How to answer the question of China's poetry appreciation? What are the skills?

My friend, I have some good materials, and it should be no problem to use the methods provided by these materials to deal with the appreciation of poetry in the college entrance examination.

An example analysis of the question-and-answer mode of classical poetry appreciation

The answer should naturally be given according to the requirements of the test questions. As far as the appreciation of ancient poems is concerned, it can be roughly summarized into five question-and-answer modes. This paper analyzes them with examples for your reference.

The first mode analyzes artistic conception.

Q: What kind of artistic conception does this poem create? Question variant: What kind of picture does this poem depict? What thoughts and feelings did the poet express?

Answer analysis: This is one of the most common questions. The so-called artistic conception refers to the imaginary realm created by the combination of objects (that is, images) that entrust the poet's feelings. Including scenery, emotion and environment. Three aspects are indispensable when answering questions.

Steps for answering questions: ① Describe the picture shown in the poem. Candidates should grasp the main scenery in the poem and reproduce the picture in their own language. When describing, one should be faithful to the original poem, the other should be recreated with one's own association and imagination, and the language should be beautiful.

② Summarize the characteristics of the atmosphere created by the scenery. Generally, two disyllabic words can be used, such as lonely and cold, quiet and beautiful, vigorous and magnificent, bleak and desolate, etc. , and should pay attention to accurately reflect the characteristics and emotional appeal of the scenery.

③ Analyze the author's thoughts and feelings. Don't be empty, but give specific answers. For example, it is not enough to answer "expressing the author's sentimental feelings", but also to answer "sentimental" why.

Answer: A: This poem depicts a beautiful scene of early spring: the spring is bright, the fields are green, the river reflects the sun, the spring breeze brings the fragrance of flowers and plants, the soil melts into the soil, the swallows are busy building their nests with the soil, the sun is bright, the beach is warm, and Yuanyang is still sleeping on the sandbar (step one). This is a beautiful spring scene (step 2). It shows the poet's happy and leisurely mood after running around and living a stable life.

Two quatrains (Part I)

Du Fu

Jiangshan bathed in spring, how beautiful, flowers send flowers.

Swallows are busy nesting in wet mud and sleeping in pairs on the warm beach.

Notes? This poem was written by the poet when he temporarily lived in Chengdu Caotang after "four tours at one year old".

What kind of scenery does this poem depict? What kind of feelings did the poet express? Please analyze it briefly.

The second pattern analysis skill type

Q: What kind of expression is used in this poem? Title change: please analyze the expression (or artistic technique, or technique) of this poem. How do poets express their feelings? What's the effect?

Solution analysis: Expression technique is a method used by poets to express their feelings. To answer questions accurately, you must be familiar with some common expression skills. Expression techniques can be divided into three categories: lyric techniques, descriptive techniques and rhetorical techniques.

There are two kinds of lyric techniques: direct expression and indirect lyric. "Oh, how can I bow and scrape to those high-ranking and high-ranking people whose sincere faces will never be seen?" Is to express one's thoughts directly. Indirect lyricism can be divided into borrowing scenery to express feelings, such as "chilling and wailing, pavilion at night, shower at first"; Expressing one's will by holding objects, such as Mo Mei and Yin, are generally poems about objects; Keep things in mind, such as "half an acre of square pond is open, and the sky is * * *. The question channel is so clear that it is generally a philosophical poem, because there is running water at the source.

