Second year of history: the long encouragement has the main characteristics of the famous ethnic group

The long drum is a representative folk dance of the Yao people, which is the main form of self-entertainment for the Yao people and an artistic means to express their life. Long drum is a kind of wooden drum, mostly made of hollow tung tree, about three feet long, small in the middle, two big ends, the form of horn. Both ends hollowed out, covered with sheepskin or cowhide, painted on the drum with colorful dragon and phoenix patterns, and tied on both ends of the silk rope, a little hit, issued by the winter sound. Long encouragement is to beat the drum and dance, each action must be struck on the drum with a variety of different drums, the rhythm of the action are heavy beat down to stand stable pile, thus the rhythm is distinctive, the action is stable and powerful, rich in strong ethnic characteristics.

The Yao people have been living in the mountainous areas for generations, and often come into contact with some interesting things in nature. Through observation, they simulate their form and movement, forming another content of the long encouragement movement. Such as the performance of beasts and birds have a golden chicken wings, eyebrows jumping cage, goat reverse arm, etc.; the performance of plants have a big lotus flower, small lotus flower, the ancient tree entangled roots and so on. These movements are vivid, imaginative, and highly danceable, enriching the artistic expression of the long drum.

There are other movements that express the details of daily life, such as pounding rice, sifting rice, tying belts, etc., which are also very life-like and add to the life interest of the dance. In addition, some movements in specific rituals, such as oar making, volin and short worship, have also become the performance movements of the long drum dance.

The Yao people have different languages, lifestyles and modes of production due to their different clans, so there are differences in the characteristics of the long-dance movements. Some play more active, action with jumping, faster tempo, more pattern changes, this play to over the mountain Yao, often called "martial arts"; some play more stable, there is a small tremor, the action is gentle and slow and softer, slower tempo, this play to Tuyao as much, often called "WenDa". This kind of playing method is more common in Tuyao, and is often called "Wendai". There are also differences between high pile and short pile. High pile is in both legs half squatting on the basis of the short pile is in the full squatting on the basis of, despite the different ways of playing, but still unified in the national style, with the same characteristics of the ****.

The musical accompaniment of the long encouragement is mainly played by suona, supplemented by drums. Because the performance time is different, the occasion is different, so there is a "big blowing" and "small blowing" points. The big blowing is generally used in the return of the long drum performance of the king's wish, seemingly solemn and grand. Small blowing small beat more for celebrations and other occasions, appear lively and lively. Long drum music also has a certain program. When entering the house, the first blow "into the house card", when the performance is almost over, blow "close the drum" song card, and when the audience leaves, blow "send off" card, the performance is considered to be all over. Because of the suona melodious pleasant, crisp tone, for the long encouragement to add color.

The long drum is closely linked to the people's lives, so the activity of making the long drum itself is also listed as one of the dance performances, and the performance of the action of the coarse and fine, with a simple sense of beauty. Yao long drum has the following artistic characteristics:

1.Mass

Long drum is a mass dance, regardless of gender and age, men and women, young and old are suitable to participate in, regardless of location, as long as there is open space can be danced, and the action is simple, easy to learn, in addition to some special long drum performance requires a certain degree of difficulty, a certain skill, the mass of the long drum is more performance people familiar life scenes, so it is easy to be accepted by the people. Long drum dance is mostly for the celebration of festivals, rich in content and entertainment and other characteristics, widely attracting the participation of the masses, people gather together, pick up the long drum, as you wish, free dance, expressing joy, joyful emotions.

2. Folklore

The dance content of the long drum dance mostly expresses the labor life such as building houses, making drums, opening mountains, digging, pounding rice, etc., as well as imitating the movements of animals and birds, etc., and the dance is vivid and graphic, no matter from the dance form or the content of the dance, all of them reproduced the life of the Yao people, and at the same time, they showed that the people of the Yao people are passionate and bold, industrious, simple and brave and resolute character. The Yao people are all over the country, and people in different regions have different habits and customs, and their way of making drums, instrument configurations and dance forms are all different, such as: Hexian, Guangxi, when making drums, a small number of small round stones are put inside the hollowed-out drums, and when the drums are struck the drums rustle, which makes drums sound and has the effect of sand hammering; the long drums of Tianlin, Guangxi, are equipped with small bells, and they can emit a clear ringing sound when they dance; the long drums of Hunan are also equipped with reedsongs, which are used to join together with the long drums. The long drum is also equipped with lusheng together with the performance, the dance form is also divided into "single dance", "double dance", "collective dance" and so on. Long encouragement and national activities, reflecting the different styles of Yao people in different areas of art and culture, its rich connotation, rich folklore, become the carrier of the heritage of Yao folk culture.

