The weight performance of a ship includes

The weight performance of a ship includes

The weight performance of a ship includes, in real life, when we mention a ship, we usually say what the total registered tonnage is, which is a key point that ships pay great attention to when pulling goods. The following is to share the weight performance of the ship.

The weight performance of the ship includes 1. First of all, it's big. For example, the average tonnage of container ships has developed from several hundred cases in the past to nearly 10,000 cases now, and Panama bulk carriers have developed from the initial 60,000 dwt to 80,000 dwt. VLCC with 300,000 dwt has been widely used, and ore ships have begun to study 500,000 dwt.

Second, high speed. In recent 15 years, the speed of ships with gross tonnage 10000 tons or more has increased by about 1kn on average, and high-speed passenger ships, cargo ships, passenger ferries and container ships have been developed and updated, such as high-speed five-body ro-ro ships with a speed of 50kn, fast container ships with a speed of 38kn and high-speed wave-crossing ships with a speed of 1400 cases.

Third, the technical performance is constantly upgrading. First of all, the economy is obviously improved, which is mainly reflected in the simultaneous reduction of ship fuel consumption and crew number; Secondly, the safety and environmental protection are greatly improved, avoiding repeated maritime accidents and reducing the pollution of seawater and atmosphere by ships.

Fourth, the design method is constantly improving. Direct design calculation method, prediction and optimization technology of ship hydrodynamic performance, and new technology of high-efficiency and low-excitation propeller design are widely used, and information networking will be an important technical measure for ship design in 2 1 century.

Fifth, the manufacturing technology is constantly innovating and developing. Mainly engaged in shipbuilding process automation, Shell? The modern shipbuilding mode of painting integration has replaced the traditional shipbuilding mode, and shipbuilding technology and equipment are also developing constantly, such as the widespread application of robots and laser technology.

Sixth, the deepwater of offshore engineering equipment. At present, the working depth of the deep-sea detector developed by developed countries has exceeded 6.5438+0 million meters, which can reach any seabed in the world. The working depth of foreign deepwater oil exploration equipment has already exceeded 3000 meters.

The weight performance of a ship includes 2. What is the load of the ship related to?

The load of a ship is related to its size. Generally speaking, the bigger the ship, the larger its projected area on the water. When it bears a load, the greater the volume of boiling water discharged, the greater the buoyancy it receives. When the ship floats on the water, the sum of its own weight and load is equal to buoyancy, so the load of the ship is related to the size of the ship.

Characteristics of ship's load capacity

In order to complete the task of passenger and cargo transportation, the ship must have certain load capacity, volume capacity and speed performance, which is the most basic condition for the ship to operate. As a means of carrying goods, the ship's ability to carry the weight of goods mainly depends on the ship's load capacity, which is usually expressed by means of ship's water load capacity and load line mark.

Empty ship displacement refers to the displacement when the ship is fully loaded but not loaded. The displacement of empty ship is equal to the weight of empty ship, which should include the sum of fuel and lubricant in hull machinery and equipment machinery according to regulations. The empty weight of the new ship is a fixed value, which can be found in the ship data. Loading displacement refers to the displacement when a ship loads a certain kind of goods, and its size can be determined according to the loading state of the ship.

What is the relationship between a ship's tonnage and its performance?

The greater the tonnage of a ship, the more things it can carry. If it is a warship, it means that it has strong firepower and strong continuous combat capability.

Displacement is a sign of the size of surface ships and one of the tactical and technical performance factors.

The displacement of surface ships is divided into no-load displacement, standard displacement, normal displacement, full-load displacement and maximum displacement.

No-load displacement: refers to the weight of the ship after the construction is completed and all devices and equipment are installed, excluding the weight of personnel, luggage, food, liquid, load, ammunition, materials, fuel, lubricating oil, water supply and aviation oil.

Standard displacement: refers to the no-load displacement of the ship plus rated personnel, luggage, food, liquid, load, ammunition, supplies, etc.

Normal displacement: the standard displacement of a ship, plus 100% of the weight of fuel, lubricating oil, water supply, aviation kerosene and loading, is often used as the displacement during ship design and formal trial.

Full-load displacement: refers to the standard displacement of the ship plus the weight of fuel, lubricating oil, water supply, aviation kerosene and 100% when loading, so as to ensure the endurance and self-propelled power.

Maximum displacement: refers to the full displacement of the ship plus the weight of fuel, lubricating oil, water supply, ammunition, etc.

The weight performance of a ship includes three hull structures.

The ship consists of many parts, which can be summarized into three parts according to their functions and uses: hull, ship power plant and ship power.

Hull is the basic component of a ship, which can be divided into main part and superstructure part. The main part generally refers to the part below the upper deck, which is a hollow body with a specific shape surrounded by the hull (bottom and side) and the upper deck, and is the key part to ensure the required buoyancy, navigation performance and hull strength of the ship. Hull is generally used to arrange power plants, load goods, store fuel and fresh water, and arrange other cabins.