Descriptive techniques mainly include: (1) contrast, positive contrast and negative contrast. Just like "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as good as Wang Lun". This contrast is also dynamic and static, such as "moonlight in pine forest, crystal stone in stream"; The sound is silent, such as "the sunrise scares the bird, when it flows in spring"; Sad emotions are set off by happy scenes, such as "green grass stains the steps in spring and birds sing happily under the leaves" (2) Lenovo and imagination, also known as the combination of reality and reality, such as "wild flowers stay rare, green grass sees clothes." (3) comparison. (4) draw a line. For example, "if you plant a millet in spring, you will reap 10 thousand seeds in autumn." There is no idle field in the field, and farmers starve to death. "

The rhetorical device that often appears in ancient poetry: (1) Bi Xing. Such as "Guan Guan Luo Yu, in Hezhou. My fair lady, a gentleman is good. " Let's talk about what else caused what was sung. (2) metaphor. (3) personification. (4) exaggeration. ⑤ Pun. For example, "sunrise in the east and rain in the west, the road is sunny but sunny", and "sunny" implies emotional "affection" (6) allusions. For example, "a strong business woman doesn't know how to hate her country, but still sings" backyard flowers "across the river." In addition, there are rhetorical questions, rhetorical questions, irony and so on.

Answer steps: (1) Point out exactly what technique was used. (2) Explain why this technique is combined with poetry. (3) This technique effectively conveys the poet's feelings.

Example of answer:

Answer in the morning: I mainly used the comparison method (the first step). The sky is not bright, the stars are vertical and horizontal, especially bright, which sets off the darkness of the night; Comparison of "grass insects singing"

Chen's Silent Environment (Step 2). The contrast between the two highlights the loneliness brought by the poet's early travel and inner wandering (the third step).

Dewdrops invaded the camel's brown, Han Xiao was bright, and the stars were dry and bright.

Lonely bridges and dreams, grass insects in the depths of rice fields are singing.

What does this poem mainly express? What's the effect?

The third mode analyzes language features.

Q: What are the linguistic features of this poem? Question variant: Please analyze the language style of this poem. On the language art of this poem.

Solution analysis: this question type does not require trying to figure out the clever use of individual words, but tastes the language style of the whole poem. Words that can be used to answer questions generally include: fresh and natural, unpretentious, gorgeous and gorgeous, clear and fluent, multi-spoken, euphemistic and implicit, bold and unrestrained, graceful and graceful, concise and vivid. ...

Answer steps: (1) Use one or two words to accurately point out the language features. (2) Analyze this feature with relevant sentences in the poem. (3) Point out how the author's feelings are expressed.

Example of answer:

A: The language characteristics of this poem are fresh and natural, colloquial (the first step), and "yellow" is a children's voice, which shows the innocence of women. "They woke her up when she was dreaming,

Get rid of the oriole, get rid of all the music on the tree. She went to Liaoxi camp to be with him. "In simple language, the oriole was beaten because it disturbed her dream of missing her husband (step 2). This is a very natural performance of women.

They woke her up when she dreamed that she went to meet him in Liaoxi camp. Miss your husband (Step 3).

Please analyze the linguistic features of this poem.

The fourth mode of font refining

Q: What is the most vivid word in this couplet? Why? Problem variant: one sentence has always been praised. What do you think of it?

Solution analysis: the ancients paid attention to refining words in poetry, which is to ask for the beauty of these refining words. When answering questions, you can't talk about this word in isolation, but put it in sentences to analyze the artistic conception and emotion of the whole poem.

Answer steps: (1) Explain the meaning of words in sentences. (2) Expand the association and put the word in the original sentence to describe the scene. (3) point out what kind of artistic conception the word sets off, or what kind of feelings it expresses.

Example of answer:

Nanpubie

Bai Juyi answered: I agree. Look, in the poem, it means to look back (the first step). I left people, and I often looked back. Every time I look back, I feel deeply grieved.

In the bleak drudgery of Nanpu, the autumn wind is bleak. This word makes us seem to see the tearful image of the lyric hero (step 2). As long as a word "look", you can do your best.

Turn back immediately, my heart is broken, so I can leave and don't look back. Obviously showing the sadness of parting (step 3).

According to the predecessors, the word "Kan" seems ordinary, but in fact it is very vivid and can really reveal the image of the lyric hero. Do you agree with this statement? Why?

The fifth mode is full of poetry.

