What are the characteristics of drama?

Drama combines many art forms with one standard, including poetry, music and dance. Poetry refers to literature, music refers to music accompaniment, and dance refers to performance. In addition, it also includes stage art, clothing, makeup and so on.

At the same time, China traditional opera takes singing, reading, doing and playing as the basic means, and almost integrates all kinds of performing arts elements into one set. Opera actors must master the "four skills and five methods" ("four skills" means singing, reading, doing and playing, and "five methods" means mouth, hands, eyes, body and steps).

In the 4th century BC, Aristotle expressed his understanding of the essence of drama in Poetics. He believes that all art is imitation, and drama is to imitate the actions of various creatures.

Later, India's first drama theory work, Dance Theory, also pointed out: "Drama is imitation." /kloc-after the 0/9th century, there have been different views on the nature of drama, mainly including audience, conflict, upheaval, situation and laboratory.

1, the audience said

Recognizing the audience is a necessary condition and the essence of drama. French drama theorist F. Sasay is the representative of this concept. He asserted that no matter what kind of drama works, it is for the audience. "Without the audience, there would be no drama", therefore, all elements of drama must be adapted to the audience's appreciation.

2. Conflict theory

Represented by the French drama theorist Brent. At the end of 19, Bruntel pointed out that the stage is the place where people's conscious will is exerted, and the exertion of characters' conscious will is bound to encounter obstacles, and the subject must fight against them in order to overcome them, which constitutes a "will conflict", and the essence of drama lies in this.

J.H. Lawson, an American drama theorist, attributed the essence of drama to "social conflict in which consciousness and will play a role". He believes that because drama deals with social relations, people's conscious will is bound to be restricted by social inevitability, so the real drama conflict must be social conflict. This concept can be expressed in one sentence: "There is no drama without conflict."

3. Catastrophe theory

W Archer, a British drama theorist, denied Brunswick's "conflict" theory. He compared the novel with the drama, and thought that the novel was a "gradual" art, the drama was a "crisis" art, and the drama dealt with the drastic changes of people's fate and environment, which was the essence of the drama.

4. Situation and laboratory theory

As early as the18th century, the French philosopher Diderot used "situation" as the basis of his dramatic works. When Hegel talked about the characteristics of drama, he also linked "situation" with "conflict" and emphasized the ontological significance of situation. J.P. Sartre, an existentialist philosopher and playwright, called his drama "situational drama" and described the object of the drama as people's choices in the situation.

B Brecht regards drama as a scientific method and thinks that drama is a laboratory to test human behavior in a specific situation. This concept also defines the essence of drama from a specific angle.

The Origin of China's Drama

The roots of China's traditional drama can be traced back to the witchcraft ceremony from pre-Qin to Han Dynasty. However, the development of Southern Opera in Song Dynasty led to a complete drama text creation. The earliest extant script of China's ancient drama is Zhang Xie's champion in the Southern Song Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty was centered on Dadu, Pingyang and Hangzhou, and Yuan Zaju was brilliant for a while. Later generations formed many forms of drama, that is, various dramas.

Kunqu opera, which originated in Suzhou in the Ming Dynasty, was first sought after and loved by gentry doctors. They have created a large number of scripts, constantly revised their music scores, and at the same time revised the drama theory of Kunqu opera, making legendary scripts a new mainstream literary form.

Later, Kunqu opera was loved by the court in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, became a part of aristocratic life and became an officially recognized drama art, so it was called "elegance"; Based on the local dialect, the local opera, which is deeply loved by the people, is called "Flower".

So in the Qing dynasty, a "dispute between elegance and vulgarity" was formed, which was actually a situation in which traditional operas prospered together. This enriches the category of China traditional opera art and forms its own artistic characteristics.

In recent years, Zeng Yongyi, a drama researcher in Taiwan Province Province, put forward a set of viewpoints, that is, when discussing the origin of China's drama, we should distinguish between "big drama" and "small drama". The drama is a mature drama, and the drama is the prototype of the drama.

The drama was developed after the Zaju in Jin and Yuan Dynasties, while the previous Zaju in Song Dynasty, Mian in Tang Dynasty, Picking Mothers, Potou, Joining the Army, Fan Kuai's Defeated King, etc. Can be included in the ranks of short plays, and China has long had short plays.

Before China came into cultural contact with the modern west, there was no "drama" (mainly drama) tradition in the western sense. China's traditional drama is a comprehensive art form with plot as the main line and "song and dance as the story", which integrates music, singing, dancing, martial arts and acrobatics, that is, traditional opera quyi.

Refer to the above? Baidu encyclopedia-drama