What are the pictures of the walls, gates, gatehouses, watergates, urns, Luocheng and Guancheng of the Great Wall?

The Great Wall is a complete defense engineering system composed of various fortifications such as the city wall, watchtower, Guancheng, Dunbao, Yingcheng, Wei Shuo, Zhencheng and beacon tower.

In terms of layout, when Qin Shihuang built the Great Wall in Wan Li, he summarized the experience of "blocking the road because of the dangerous terrain"

In terms of building materials and structures, many structural methods have been created based on the principle of "using local materials and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude". There are rammed earth, rubble, masonry and other structures; In the desert, the structure of willow branches, reeds and sand grains is also used, which is called "ingenuity"

An important part of the Great Wall

city wall

city gate

Chengmenlou

Shuiguan

Waibao

A wall built around the city wall

Guancheng

beacon tower

Hechenghe (trench)

city wall

The average height of the city wall is about seven or eight meters, the bottom is about six meters thick and the top is about four or five meters wide. The walls of the Great Wall in buildings are generally solid, and the inner and outer eaves are mostly wrapped with huge bricks and stones, filled with loess and gravel, and the height is generally 10 meter. The Great Wall is built on mountains or plains. It is very tall and strong in the plains or key passes, but relatively low and narrow in high mountains and dangerous places to save manpower and cost. Even some of them can't be built in the steepest place, so it is convenient to adopt the method of "dangerous mountain wall" and "splitting mountain wall"

The specific function of the Great Wall

On the top of the city wall, there is a building wall on the inside, more than one meter high, to prevent patrol soldiers from falling. Outside is the crib wall, about 2 meters high. The upper part of the stack wall is provided with a lookout, and the lower part is provided with a shooting hole and a rolling stone hole, which are used for observing the enemy situation and shooting rolling stones.

It is difficult for the enemies who attack the city to climb, which can give people a daunting feeling. At the top of the city wall, there are generally four horses riding side by side, which is four or five meters wide, which is convenient for troops to maneuver and transport food and weapons in battle. There are also paths and ladders on the upper and lower walls. There are piles on the outer eaves of the city wall to provide observation and shooting, and there are female walls (residual walls) on the inner eaves to protect horses.

City wall facilities

Voucher gate

battlement

Leishikou

Stacked wall

Qiang Yu

One-sided wall

Cavity wall

Horse retaining wall

Top surface of city wall

A path/path/road

Drains and spouts

city gate

The gate is usually a passage in and out, and it is an exit to counter the enemy in wartime. Wooden beams were used in the early days, and arched doorways were generally built with bricks or stones after the Yuan Dynasty. In order to increase stability, a section of abutment near the city gate is mostly built with strips of stone.

Many city gates are engraved with it.

The name of the door. Inside the doorway

Huge double wooden doors,

Wooden doors, iron sheets,

Inlaid with huge nails,

Doors are equipped with latches and locking rings, and some are equipped with mechanical devices.

Chengmenlou

Generally, there are towers above the city gate. It is an observation post and command post in combat, and it is also a combat stronghold. The gatehouses are mostly one-story, two-story or three-story wooden and brick-wood structures, and the roofs are mostly temple-like or hanging mound-like structures. These structures generally use bucket arches, and the whole building is decorated with paint. This makes the whole tower not only have a colorful artistic image, but also increase its dignity and strength. Shanhaiguan's "the first pass in the world" gatehouse is a two-story building that rests on the top of the mountain in order to meet the functional and aesthetic requirements of fighting. The two three-story towers on the top square of "Guanghuamen" and "Moon Gate" in Jiayuguan were painted orange by the sun to rest on the top of the mountain.

The green glazed tiles are shining and the roof is decorated.

Animal-shaped tiles, dragons and lions are even more dazzling.

Active.

Under the gate of "Rouyuan Gate", the cloisters with red lacquer columns and carved beams and painted buildings are colorful, which concentrate the superb architectural technology and art in ancient China and add luster to the architectural treasure house of the motherland.

Shuiguan

The city lies in various channel structures designed at the intersection of streams and valleys to achieve the purpose of water supply and defense. The famous ones are Jiumenkou Great Wall, Badaling Shuiguan and Huangyaguan Great Wall Watergate.

