In Wolf Totem, how were the Mongols buried when they died?

In the book Wolf Totem, because Mongols believe in Shamanism, celestial burial is practiced. Details are as follows:

I. Introduction:

Mongolian celestial burial (Mongolian "Tengger Oruhiraga") is one of the funeral ceremonies of the Mongols, just like earth burial, sand burial, cremation, double burial, water burial, wind burial, tree burial, cave burial and secret burial.

Second, the reason of Mongolian celestial burial:

Mongolian celestial burial, from its origin, form, content to the implementation of ceremonies, is influenced by natural geographical environment, management mode and foreign culture. Therefore, the Mongolian celestial burial ceremony permeates the profound connotation of ancient Mongolian social culture, and contains extremely reasonable ecological wisdom behind its simple form. This kind of wisdom consciously or unconsciously maintains the harmony between man and nature and between people, and plays a very good role in protecting the fragile ecological environment in Inner Mongolia. Nowadays, with the deterioration of ecological environment in Inner Mongolia, Mongolian celestial burial has become a historical memory and even forgotten by people.

Third, the celestial burial details:

The traditional celestial burial ceremony of Mongols is to cover the body of the deceased with a piece of cloth with a spell written on it, and put it in the wilderness for foxes, wolves and carnivorous birds to swallow. Three days later, relatives came to visit. If the body is eaten clean by birds and animals, or there is not much left, it means that the deceased did good before his death and his soul died. If it moves little or remains intact, it is considered evil before it dies, and even birds and animals are unwilling to peck it. At this time, please ask the Lama to recite the scriptures until the flesh and blood enter the belly of the eagle wolf, which is considered to be the best for the deceased. "

With the changes of the times, the forms of Mongolian celestial burial are constantly evolving. According to the funeral methods, it can be roughly divided into three forms: "same room burial", "wild burial" and "grassland burial".