In order to ensure the strength of the hull and improve the sinking resistance of the ship, various cabins are arranged. Usually, a number of solid watertight bulkheads and inner bottoms are set to form a certain number of watertight cabins in the main body, and an intermediate deck or platform is added as needed to divide the main body into several floors horizontally.

The superstructure is located on the upper deck, surrounded by left and right side walls, front and rear end walls and various decks, and its interior is mainly used to arrange cabins with various purposes, such as working cabins, living cabins, storage cabins, instrument and equipment cabins, etc. The size, floor and type of superstructure vary with the purpose and scale of the ship.

The marine power plant includes: propulsion device-the main engine drives the propeller (propeller-based) through the deceleration device and the transmission shaft system; Auxiliary mechanical equipment and systems serve the operation of propulsion devices, such as fuel pump, lubricating oil pump, cooling water pump, heater, filter and cooler.

Ship power station, which provides power for ship deck machinery, engine room auxiliary machinery and ship lighting; Other auxiliary machinery and equipment, such as boilers, compressors, pumps of various systems of ships, lifting machinery and equipment, maintenance machine tools, etc. Generally, machinery other than main engine (and boiler) is called auxiliary engine.

Ship power includes main engine, auxiliary engine and other electrical equipment on board.

Other devices and equipment of the ship include anchoring equipment and mooring equipment in addition to propulsion equipment; Steering equipment and steering gear; Life-saving equipment; Fire fighting equipment; Communication equipment inside and outside the ship; Lighting equipment; Signal equipment; Navigation equipment; Loading equipment; Ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration equipment; Seawater and domestic fresh water system; Ballast water system; Sounding system and ventilation system of the tank; Bilge drainage system; Marine electrical equipment; Other special equipment (depending on the special needs of the ship).

Ship classification

There are many methods of ship classification, which can be classified according to the purpose, navigation state, hull number, propulsion power, propeller and so on.

According to the purpose, ships are generally divided into two categories: military and civilian. Military ships are usually called warships or warships, among which those with direct combat capability or sea area protection capability are called combat ships, such as aircraft carriers, destroyers, frigates, missile boats, submarines, mine-laying and mine-clearing ships [2], and those with logistics support are called military auxiliary ships. Civil ships are generally divided into transport ships, engineering ships, fishing boats and port ships.

According to the navigation state of the ship, it can usually be divided into drainage ship, planing ship, hydrofoil ship and hovercraft;

According to the number of hulls, it can be divided into monohull and catamaran, and catamaran is more common among catamarans.

According to the propulsion power, it can be divided into motor boats and non-motor boats, and motor boats can be divided into steam engine boats (now obsolete), steam turbine boats, diesel engine boats, gas turbine boats, combined power plant boats, electric propulsion boats, nuclear power boats and so on.

According to the propeller of the ship, it can be divided into propeller ship, water jet propulsion ship, jet propulsion ship, open ship, flat spinning ship and so on. Air thrusters are only used for a few hovercraft; According to the position of engine room, there are stern-type ships (engine room is at the stern of the ship), medium-sized ships and medium-sized ships; According to the hull structure materials, there are steel ships, aluminum alloy ships, wooden ships, steel mesh cement ships, glass fiber reinforced plastic ships, rubber boats, mixed structure ships and so on.

According to nationality, it is divided into domestic ships (referring to ships registered in China and flying their national flags) and foreign ships (referring to ships registered in foreign countries and flying foreign flags).

According to the distance of voyage, it is divided into offshore wheel and ocean wheel. Their navigation abilities are different.

The main technical features of the ship include ship displacement, main dimensions, hull coefficient, tank volume and registered tonnage, hull line diagram, ship general layout diagram, hull structure diagram, main technical equipment specifications, etc.

According to Archimedes principle, the weight of boiling water discharged from the hull below the waterline is the buoyancy of the ship, which should be equal to the total weight of the ship. The self-weight of the ship is equal to the displacement of the empty ship. The sum of the ship's dead weight plus various loads (deadweight) loaded on the ship is variable, that is, it is equal to the total weight of the ship.

The ship's deadweight includes the weight of cargo, fuel and lubricating oil, fresh water, food, personnel and luggage, spare parts and supplies. Usually, the sum of the predetermined design cargo capacity and the weight of oil, water and food calculated according to the predetermined maximum voyage is called the design load capacity. Displacement under design load is called design displacement or full load displacement.

The main dimensions of a ship include total length, design waterline length, vertical length, maximum ship width, section width, section depth, full load (design) draft, etc. The measurement of the main dimension of steel ship refers to the dimension of the inner surface of the hull plate, which is called width and depth, while the cement ship and wooden ship refer to the dimension of the outer surface of the hull plate.

Tank capacity refers to the volume of cargo hold, fuel tank, water tank, etc. It represents the loading capacity and endurance of the ship in terms of capacity, and affects the operational capacity of the ship. Registered tonnage is a measure of the loading capacity of ships left over from history, and it is one of the bases for buying and selling ships, paying taxes and collecting service fees. The registered tonnage and deadweight reflect the capacity of the cabin and the carrying capacity of the ship respectively. Although interrelated, they belong to different concepts.

