What are Shakespeare's four tragedies and four comedies?

Four tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.

Four great comedies: A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night and All Happy.

Author: william shakespeare.

Four tragedies

1, Hamlet

When Prince Hamlet of Denmark was studying at Wittenberg University in Germany, he suddenly received the news of his father's death. When he returned to China to attend his funeral, he met a series of events, such as his uncle Claudius ascended the throne and his uncle and his mother Gertrude got married in a hurry one month after his father's funeral, which filled Hamlet with doubts and dissatisfaction. Then, while Horatio and Bernardo were on guard, the ghost of their father old Hamlet appeared, explaining that he was poisoned by Claudius and asking Hamlet to avenge himself.

Later, Hamlet used to pretend to be crazy to cover himself, and proved that his uncle was really an enemy who killed his father through "in the play and out of the play". Because Hamlet killed Polonius, Ophelia's beloved father by mistake, Claudius tried to get rid of Hamlet by the hand of the king, but Hamlet took the opportunity to escape to Denmark, only to learn that Ophelia committed suicide and had to accept a duel with his brother Laertes.

In the duel, Hamlet's mother Gertrude died of poisoning because she accidentally drank the poisoned wine prepared by Claudius for Hamlet. Hamlet and Laertes were both poisoned by swords. Knowing that Hamlet was poisoned, she killed Claudius before she died and asked her friend Horatio to tell her story to later generations.

2. Othello (one of Shakespeare's four tragedies)

Othello, a black-faced moor, was a general employed by the city-state of Venice. Influenced by racial restrictions, he fell in love with Desdemona, the daughter of Brobanshaw, a noble senator. She was smart, beautiful and generous. Knowing that marriage would not be allowed, they married secretly from their parents.

Othello, as commander-in-chief, had a brave-looking flag officer Iago. He was jealous that Othello promoted Casio to lieutenant and ignored himself. At the same time, he coveted Desdemona's beauty, so he was jealous of Othello's success in marriage. Iago is a despicable person with sincere appearance and cunning heart. He tried to create false appearances and evidence to make Othello mistakenly think that Casio was having an affair with his wife Desdemona, so that Othello could see that this had been confused by the jealousy caused by Iago's words.

Destroying the happy marriage between Othello and Desdemona became Iago's greatest satisfaction. So he tried his best to take advantage of Rodrigo's urgency. Rodrigo was a young aristocrat who secretly loved Desdemona, but his wife Amelia knew nothing about it. The evidence of Desdemona's infidelity was believed by Othello.

He let the poison of "doubt" burn like sulfur in his heart, filled the fracture zone between the chains of "indirect evidence" provided by Egu with his own association, fermented and amplified, and finally jealousy made him almost crazy. In her newly-married bed, she strangled her loyal and simple wife Desdemona. But when Iago's wife exposed the lie and deception, Othello woke up from his dream and drew his sword and committed suicide.

3. King Lear

There are two parallel story clues in the whole play. The main clue tells the story of King Lear in ancient England, who was old and groggy and wanted to give his land to his three daughters according to his love for him. The eldest daughter Gonaril and the second daughter Reagan coaxed the old man with sweet words, but the younger daughter Cordelia told the truth and said, "I love you only according to my birthright, neither more nor less."

King Lear angrily expelled her little daughter, married her to distant France, and divided her land equally between two hypocritical daughters. As a result, she was ruthlessly ignored by her two daughters. In a rage, she ran to the wilderness in the storm and interacted with Edgar disguised as a crazy beggar. Later, the youngest daughter came from France to crusade, and finally the father and daughter met, but the British and French armies fought, the French army was defeated, Cordelia was captured, and Edmond ordered her to be executed soon. Lear died crazy with the body.

Another clue is that Count Gloucester listened to his son Edmund's slanders and exiled his eldest son Edgar. Later, his eyes were gouged out because he sympathized with King Lear. When he was wandering in the wild, he met his son Edgar, who had become a beggar. He helped him forward, but he didn't know that it was his son who was driven out by himself. Edmund, an illegitimate child, hooked up with King Lear's eldest daughter and second daughter at the same time after inheriting the title, causing them to be jealous of each other and kill each other. Finally, the second daughter was poisoned, and the eldest daughter committed suicide after the plot to murder her husband was exposed. Edmond was challenged by Edgar and killed in a duel.

