How did the Egyptians build the pyramids?

Brief introduction of Egyptian pyramids

The pyramids of Egypt are the tombs of the pharaohs (kings of ancient Egypt). Why did Pharaoh build the pyramids? How were the huge pyramids built?

According to legend, before the third dynasty in ancient Egypt, both princes and ministers and ordinary people were buried in a rectangular tomb made of mud bricks, which the ancient Egyptians called "Mastaba". Later, a clever young man named Imhotep invented a new building method when designing a mausoleum for the Egyptian Pharaoh Zuosai. He replaced the mud brick with the square stone he picked from the mountain, constantly revised the design scheme of building the mausoleum, and finally built a six-story trapezoidal pyramid-this is the prototype of the pyramid we see now.

In ancient Egypt, the pyramids were trapezoidal and layered, so they were also called hierarchical pyramids. This is a tall pyramid building with a square base and a text triangle on each side, which looks like the word "gold" in Chinese characters, so we call it "pyramid". The tower mausoleum designed by Imhotep is the first stone mausoleum in Egyptian history.

Some people think that it is impossible for the ancient Egyptians to build pyramids, saying that the pyramids may be made by aliens or left by older humans, because there are too many mysteries in the pyramids!

The pyramids are the tombs of slavery kings in ancient Egypt. These rulers were called "pharaohs" in history. Pharaoh not only ruled the world when he was alive, but also dreamed of becoming a god to rule the underworld after death. Therefore, after the death of Pharaoh, he took out his internal organs, dipped them in preservatives, poured them with spices, and kept the body for a long time, which was called "mummy". Pyramids are tombs for Pharaoh's mummies. At present, there are 96 pyramids in Egypt, most of which are located on the edge of the desert west of the arable valley on the west bank of the Nile.

Large pyramids were generally built in the three to six dynasties of the ancient kingdom (about 2664 ~ 2 BC180 BC), and there are many sites in Giza, segala, rasul, Medum and Absire, which are not far north of Memphis, the capital of ancient Egypt.

Because the pyramids are square-cone buildings, the ancient Egyptians called them "Pyrimus", which means "high"; Its base is square, getting narrower and narrower until the top of the tower, which looks like the word "gold" in Chinese characters from all sides, so China has always translated it into a "pyramid".

Among many pyramids, the most famous one is great pyramid of giza, which is located at Giza, about 13 km southwest of Cairo. There are three pyramids in this group, which were built by Khufu (the second generation Pharaoh), Kafler (the fourth generation Pharaoh) and Menkole (the sixth generation Pharaoh) of the fourth dynasty in ancient Egypt.

Pyramid of khufu, also known as the pyramids of Qi, was built in 2760 BC. It is the largest pyramid in history and one of the world's man-made wonders, ranking first among the seven wonders of the world. The original tower height146.5m, due to thousands of years of wind and rain erosion, is now138m. The original bottom four sides were 230 meters long, and now they are 220 meters long. The four inclined planes of the conical building face east, south, west and north respectively, with an inclination of 5 1.52 minutes. There was originally a limestone road about 1 km around the tower, but there are still relics on the east and west sides of the tower. The whole pyramid is built on a huge convex rock, covering an area of about 52,900 square meters, with a volume of about 2.6 million cubic meters and made of about 2.3 million stones. There are about 1 15000 outer stones, each weighing 2.5 tons on average, and the largest stone weighs about 16 tons, with a total weight of 6.848 million tons. Its geographical location is 365438 E+0 07 ′ N 29 58 ′.

Surprisingly, there is no adhesive between these stones, but one stone is directly stacked on another, which is completely stacked by the weight of the stones themselves. The surface seam is so tight and accurate that even a thin blade can't be inserted. The height error between the southeast corner and the northwest corner of the tower is only 1.27 cm. It took 30 years to recruit 654.38 million laborers.