Q: One word is the key to the whole poem. Why?

Solution analysis: ancient poetry is very particular about conception, and often a word or a word constitutes the clue of the whole poem. Grasping this word proposition can often test the examinee's grasp of the whole poem.

Answer steps: The role of the word (1) in highlighting the main idea. (2) Consider the role of words in the structure of poetry.

Example of answer:

On a spring night, I smell the flute in Los Angeles.

Lipper

Yu Di's dark flying sound scattered into the spring breeze in Los Angeles. A: "Folding willow" means "parting", and the theme of poetry is homesickness (the first step). This homesickness comes from hearing "

Who can't get homesick when they hear that there is another village in the serenade? It is caused by the flute sound in "Folding Willow" (Step 2). It can be seen that "folding willow" is the key to the whole poem.

The word "folding willow" is the key to the whole poem. What is the moral of "breaking willow"? Do you agree with "key"? Why? (2002 college entrance examination questions)

Examples of common expression skills in ancient poetry music

1. Direct lyricism refers to the author's undisguised direct narration of his strong inner feelings in the article, so that the strong emotional torrent can be poured out directly.

Why aren't you ecstatic? New tears overwhelm old ones, and heartbroken people remember heartbroken people. (Wang Shifu "Yao folk songs in December? The poem expresses the sadness of young women's lovesickness after leaving from four angles: fear of dusk, not forgetting me, new tears and heartbroken people. )

2. Lyricism by borrowing scenery is an indirect lyric, which expresses the author's feelings through the description of real scenery.

Smoke cage cold water moon cage sand, night parking near Qinhuai restaurant. The businesswoman doesn't know how to die, but she still sings "back garden flowers" across the river. (Du Mu's Bo Qinhuai) (The first two sentences describe the scenery, and the last two sentences are lyrical. The scenery is not a clear moonlit night in Wan Li and a cloudless blue sky in Wan Li, but a foggy moon shrouded in cold water and white sand. The scenery is so bleak and the atmosphere is so cold, which adds atmosphere and color to the author's anxiety in the last two sentences. The two scenes blend into one, seamless. )

3. Expressing meaning by things is an indirect lyric. Expressing meaning by things means expressing one's wishes and aspirations through the description and narration of things.

Drop a wisp of water to clear the dew, and let out the sparse tung. Cicada is far away from cicada because cicada is on a tall tree, not relying on autumn wind. (Yu Shinan's "Chanting Zen")

In poetry, what the author really wants to express is his feelings about life: all noble people are always strict with themselves and constantly improve their self-cultivation, so their good reputation can spread far and far, and no one needs to brag about it. It can be seen that writing cicadas is the foundation, and expressing your feelings and ambitions is the real purpose.

4. The blending of scenery melts the author's subjective feelings in the description of scenery, so that poetry can achieve "the unity of things and me", and it is impossible to tell which is "scenery" and which is "emotion".

Building a house is under the condition of people, and there are no horses and chariots. When he asks you what you can do, his heart is far from biased. Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence: leisurely seeing Nanshan. The mountains are getting better and better, and the birds are back. That makes sense. I forgot what I wanted to say. (Tao Yuanming's drinking) (The underlined four sentences describe the scenery on the surface, but actually imply the poet's emotional realm of transcending the world, loving nature and staying away from officialdom. Here, both "scenery" and "emotion" are written, and the two are inseparable, that is "emotion". )

5. The combination of static and dynamic refers to the description of dynamic or relatively static people, events and scenes.

When the moon is dark and windy, the fishing lamp is high, and the firefly is lonely. Slight wind and waves, scattered like river stars. (Check Shen Xing's Night Book Seen on the Ship)

The whole poem depicts the scenery the poet saw on the boat at night in a simple way. The first two sentences are static and the last two sentences are dynamic. )

6. Comparing static and dynamic is one of the methods of comparison, that is, describing, rendering and comparing static and dynamic, that is, expressing dynamic in dynamic description.

