriums. Internally, due to the emphasis on preaching, the podium is generally placed in a prominent position. Protestant Calvinist churches don't even have icons, religious paintings, stained glass and altars. In recent years, the architectural art in Europe and America is diversified, and religious architecture has also got rid of the old traditional style and some new styles have emerged.

First, the complete layout of China temples. The vast majority of temples in China adopt traditional quadrangles in China, and often adopt a series of quadrangles system. It is characterized by orderly and rhythmically arranging several courtyards along a central axis, forming a complete spatial sequence: each courtyard has its own unique functional requirements and artistic characteristics, and it is step by step, deepening layer by layer, and * * * expresses a complete architectural artistic style.

Second, the architectural types of China. On the whole, the structural system and architectural style of the temples in mainland China have the characteristics of China. These characteristics are highlighted in the main buildings such as gates, bunker houses and worship halls.

* * * temples in Gansu and Southwest China generally adopt large wooden structures with three-bay or five-bay doors. Buildings rise from the gate, mostly three-story wooden towers. In front of the gate, the front eaves column is often used as the three doors of the wooden archway, with eight-character walls and buckets. This gate is not only the symbol and entrance of the * * * Hall, but also a bunker building, killing two birds with one stone.

China's Damuji Worship Hall. The worship hall and main affiliated hall of the * * * Temple in mainland China are generally large wooden ridge buildings with buckets. The main hall is generally composed of front roller shed, main hall body and rear kiln hall. Each of these three parts has a ridge roof, which is connected together in a hooked way to form a complete, unified and flexible hall building. The layout of the main hall is diversified, including rectangle, cross, convex and I-shaped. Generally speaking, the back kiln hall does not use the early brick arch method, but also uses wood and bricks. The post-Yao Temple style is full of flowers, including single eaves, double eaves, three eaves and cross ridges or various pavilion ridges, which are varied and numerous.

Third, the architectural decoration of combining Chinese and western styles. Colorful architectural decoration is an important part of the architectural art of Chinese * * * Temple, and it is also one of the distinctive features of Chinese * * * Temple. Many * * * temples have successfully integrated the decorative style of * * with the traditional architectural decoration techniques in China, grasped the color tone of the building, highlighted the religious content of * * *, and made full use of the traditional decoration methods in China to achieve the decorative effect with * * * characteristics.

Fourthly, the garden treatment with China interest. Most of the temples in China have a garden style with strong interest in life, which reflects China's attitude towards life, that is, he pays attention to reality instead of avoiding the world. They planted flowers and trees all over the temple, set up incense burners and fish tanks, erected monuments and hung plaques, and piled stones to build bridges, which was quite a garden flavor of "small bridges and flowing water". Imagine how gratifying it is for people to walk in the courtyard after completing serious religious classes, watching curled cigarettes and fragrant flowers and trees, standing on the bridge and listening to the swimming of running water and bounty fish.

Fifth, the * * * religious characteristics of the * * temples in China. No matter how colorful it is, no matter how many traditional architectural techniques it has absorbed from China, the * * * Temple in China must strictly follow some basic principles of * * * religious architecture and have some characteristics of * * * religious architecture.