4. Macbeth

General Macbeth, the cousin of King Duncan of Scotland, came back from rebelling against the invasion for the king and met three witches on the way. The witch told him some prophecies and code words that he would become king, but he had no children to inherit the throne. On the contrary, he was the descendant of his colleague General Banco and became king. Macbeth is an ambitious hero. He murdered Duncan at the instigation of his wife and became king.

In order to conceal himself and prevent others from taking the position, he killed Duncan's bodyguard step by step, killed Banco and killed Macduff's wife and children. Fear and doubt make Macbeth more and more haunted and indifferent. Lady Macbeth died of insanity, and Macbeth was not sad at all. In the case of betrayal, Macbeth faced the siege of Duncan's son and the English reinforcements he invited, and was finally beheaded.

When Macbeth appeared, he had ulterior motives, killed the king and usurped the throne. In order to consolidate the throne, he brutally slaughtered the people, resulting in rivers of blood, social chaos and people trapped in from the mire. It can be said that he and Richard III are the same tyrant. Such a tyrant deserves to suffer and collapse.

Four big comedy

1, A Midsummer Night's Dream

A Midsummer Night's Dream tells a love story with a happy ending. The story took place in Athens, ancient Greece. The young Hermia fell in love with Lysander, but her father asked her to marry Demetrius, so Hermia and Lysander fled to a forest outside the city.

At this time, in order to add interest to the grand wedding of theseus, Duke of Athens, and beautiful Hippolyta, a group of actors rehearsed a comedy in the forest. Hermia's good friend Helena loved Demetrius, so she told Demetrius the news. They went to the forest first, and then. There are many lovely elves living in the forest. The fairy king O 'Brown and the fairy queen Titan are at loggerheads.

In order to play tricks on the fairy queen, the fairy king ordered a rogue named Park to pick a flower juice and drop it in the fairy queen's eyes. Then she will wake up and fall madly in love with the person or animal she first saw. As it happens, Wang Xian accidentally learned that Helena loved Demetrius, so he asked Puck to drop some flower juice into Demetrius' eyes, but Puck mistook Lysander for Demetrius.

As a result, Lysander woke up and saw Helena, so he continued to pursue her and forgot Hermia. After the fairy king found out. Quickly drop the flower juice into the sleeping eyes of Demetrius. Demetrius woke up and saw Helena being chased by Lysander, so they rushed to make love to Helena. Helena and Hermia were very angry when they saw such a scene.

At the same time, Xianhou also fell in love with Burton, a rehearsal actor. Finally, the fairy king lifted the magic for everyone, and everyone got their love as they wished.

2. Merchant of Venice

Antonio, a merchant in Venice, is a generous businessman, just the opposite of Shylock, another Jewish usury policy. Antonio's good friend Bassanio borrowed 3000 gold coins from Portia, a beautiful girl in Belmont, because she wanted to propose to him. But Antonio had no money, so she had to borrow 3000 gold coins from Shylock with his merchant ship that didn't return to Hong Kong as collateral.

Shylock hated Antonio, because he lent money at no interest, which affected the usury industry and insulted himself. So he used the opportunity of signing a loan contract to set a trap and wait for revenge.

Shylock resented Antonio's opposition to himself in the past, so he took this opportunity to ask him to replace the merchant ship with a pound of meat. After some conversation, Antonio agreed and signed a contract with him.

Bassanio happily went to Belmont to ask for relatives and friends. In Belmont, his attendant Gratiano fell in love with Portia's maid Nerissa. When an accident happened, two couples got married in a hurry at the same time. ?

It turned out that Antonio wrote a letter in which he explained that his merchant ship was missing. He was about to get a pound of meat from Shylock, because this pound of meat might lead to his death, so he hoped to see Bassanio for the last time ... Bassanio and graciano heard the news and hurried back to Venice. Portia and Nerissa also secretly disguised themselves as lawyers and secretaries, and then went to save Antonio.