3. Fitness

Jumping long encouragement, drumming at the same time also need different forms of various parts of the body and different degrees of activity. Long drum dance is mainly hand movements, the form of changes in various forms, generally are left-handed drum, wrist according to the drum movement changes and flexible rotation, the right hand is to beat the drum in the form of horizontal beat, vertical beat, diagonal beat, back beat, shaking beat; the body can be tilted forward or backward, or turn around the back of the drum beat, or twisting the upper body, such as a small drum in the "half-squatting drum grinding ", with both knees as an axis, driving the upper body to do grinding; from the bottom up, while turning the hand in front of the chest to beat the drum; knee movements are slightly squatting, half squatting, full squatting, natural flexion and extension, trembling and elasticity; foot movements are relatively more complex, there are before and after the push and pull step, walk diagonal step, after a single foot kicking the drum, or sometimes around the circle, sometimes jumping to turn around the body, the movement is light and fast, flexible and versatile. Long drums through the hands, body, feet parts of the movement, not only enhance the flexibility and flexibility of the joints, but also improve the sensitivity and coordination of the human body, and at the same time, due to the uninterrupted squatting action of the knee, to enhance the quadriceps, gluteus maximus muscle strength, reduce the buttocks, abdominal fat have a good effect. This shows that the long encouragement is an excellent fitness exercise.

4. Entertainment

Legend has it that the long encouragement was first jumped in honor of the Pan Wang, the annual Pan Wang Festival, people in addition to ancestor worship, singing, is to watch the long encouragement performance. With drums dressed in youth, head wrapped in a red scarf, inserted on the pheasant feather, in the mango gongs, horn, suona and song with the music dance, singing, drums, dance action rough, free and bold, the atmosphere is exceptionally warm. It is also because of the festive atmosphere of the long drum, therefore, the development of today, the Yao people in the "New Year", the lunar calendar October 16, "play song hall" and other traditional festivals or wedding, congratulations on harvest and other occasions, will pick up the long drum, singing and dancing, * * * to talk about the joy of the feelings.

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5. Ornamental

The long drum has unique ethnic characteristics, is one of the Yao people's favorite folk musical instruments. As early as the 12th century in the Song Dynasty, the Yao people have been able to make long drums, Zhai Zhai have, not to give away, not for sale, only as a family heirloom left behind. Before the Ming and Qing dynasties, there were more long drums, long drums and extra-large long drums, long drums and short drums in the ordinary long drums. Ming Dynasty Gu Yanwu "the world group of countries Li Disease Book" contains: Heng Sai Pangu ...... to wood for the drum, round diameter of more than a dipper, hollow two large, four feet is called the long drum; two feet is called the short drum. The long drum is both the long encouragement in the accompaniment of musical instruments, but also in the dance props, wherever the day of celebration are long encouragement performance. At the same time, due to the Yao long drum exquisite production, exquisite appearance, rich in rich ethnic style, so it has become a simple and exquisite ethnic crafts. The long drums and the colorful costumes and delicate handmade accessories during the dance have become a model of Yao folk art, which inherits the long and ancient ethnic art and culture of the Yao people. In addition, the content and form of the long drum are also associated with the political, economic and social conditions of a certain period, reflecting the ideological outlook and values of the people in a certain period, which are closely related to people's lives, epitomizing the culture of the Yao ethnic minority, and is a highly representative work of the heritage of the Yao ethnic minority culture.

6. Aesthetic

The performance of long drum dance gives the dancers and the viewers aesthetic enjoyment in the sense of hearing and vision. Long drum dance music is simple and elegant, rhythmic, melodic, emotional and warm, strong sense of rhythmic dance, this very national characteristics of the music, y impressed the listener's mind, so that the dancers, the viewers have a relaxed and happy feelings. Long encouraging dance number of people, clothing neat, colorful, the spectacle of the spectacular impact on the viewer's vision; dancers enthusiastic, unrestrained action, leading to the presence of all the people are intoxicated by the beauty of the art of dance.