People are idle, osmanthus flowers fall, and the night is quiet and empty. When the moon comes out, the birds are startled, and the sound enters the spring stream. The scenery written in the poem, such as falling flowers, rising moon and singing birds, are all moving scenes, and at the same time, through these moving scenes, the silence of the spring stream is more prominent. "Tonamiyama is more secluded", the quieter it is. Here bread contains dialectics. )

7。 Writing sadness in a music scene is one of the methods of contrast, ostensibly describing a happy scene, but actually expressing a sad mood.

The article Peacock Flying Southeast is about marrying Liu Lanzhi. "The speed of communication is like a cloud ... four or five hundred people, and Yu Yu is at the county gate." The more lively the scene, the stronger its sadness.

8. In the process of discussion or lyricism, the poem based on scenery came to an abrupt end, and it turned to writing scenery, ending with scenery instead of emotion, which made the poem "ruthless at this time is better than emotion", which is still lacking.

The new sound of pipa dance is always the old love. I can't hear the dazzling edge, and the high autumn moon shines on the Great Wall. (Wang Changling's Seven Armies)

The first three sentences of this poem are all lyrical about music. When it comes to "worrying about the border", the word "endless" is used. So how can the ending sentence achieve this "endless" feeling with a limited number of seven words? At this time, the poet gently opened the pen and tied a knot with the scenery. As if after buying wine and drinking music in the army, there suddenly appeared a vast desolate scene of shooting the Great Wall for a month; The ancient and majestic Great Wall is full of ups and downs, the autumn moon shines brightly, and the scene is magnificent and sad, which deepens the poet's thoughts and feelings. Is the defender deeply homesick or eager to make achievements at this time? Is it anxiety about reality or deep love for the motherland? ..... unknown, leaving readers unlimited imagination. )

9. Layout is the expression of "Fu" in The Book of Songs. "People who tell the truth tell the truth" means telling stories from many angles.

"... five steps to the first floor and ten steps to a cabinet; Corridor waist back, eaves high; Hold the terrain, intrigue. ..... "(Mutu's Epang Palace Fu)

(Here, the article is about the number of pavilions and pavilions in Epang Palace, the peculiar structure and the ingenious layout, which reflect the majestic momentum of Epang Palace. )

10. Render one of the techniques of traditional Chinese painting, and then use it to refer to writing techniques such as emphasizing and repeating in many aspects in literary and artistic creation to highlight people and environment.

The plane tree leaves in Jinjingbian are yellow, and the night pearl curtain is not rolled out to see the frost. The jade pillow in the fumigation cage has no color, and you can listen to the Nangong for a long time. (Wang Changling's Autumn Poems) (The first sentence describes autumn scenery's rendering of the atmosphere in the palace on a cold night. )

1 1. The positive contrast in comparison is originally one of the traditional painting techniques in China. Also known as "clouds shine on the moon". Post-borrowing refers to a writing technique, that is, to highlight a certain emotion or image of a character through the description of a specific environment and atmosphere. Specifically, it means not saying the original intention, but only saying things related to it, so as to achieve the purpose of setting off the original intention. This technology is often combined with rendering technology, which is easy to be confused.

..... new thin, don't take off sick wine, don't sad autumn. ..... (Li Qingzhao's "The Phoenix Terrace Memories Xiao")

(I want to make it clear about the suffering of acacia, but I don't say it directly. I use "not sick wine, not sad autumn" to set off)

12. Huadian (transformation) reprocesses the written works of predecessors and the oral language created by the masses, giving them new content and artistic conception. It can be divided into three types: word articulation, content sublimation and artistic conception development.