In court, Portia wisely promised Shylock that he could take any pound of Antonio's flesh, but if he shed a drop of blood (only one pound of flesh was written in the contract, but Shylock was not promised to shed a drop of blood), he would use his life and property to atone. So Antonio was rescued, and the court announced that half of his property was confiscated for murdering a Venetian citizen, and the other half was given to Antonio, who gave the unexpected property to Shylock's son-in-law and his friend Lorenzo.

Shylock saw that the plot failed and had to agree. He converted to Christianity according to the verdict. In this way, Portia cleverly saved Antonio's life. Meanwhile, Portia and Nerissa make fun of their husbands. They asked for the ring as a reward for protecting Antonio and then went home. When their husbands came back, they blamed them for ignoring the meaning of the wedding ring and insisted that they must have given it to another woman. After a series of embarrassing explanations, the truth finally came out. Everyone has a happy ending, except Shylock, who wants to hurt others rather than himself.

3.epiphany

Sebastian and Viola are identical twins. They were separated off the coast of Illyria in a maritime accident. Viola thought her brother was unlucky, so she disguised herself as a man and became a waiter at the door of the local Duke of Ossino. The Duke of Ossino sent Viola to propose to the beautiful and wealthy young countess Olivia.

However, Viola has fallen in love with his master Ossino. On the other hand, Olivia fell in love with Viola at first sight. Things have become subtle and complicated. At the same time, there is a conspiracy going on in Olivia's home. Her uncle Toby and others retaliated against Malfurion for being scolded by his arrogant housekeeper.

Imitating Olivia's handwriting, they wrote a love letter to Malfurion, which encouraged the horse to make bold courtship and told him to wear disgusting yellow stockings often. Malfurion was possessed by ghosts, taken in by ghosts, and ugly all over; Olivia thinks the housekeeper is crazy.

In order to win Olivia's heart, Ossino once again sent Viola to Olivia's house to lobby. Olivia worships Viola more and more. However, Olivia's uncle insisted on marrying her to a stupid rich man Andrew, and together with Olivia's maid Maria, urged Andrew to duel with Viola.

It turned out that Viola's brother Sebastian was rescued by the pirate captain Antonio when he was killed, and they became best friends. After arriving in Illyria, Captain Antonio was afraid of being chased by Illyria authorities and could not accompany Sibas Xin around the city, so he gave him the money bag to use.

Captain Antonio happened to meet Viola who was fighting Andrew. He mistook her for her brother Sebastian, so he drew his sword to help him. However, the passing police recognized him and arrested him. Antonio was surprised to see that Viola was indifferent to his arrest and refused to return his wallet, so he accused her of ingratitude.

Andrew and the others wanted to fight Viola, but they met Sebastian, mistaking him for Viola, and pulled out their swords. Fortunately, Olivia who arrived in time stopped them. Olivia also mistook Sebastian for Viola and invited him home to show her love, so they married privately for a hundred years.

Malfurion was declared insane, locked in a dark room and teased by clowns dressed as priests. Later, Malfurion had the opportunity to write a letter and plead with Miss Olivia, and the truth was revealed.

Finally, Sebastian and Viola reunited, and Sebastian and Olivia fell in love. The Duke of Ossino was moved by Viola's appearance and announced that he would marry her. Captain Antonio was also released. Everyone is happy except Malfurion.

4. "Everyone is happy"

Flederick, regardless of brotherhood, usurped the position of duke of his brother (that is, Roselyn's father), drove the duke away and forced him into exile in the forest. Roslin, the daughter of the exiled duke, fell in love with Orlando, who was abused by her eldest brother Oliver. However, Roselyn was soon exiled by her uncle and usurper Flederick, so she had to disguise herself as a man and fled to the Ardennes Forest. Later, she met Orlando by chance.

Orlando, who was abused by her eldest brother, repaid her kindness and saved her brother. Oliver found out and fell in love with Rosalyn's cousin, Flederick's daughter Celia. They have been living in the forest with rosalind, helping her find her father, and finally rosalind found her father in the forest.

Inspired by the hermit, Flederick repented and returned the power to his brother. Orlando and Roselyn, Oliver and Celia, Shepherd Silves and Shepherd Phoebe, Clown Tackiston and Village Maid Audley got married. Good triumphed over evil, and everyone was happy.