The entrance of pyramid of khufu is located at the 13 stone steps of the tower north wall, about 20 meters above the ground. The entrance is a herringbone arch composed of four huge stone slabs, and there is an inclined tunnel with a length of 100 meters leading to the tomb. The tomb is10.43m long, 5.2 1 m wide and 5.82m high, with a vertical distance of 42.28m from the ground. There is only a dark brown polished marble sarcophagus in the room, which is empty and the whereabouts of the coffin cover are unknown. There are five rooms above the tomb, and the top cover of the highest floor is triangular in order to evenly distribute the weight on both sides. At the same time, the tomb also has ventilation pipes built of stone. The appearance of the Great Pyramid of Khufu is solemn, majestic, simple and steady, which is in harmony with the endless highlands and deserts around it. Its internal structure is complex and changeable, with originality and unique style, which embodies extraordinary wisdom. After thousands of years of vicissitudes of life, the pyramids have not been shaken or deformed, showing the incredible high-level technology and exquisite architectural art in ancient times. Therefore, UNESCO listed it as one of the world's key protected cultural relics and became a symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization.

The second pyramid of Giza built by Caffler is located in the middle. It is slightly smaller than pyramid of khufu, but its artistic style and engineering design accuracy can be compared with it. And because it is built on a high platform, at first glance, it seems to be more magnificent than the former. The tower foundation is 215.7m long and143.6m high, also made of limestone and granite. Its remaining ancillary buildings are relatively complete and spectacular, including two temples built with huge stones: the upper hall and the lower hall.

The third pyramid built by Menkole is located at the southern end, the smallest but very delicate. Its base is108.7m long and 66.5m high. All three pyramids in Giza were stolen, and the treasures in the tombs were basically lost. However, their perfect engineering skills of ancient Egyptians attract thousands of tourists from all over the world every day in Qian Qian.

Egyptian jinta

Pyramid appearance

This pyramid has a history of 4500 years. Because it looks like the word "gold" in Chinese characters, it is called "pyramid". The pyramid itself is a tomb building. It is large in scale and rigorous in structure. The tower is solid except for the tomb and the passage, and the fixed part is conical. After many earthquakes, the pyramids are still intact. It is considered as the tallest ancient building and the first in eight wonders of the world.

There is a sphinx in front of the pyramid, which is the image of Hafila, the son of Pharaoh Khufu, the fourth dynasty of the ancient king. It's called the Sphinx. It's 20 meters high and 57 meters long. Only one ear is two meters high. Except that the lion's paw is made of stone, the whole Sphinx is carved from a huge natural rock. The nose was damaged, although it was said that it was shelled by Napoleon's soldiers in a war. The Sphinx symbolizes the supremacy and inviolability of Pharaoh's power.

Pharaoh's Tomb in the Pyramid

The tomb of Pharaoh extends 30 meters below the horizon, and there is a treasure car and a treasure bed used by Pharaoh when he travels on the left side of the tomb. Located in the center of the tomb is the coffin of Pharaoh Khufu, carved from large wood inlaid with Phnom Penh and pasted with gold nuggets. Very gorgeous and exquisite. The coffin is divided into two layers, the upper layer is the full-body wooden statue of Pharaoh, and the lower layer is the mummy of Pharaoh. The funerary objects include Pharaoh's beloved sword, treasure knife, ancient Egyptian treasure ship, treasure bottle, treasure chest and so on. The most attractive thing is the four huge treasure boxes, which are filled with rare treasures and are priceless. In front of the coffin, there are two patrons holding artifacts, and there are four beautiful ladies in the four corners.

Queen's tomb

The queen's tomb is slightly smaller than the Pharaoh's. Her coffin is carved from a huge stone, with fine workmanship and gorgeous appearance. The queen's mummy is in Chen Fang. Her funerary objects are also very rich, and there are condors, treasure boxes and the Sphinx in the left corner. There is a dresser used by the Queen in the right corner.

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