The sky is blue, the ground is yellow, the west wind is tight, and the wild geese fly south in the north. Whoever gets drunk at dawn always leaves people with tears. (Wang Shifu's "The West Chamber") There are so many beauties in Jiangshan that countless heroes bend their backs. (Mao Zedong's "Qinyuanchun")

As long as she turned her head and smiled, a hundred spells were cast, and all the powder and paint in the sixth house went up in smoke. (Bai Juyi's Song of Eternal Sorrow)

(1) Fan Zhongyan "Su Mu" in the "blue sky, yellow leaves" period of words. (2) Su Shi's famous phrase "picturesque mountains and rivers, how many heroes at one time" period. (3) Ending Wei's poetic realm of "Beauty smiles, and many women are at ease". )

13. Using allusions is also called using things. It refers to a rhetorical way of quoting words from historical stories or ancient books to understand one's own views. The use of allusions is both explicit and implicit.

Xin Qiji (Yong Yule? The word "Gubeiting in Jingkou" quotes five historical stories, including Sun Quan, Emperor Wu of Song, Liu Yilong, Huo Qubing and Lian Po. Praise sun quan and emperor Wu of song for their achievements in resisting the enemy with nostalgia; Criticize the hasty and adventurous behavior of the rulers of the Southern Song Dynasty like Liu Yilong; Compared with Lian Po, I show my loyalty to my country, although I am old.

14. The combination of reality and fiction, true writing, refers to the direct and positive narrative and description of people or things. Fictional writing refers to narrative and description with marginal notes or contrast. The combination of reality and fiction, that is, the two techniques are used simultaneously in narrative and description.

There are crows in Bai Shu and osmanthus in Coody Leng in the atrium. ..... (Wang Jian's "Looking at the Moon at Fifteen Nights")

The poet began to write "the earth" and "the crow" instead of the moon, but let us clearly feel the existence of the moon, because "the earth is white" and "the crow that perches" are the results of the bright moon. As the ground is in Bai Rushuang, crows can be seen. It can be seen that although the poet didn't write "When is the bright moon", we feel "When is the bright moon" everywhere, so he actually wrote it. )

15。 When we praise or criticize something, in order to convince others in advance or prevent others from refuting it, we often criticize what we want to praise from a certain shortcoming and praise what we want to criticize from a certain advantage. This rhetorical device is called inhibition. There are two kinds of suppression: 1. If you want to suppress it first; If you want to suppress the law, you should be promoted first.

You should cherish the moss on your shoes' teeth and buckle Chai Fei for a long time. But this spring spring, after all, can't be caged. Look, there is a pink apricot sticking out of the wall. (Ye Shaoweng's "The Garden is Worthless") (The poet who wrote the first two sentences of the poem took the opportunity to visit the garden and was rejected; In the last two sentences, the poet got something else. When he sees all the love, there is a gap between his feelings, with regret in front and happiness behind. What is adopted here is the method of promoting first and restraining first.

16. Reduplicated words use the same polyphonic words in succession for the need of expression. This rhetorical device is called reduplication. Looking around, lonely and sad. ..... (Li Qingzhao's "The Sound is Slow") (The fourteen overlapping words at the beginning set a sentimental tone for the whole poem, and rendered the poet's lonely life scene and deep sadness in his later years. )

17. In the context of intertextuality, two relatively independent words complement and penetrate each other in meaning, and * * * expresses a complete meaning. This figure of speech is called intertextuality. There are two common forms of intertextuality: seeing in sentences and seeing in sentences. Translation is easy to make mistakes, so pay special attention to it.

The moon was bright in the Qin Dynasty and the city was closed in the Han Dynasty (Wang Changling's Out of the Great Wall). The moon was bright in Qin dynasty and the city was closed in Han dynasty. )

18. Image combination (montage-style picture combination) Montage is the expression form and method of film art, which mainly refers to life fragments and scenes connected by lens groups. The scene changes from time to time with the development of the plot, giving people a clear sense of image.