William Shakespeare (English: William Shakespeare,1564-1April 23, 061April 23, 6) is often regarded as Shakespeare in China society, and Lu Xun called Shakespeare in The Theory of Moro Poetry (1February 908) in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China.

Shakespeare was born and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon. He married Anne Hathaway at the age of 18, and they have three children: Susanna, twins Hamnet and Judith.

From the end of 16 to the beginning of 17, Shakespeare began a successful career in London. He is not only an actor and playwright, but also a partner of the Palace Minister Troupe, which was later renamed the King Troupe. In about 16 13, Shakespeare lived in seclusion in Stratford-on-Avon and died three years later.

The period from 1590 to 1600 is the golden age of Shakespeare's creation. His early plays were mainly comedies and historical plays, which reached the peak of depth and artistry at the end of16th century. From 160 1 to 1608, he mainly wrote tragedies. Shakespeare advocates noble sentiments and often describes sacrifice and revenge, including Othello, Hamlet, King Lear and Macbeth, which is regarded as the best example of English. In the last stage of his life, he began to create tragicomedy, also known as legendary drama.

Shakespeare's works handed down from ancient times include 39 plays, 154 sonnets and two narrative poems. His plays have been translated into various major languages, and the number of performances far exceeds the works of all other dramatists.

Shakespeare's earliest plays were written in the ordinary style of the time. He writes in standard language, which often cannot be released naturally according to the needs of the role and plot. Poetry depends on unfolding, sometimes containing elaborate metaphors and ingenious ideas, and the language is usually gorgeous, which is suitable for actors to read aloud rather than speak.

Shakespeare turned from traditional style to his own characteristics. The monologue at the beginning of Richard III created evil characters in medieval drama. At the same time, Richard's vivid monologue full of self-awareness continues the monologue in Shakespeare's mature plays. No single script marks the transition from traditional style to free style. Shakespeare combined these two styles in his whole writing career, and Romeo and Juliet may be the best interpretation of this mixed style.

By the middle of 1590, when he wrote Romeo and Juliet, Richard II and A Midsummer Night's Dream, Shakespeare began to write in a more natural language. He gradually turned his metaphors and symbols into the needs of plot development. Shakespeare's common poetic form is blank verse combined with iambic pentameter.

In fact, this means that his poems are usually rhyming, with 10 syllables in each line, and are stressed every other syllable when reading aloud. The blank poems in his early works are quite different from those in his later works. Poetry is often beautiful, but sentences often start, pause and end at the end of a line, which may lead to boredom. ?

When Shakespeare mastered the traditional blank verse, he began to interrupt and change the law. This technique has released new strength and flexibility in the poems of Julius Caesar and Hamlet.

After Hamlet, Shakespeare's writing style has undergone more changes, especially in the more emotional paragraphs in later tragedies. Andrew Cecil Bradley, a British literary critic, described this style as "more compact, vivid and diverse, with irregular structure, often complicated or omitted". ?

Later in his writing career, Shakespeare used many techniques to achieve these effects, including continuous lines, irregular pauses and endings, and extreme changes in sentence structure and length. It is a challenge for the audience to fully understand the meaning. In later legendary dramas, the plot changed in time and unexpectedly, creating a poetic style at the end, which is characterized by the fusion of long and short sentences, the arrangement of clauses, the inversion of subject and object, and the omission of words, resulting in natural effects.

The characteristics of Shakespeare's poems are related to the actual effect of the theater. Like all playwrights of that era, Shakespeare adapted the stories written by Francesco Petracca and Raphael Hollingshead into plays. He adapted each plot, created several centers of audience's attention, and showed as many story fragments as possible to the audience.

The design features ensure that Shakespeare's plays can be translated into other languages and interpreted loosely without losing the core plot. When Shakespeare's skills improved, he endowed his characters with clearer and more diverse motives and unique speaking style. However, in his later works, he retained the characteristics of his early style. In later legendary dramas, he deliberately turned back to a more illusory style, emphasizing the effect of the theater.

References:

William shakespeare-Baidu encyclopedia