What was the agricultural policy at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty?

Rather detailed, if you are not writing a paper, pick the title to answer on the line. (A) land policy 1. Encouragement of land reclamation. From the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing government to pacify the exiles, to encourage the reclamation of land as a major event to grasp. For one thing, announced the reclamation of their own, issued by the government to reclaim the seal license, clear property rights, and to protect the reclaimer's land ownership. Shunzhi six years in April, clearly announced: "no owner of deserted land, state and county officials to give the seal license, reclamation and cultivation, always allowed for the industry". There are owners of deserted land, so that the original owner of the reclamation, the government to give cattle, seed. Later made additional provisions: "If there are owners of deserted land, the original owner can not be reclaimed, the local officials to recruit people to cultivate, give the seal license, forever, the original owner shall not fight". Shunzhi fourteen years, and announced that the "forever inheritance" to "forever for their own". Kangxi twenty-two years on the "desertion" to make provisions: "Where the land and soil for several years no one plow finished grain, that is, the desertion. Afterward, if the reclamation is ripe, the original owner is not allowed to ask again". Secondly, relaxing the exemption period of barren land. On the wilderness exemption, the first year of Shunzhi August announced that the reclaimed wilderness, "three years from the section". In the following year, it was divided into three categories: newly reclaimed wasteland was exempted from rent for one year; "the original wasteland, three years after the start of the section. The original ripe and deserted land, a year for the tax". Shunzhi six years, changed to "once plowed to six years later, the Secretary personally inspect the number of mature acres, strokes verification, played the decree, before discussing the collection of money and grain. Before the six years, no levy, not the slightest legitimacy to send the corvée". Kangxi, continue to adjust this policy, three years after the approval of another year, wide to six years, ten years, or even fifteen years from the Section. Third, the government subsidized cattle, seeds. In order to ensure that the reclamation of the land, for the reclamation of the difficult farmers, by the local government in the oxen, seeds, rations to give financial support. The funding method is borrowing, or spring borrowing in the fall, or return in installments, half of the next year, three years as the number of payments. Fourth, to reclaim more or less as the assessment of the conditions of the officials. Shunzhi six years proposed: "states and counties to recruit people to persuade the plowing of more or less for the advantages and disadvantages, the government Road to the responsibility of urging the supervision of the diligence of the temple for the most. The end of each year, the governor and the press to report separately. Included in the examination. Fourteen years specific provisions: "Governor by a year, reclamation to more than two thousand hectares, records; six thousand hectares or more, plus one level. Daofu reclaimed to more than 1,000 hectares, record; more than 2,000 hectares, plus one grade. Those who have cultivated more than one hundred hectares in prefectures and counties shall be recorded; those who have cultivated more than three hundred hectares shall be promoted one grade higher. For those who have cultivated more than 50 hectares, they will be recorded; for those who have cultivated more than 100 hectares, they will be promoted by one grade. Civilian and military gentry reclaimed more than 50 hectares, the incumbent record, to the person who gave a plaque to the award.

2. The implementation of cantonment. Qing dynasty cantonment, inherited from the Ming dynasty, the old civil cantonment, military cantonment approach. Shunzhi first year in August, the development of reclaiming land to build the order of Tuen Mun, "all counties and counties without the owner of the wasteland, divided into stragglers and the government and the people of Tuen Mun species". The government set up a specialized agency in charge of reclamation matters, each province set up the Tun Road Office, a member of the Tun Road, together with the county with two members, "specializing in the development of the Tuen Mun matters, supervise the reclamation of deserted fields, and send the imperial censor to the various parts of the inspection of the Tuen Mun field. Counties also according to the local situation at the time to develop the implementation of the rules. Zhili stipulated that: "If the official helps the oxen to plow the fields, the collected seeds will be taken as one out of three; if the people prepare their own fields, they will be taken as one out of ten in the same year, and one out of three in the next three years". Xi'an and Fengxiang provinces in Shaanxi Province stipulated that "five taels of silver were given for each hectare of oxen, and seven hectares of grain were planted for each mu, amounting to one point four percent of silver. Each hectare of labor four, give silver eight money and eight cents, are moved to support the Treasury". Military cantonment is the organization of the army to cultivate land. Shunzhi three years to set the military management system, "guards set up a guard, and manage the field. And set a thousand generals, hundred generals, sub-management of the guards. Changed the guards for the cantonment". Six years, and the establishment of the guards of the cantonment rent regulations. Fruit trees and vegetable beds, paddy fields and reeds 1 bucket per mu, wheat 6 liters, 4 liters and 5 hectoliters of miscellaneous grain. According to the Shunzhi ten years, Shaanxi military cantonment, Yulin harvested 1580 stone 4 bucket 5 liters of oat, Jingbian Road harvested 2254 stone 6 bucket of oat. Hunan Wu, Yue, long three Fu Wei Tun, *** receipt of 4230 stone 4 bucket 5 liters.