Waibao

The reason why the urn is called "the urn" is because it has built a ∏-shaped wall outside the expected main attack direction of the enemy, so it is called "the urn". Its function is to increase the defense depth and strengthen the defense ability of the city gate. Wengcheng also has a city gate, but the main axis direction is perpendicular to that of the main city gate. This is to strengthen the defense, so that the enemy will not go straight to the main entrance when attacking the gate of Wengcheng. At the same time, it is also convenient to shoot down the enemy on the wall. For example, the East Gate of Shanhaiguan City, formerly known as "Town East", is facing the outside of Shanhaiguan. Some people describe its danger with the poem "The lock and key of the two capitals are unparalleled, and the Great Wall of Wan Li is the first pass", so there is a solid urn with the door facing south and perpendicular to the main axis of the East Gate. The axes of "Rouyuan Gate" and "Huiji Gate" in Jiayuguan are.

A wall built around the city wall

Luocheng is a "∏"-shaped wall built outside the expected main attack direction of the enemy, but this kind of wall is relatively long, which not only plays a role in covering Wengcheng, but also covers a long section of the inner wall. On the west side of Jiayuguan Wengcheng, five or six meters apart, there is a Luocheng, which is nearly 200 meters long. It is the first line of defense in Chengguan, which plays a role in increasing the depth of defense and is conducive to winning the battle. Used to observe the enemy's situation and direct operations. Watchtowers are generally built at both ends of the city wall to strengthen observation and patrol. Los Angeles and Jiayuguan inner city form a heavy wall, which is the defense frontier facing the enemy's main attack direction.

trench

Dig deep ditches for irrigation instead of city walls, and there are usually moats around the city. It was formed when the city was built and dug, and later rivers were introduced, forming another line of defense for the city. There is a moat about two feet deep and five feet wide outside Shanhaiguan, forcing the enemy to wade across the river to reach the city gate, increasing the difficulty of siege and creating a favorable opportunity for the soldiers guarding the city wall to shoot the enemy.

Guancheng

Guancheng is the most concentrated defensive stronghold on the defense line of Wan Li Great Wall.

The positions of Guancheng are all chosen on the terrain that is favorable for defense. In ancient times, the effect of resisting powerful invaders with very few troops was called "one person defends it, and ten thousand people can't force it", which vividly explained the importance of Guancheng.

Guancheng along the Great Wall is large and small, with a large number. These Guancheng * * * together constitute the defense engineering architecture system of Wan Li Great Wall. The famous ones are Shanhaiguan, Huangyaguan, Juyongguan, Zijingguan, Daomaguan, Pingxingguan, Yanmenguan, Pianguan, Jiayuguan, Yangguan and Yumenguan.

beacon tower

Beacon tower is also called beacon tower, beacon tower, smoke pier, Wolf Yantai and so on. Its main function is to facilitate military contacts and transmit military information. It is an independent high platform with facilities for guarding houses and burning fireworks, as well as houses, warehouses and stables for soldiers living under the stage. The building materials and structures of the platform are the same as those of the Great Wall, such as rammed earth, stone and masonry. White flag can be used to hang lanterns, flagpoles, wooden hammers, spears, etc. During the day, dry firewood and hay inserted in a fire pit are used to hang, beat, shoot or light a flag to smoke (called flint), and at night, lanterns or dry firewood and hay hung in a cage on a shelf are used to emit fire (called bonfire) as a communication signal.

Functions: transmit military information, protect the safety of diplomatic envoys and provide accommodation for horses.

Location of beacon tower

On both sides of the Great Wall, near the Great Wall;

Beacon towers extending beyond the Great Wall;

Contact the beacon tower of the dynasty capital in the Great Wall;

Beacon towers connect neighboring counties and towns.

The architectural beauty of the Great Wall-

China's ancient architectural art matured in feudal society. It is a unique art system with the longest history, the widest distribution area and the most obvious style. It is mainly composed of wooden buildings of Han nationality, including excellent buildings of various ethnic minorities.

The Great Wall of Wan Li is an unprecedented grand military defense project in ancient China more than 2,000 years ago, and it is a great miracle rarely seen in the world in the history of human architecture. For thousands of years, the Great Wall of Wan Li has been the pride of China people and the envy of international friends. The majestic posture and spirit of the Great Wall is a precious cultural heritage that our Chinese nation has dedicated to mankind.