Dead vines and old trees faint crows, small bridges and flowing water, old roads and thin horses, sunset, heartbroken people on the horizon. (Ma Zhiyuan's Qiu Si) (This word has different landscape images composed of nine juxtaposed nouns, such as "withered vine", "old tree", "faint crow", "small bridge", "flowing water", "family", "ancient road", "west wind" and "thin horse". They are skillfully organized in a picture, rendering a bleak and desolate atmosphere in late autumn, thus implicitly highlighting the sadness of travelers. )

19. Line drawing and meticulous line drawing were originally a kind of brushwork to outline objects with pure ink lines and no color in China ink painting. Later borrowed from literary writing, it refers to a descriptive method of drawing vivid and vivid images with concise pen and ink without rendering. Meticulous brushwork, originally a brushwork of painting, later refers to the meticulous and colorful depiction.

After washing, I boarded the river pavilion alone and leaned against the bar to stare at the river. After all, this is not Qian Fan. Full of water, Bai Pingzhou is heartbroken. ("Wen Tingjun

Misuse of punctuation marks mainly includes the following sixteen situations:

1. Non-interrogative questions use question marks.

Is the basic knowledge solid or not? It has an important influence on further study in the future. (If the first half sentence is a question sentence in isolation, but considered together with the second half sentence, the first sentence is not a simple sentence, but a subject-predicate phrase, which together with the later predicate part "has an important influence on further study" constitutes a declarative sentence and should be changed to a comma. )

2. put the question mark in the inverted sentence.

"What's going on? Comrades. " The factory director said seriously.

This is an inverted sentence, and "Comrade" is the subject of the whole sentence. In all inverted sentences, in order to accurately express the tone of a question or rhetorical question, a question mark should be placed at the end of the sentence.

Pudong spread her wings in the pause between clauses. She is so cheerful, energetic and full of energy, and is flying to a brilliant tomorrow.

There are actually three clauses here. Between the second clause and the third clause (that is, after "struggle"), use commas instead of pause. "Cheerful, high-spirited and full of energy" is a coordinate phrase. In all coordinate phrases, you can't use pause after the last component.

4. There are pause marks between different levels of coordinate phrases. Shanghai's Yue Opera, Shanghai Opera, Huai Opera, Anhui's Huangmei Opera and Henan's Henan Opera all brought new operas at this concert.

"Yue Opera, Shanghai Opera and Huai Opera" is a level, which forms a parallel phrase with "Anhui Huangmei Opera" and "Henan Opera" and is also a level. The use of pauses between different levels is inevitably unclear. "Huai Opera" and "Huangmei Opera" should be replaced by commas.

The audience paused for a long time before the conjunction, just to see her style or sign an autograph.

"Or" is a conjunction. You can't use pause before conjunctions (or, and, and) that express coordinate relations. Depending on the sentence, you can delete pauses or use commas.

6. It is estimated that there is a shallow mountain three or four miles from the other side of the river, which looks like a fine wave microwave. The lines are soft and undulating, connecting the mountains and distant mountains. "Three or four" is the combination of two adjacent numbers, indicating the approximate quantity. Since it is an estimate, we can't pause.

7. The success of this crackdown can not be separated from the efforts of public security cadres and police, and also from the support of their families.

"Police" is a general term, "cadres" refers to cadres, and "police" refers to police. Collective words are compact structures and cannot be separated by pauses.

8. There is no comma in this sentence. The key to fighting this battle directly with semicolons is: first, mobilize the masses; Second, we must find the right target; Third, we must do it quickly.

Pause, comma, semicolon and colon are all periods in sentences, but the time of pause is different. Generally, a comma with a short pause is used first, and then a semicolon with a long pause is used to avoid confusing the order; Semicolons can only be used directly between items listed in a branch.

9. Always use a period in the sentence, and then use a semicolon. 1. Learning is conscious. Have the spirit of stupid birds flying first, self-pressurization; Second, hard work is the key to learning. We should have the spirit of perseverance and persevere; ……

A period is a dot at the end of a sentence, and a semicolon is a dot in a sentence. Since the period is used, it means that the whole sentence is over. If you use a semicolon again, it will be neither fish nor fowl. The period should be changed to comma, and the semicolon should be changed to period.