Ship form drawing is the representation of the shape and size of the main body of the ship (including the bulwark, the forecastle and the stern building), and it is one of the main drawings for designing and building the ship. It consists of three groups of line graphs: cross-sectional line graph, half-width waterline graph and vertical line graph. These three parts are cut from cross section, waterline, longitudinal section and hull surface respectively.

The general design drawing of a ship is one of the main drawings for designing and building a ship, which reflects the architectural characteristics, shape and size of the ship, the position and internal arrangement of various cabins, the arrangement of internal ladders and the arrangement of deck equipment. The general layout plan includes side view, deck plan of each floor and double bottom compartment division plan.

The hull structure diagram reflects the structure of each part of the hull, and the structure of each related part of the hull is independent and interrelated. The main structure of the ship is the key to ensure the longitudinal and transverse strength of the ship. It is usually designed as a hollow beam, and the dimensions and specifications of its components are reflected by the cross-sectional structure diagram of the ship.

Main performance of ship

buoyancy

Refers to the ability of a ship to float in the water under various loading conditions and maintain a certain draft and freeboard at the fore and aft. According to the balance condition of gravity and buoyancy, the buoyancy of a ship is related to the load and navigation safety.

stability

It refers to the ability of the ship to tilt away from the equilibrium position under the action of external force, and when the external force disappears, the ship can return to the original equilibrium position. Stability includes complete stability and breakage stability, in which complete stability includes initial stability and large inclination stability. The stability of general surface ships mainly refers to the stability of heeling. The ship's width, waterline coefficient, freeboard, height of center of gravity, size and height of transverse area above water surface and tightness of hull opening are the main factors affecting the ship's stability.

Sinking resistance

Refers to the ability of the underwater part of the hull to float without sinking or capsizing after immersion. China first invented watertight cabins in the Song Dynasty to ensure the sinking resistance of ships. The rationality of watertight subdivision of the main part of the ship, the freeboard value of the subdivision deck and the stability of the whole ship are the main factors affecting anti-sinking.

swift

It is a performance that represents the relationship between the speed of a ship sailing in a straight line in still water and the power required by its main engine. It is an important technical index of the ship, which has great influence on the use effect and operating cost of the ship. Ship rapidity involves two aspects: ship resistance and ship propulsion. Reasonable selection of ship's main dimensions, hull coefficient (especially square coefficient Cb and prismatic coefficient Cp) and line type is the key to reduce ship resistance.

Withstand the wind and waves at sea

Refers to the degree of ship swaying, stalling and deck splashing (surfing and splashing) in waves. Seakeeping not only affects the comfort and safety of the crew, but also affects the safety and operational efficiency of the ship, so it is paid more and more attention.

There are six kinds of ship movements in waves: rolling, pitching, rolling back and forth, heaving (heaving), rolling and pitching. When several kinds of motions exist at the same time, coupled motions are formed, among which rolling, pitching and heaving have the greatest influence. Splash immersion is mainly due to the relative motion between the hull and waves caused by pitching and heaving. Increasing the freeboard, especially the freeboard at the bow, and increasing the floating of the water part at the bow are effective measures to improve the splash immersion of ships.

control ability

Refers to the ability of a ship to maintain or change its speed, course or position according to the pilot's manipulation, which mainly includes two aspects: course stability and gyration. Ensuring that the ship turns less, keeps the shortest voyage, approaches and leaves the wharf flexibly and conveniently, and avoids in time is an important link related to the navigation safety and operation economy of the ship.

economy

Refers to the size of the ship's investment benefit. It is the most active factor to promote the development and research of new ship types, improve shipping management and the development of shipbuilding industry, and has been paid more and more attention. Ship economy belongs to the research content of ship engineering economics, involving such indicators as use efficiency, construction economy, operation economy and investment effect.

The development of ships first depends on the social demand for ships. The rapid growth of bulk carriers (crude oil, mineral particles) after the Second World War is quite mature in technology, and the demand will generally not increase or decrease greatly. There is an increasing demand for finished packaged cargo ships, refined oil ships, chemical ships, liquefied gas ships and super-large industrial equipment ships, and the number of ships and special high-speed ships needed for marine development will also increase. Accordingly, the research of hydrofoil, hovercraft, catamaran and waterplane ship will be strengthened.

The second factor of ship development is the improvement of economic and social benefits. High fuel prices and loading and unloading costs will prompt people to study new ship technology, new energy utilization, new models, automatic control methods and new ship types from the aspects of energy saving, staff reduction and improvement of transportation modes (from the perspective of the whole transportation system).

Ships in China's Maritime Law refer to seagoing ships and other mobile devices at sea, except ships used for military and government official duties and small boats of less than 20 tons.

A ship refers to a means of transportation that relies on manpower, sails, engines and other power to travel on water. In addition, civilian ships are generally called ships, military ships are called ships, and small ships are called boats or boats, collectively referred to as ships or boats.