10. The colon indicates that the range is unclear. Mao Zedong has two poems: "Only heroes drive tigers and leopards, no heroes are afraid of bears", from which I feel the fearless spirit of * * * producers. On the surface, the content after the colon is the full scope of the prompt. Actually, it's not. Here are just two poems. Modification: Either delete the colon or change the comma before "I come from it" into a period in quotation marks.

1 1. The short pause in the sentence is colon. Three outstanding women in this city's literary world: Wang Anyi, Wang Xiaoying and Cheng Naishan, are laughing and laughing together.

"Three outstanding women" and "Wang Anyi, Wang Xiaoying and Cheng Naishan" are appositive phrases. There is only a short pause in the middle, and punctuation is not needed. If you must use it, you can only use dashes and use "Wang Anyi, Wang Xiaoying and Cheng Naishan" as the descriptive phrases of "three outstanding women".

12. In the same sentence, two colons were used in the evening meeting. Secretary Zhang announced that the factory will implement two reform measures: one is to hold posts with certificates, and the other is to provide off-the-job training. "Announcement" is followed by a colon, and "measures" is followed by a colon, which is not in line with the habit of punctuation. One of the two colons in this sentence should be changed to a comma.

13. The point at the end of the sentence in the quotation is misplaced (1). Li Bai's poem "You don't see how the Yellow River water moves out of heaven and into the ocean, never to return" is so heroic. (2) The modern painter Xu Beihong's "Horse", as some critics have said, "has both form and spirit and is full of vitality."

After using quotation marks, whether the dot at the end of a sentence is placed inside or outside quotation marks depends on whether the reference part is independent of or subordinate to the reference. The first sentence of Li Bai's poem is a complete two sentences, and the point at the end of the sentence should be put in quotation marks; The next sentence, "both form and spirit are full of vitality", is only the predicate part of the sentence, and the point at the end of the sentence should be placed outside quotation marks.

14. It's not the wrong title. He saw the advertisement in the newspaper for a summer seminar on China culture and world culture jointly sponsored by the graduate school of a university and the editorial department of China Culture, and immediately wrote to sign up. Book titles are used for titles of books, articles, newspapers and publications. "China Culture and World Culture Summer Workshop" can't use the title, only use quotation marks.

15. The same is true of the fact that ellipsis and "etc" are used together. I am interested in calligraphy and painting, antiques, bonsai, classical furniture and exquisite lake stones. Ellipsis and "and so on" are duplicate, and one of them should be deleted.

16. The parenthesis in the sentence is confused with the parenthesis outside the sentence. 1 If you want to have a preliminary understanding of China's ancient historical materials, you can refer to the Concise Catalogue of Sikuquanshu. (1957 Classical Literature Publishing House publishes the printed version; This catalogue includes classics, history, books and collections. He cultivated many fragrant flowers and adopted many small animals (he later took care of a tigress in the zoo and fed it a spoonful of milk every day).

A word in a comment or supplementary explanation sentence is called a sentence bracket (such as the previous sentence), which must be followed by a pause after the commented word and a dot after the bracket. If the comments in brackets have punctuation marks, the last punctuation mark (except question marks and exclamation marks) should be omitted. Therefore, we should delete the full stop after the Summary of Siku Encyclopedia and Jing, Shi, Zi and Ji, and add a full stop in brackets. Comments or supplementary explanations on the whole sentence are called extra-sentence brackets (such as the last sentence) and should be placed after punctuation marks at the end of the sentence. If the label in brackets outside the sentence is a sentence, then the point at the end of the sentence can be retained; If not, don't use the dot at the end of the sentence. Therefore, the period at the end of the original sentence should be moved after "small animals".