3. The implementation of enclosure. This is to meet the requirements of the Manchu aristocracy and the eight banners officers and soldiers adopted a policy. With the entry of the Qing Dynasty, Manchu aristocrats, officials, Manchurian, Mongolian and Han eight banners officers and soldiers followers, slaves and so on also a large number of influx into Beijing. These eight banners officers and soldiers, before entering the customs, enjoyed the favorable treatment of "counting the ding and granting the field", and after entering the customs, they even regarded themselves as the victors and demanded to get the land and become the new nobles. Based on this situation, the Qing government in the first year of Shunzhi December order: "Where near the capital of the people of the counties and counties of the people of deserted land, and the emperor of the Ming dynasty extra horse harnessed by the side of a team, princes and princes, eunuchs, etc. died in the invasion of the person, the owner of the land is very large. ...... all to the east of the kings, courtiers, soldiers, etc.". Then in shunzhi two years in september, four years in the first month of ordering the circle of land. The area of the enclosure, initially limited to three hundred miles near Beijing. Later gradually expanded, "three hundred miles is not enough, then as far as five hundred miles. Even Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Shaanxi, Ningxia, Sichuan and other places. Circle of the way, is sent by the Ministry of Household full of officials to all parts of the rate of the Secretary of the Department of A Ding and other people to the village, "phase degree field drains acres, two riders before and after the Department of the Department of the rope to mark, four weeks around the total accumulation of the. Each circle **** get a few hundred ten zhu". According to incomplete statistics, up to the Kangxi five years, *** circle occupied land 166,838 hectares, provinces flag people occupy 60,000 hectares, the two total 226,838 hectares, accounting for the then national arable land area of 5,395,262 hectares of 1/23. Among them, the original amount of Yutian County, Hebei Province, the people's land of 5,216 hectares of 88 acres. Shunzhi two years later, the circle authorized under the banner of Tuantian, cast into the Xunqi food, only 617 hectares and 51 acres of civil land, the circle accounted for 88% of the county's cultivated land area. Xiongxian civil land more than 4400 hectares, the early Qing dynasty circle for the flag land 3516 hectares, accounting for 70% of the county's arable land area. These captive land, assigned to the Manchu nobles, the eight banners officers and soldiers, by them to establish farms, the use of slaves and serfs for production. In order to ensure the labor force of the eight banners' nobles' farms, the Qing government forced the implementation of the casting law and the fugitive law. The law not only allowed the nobles of the Eight Banners to "take the poor people as laborers". Even forced people to vote, "those who do not want to that is to use words to intimidate, threaten to coerce, all kinds of craftsmen, as much as possible to squeeze, make sure to vote. The law of the fugitive is a decree to punish the fugitives under the banner of casting. Shunzhi three years, the fugitive from the first fleeing whip one hundred, pricked words, returned to the Lord. The third escapee was executed. Hiding the person is law, the family property confiscated. Neighboring right nine a long, each whip one hundred, migrate to remote areas. According to the Qing Li Yuandu, "the first national dynasty is a matter of strategy" said, "fleeing cases, the first strict nest hidden, a stay, although close as father and son, but by the overnight, that is, according to the rules of punishment, so that the people of the father and son regarded as an enemy, once the cast stops, and immediately take the solution". By the punishment of a fugitive, often "dozens of people involved in the whip deprived of". The early Qing Dynasty the implementation of the enclosure policy, as well as the development of the law and the law of the fugitive, reflecting the barbarism and backwardness of the Manchu aristocracy, is an important manifestation of its against the tide of history and move. The results of the implementation of this policy, provoked the strong resistance of the peasants in the region, but also intensified the ruling group of the Qing dynasty within the Manchu and Han bureaucrats and landlords between the contradictions. For this reason, in June of the eighth year of the Kangxi, the Qing government decided to abolish the enclosure order, announced that "since the enclosure of the private premises, forever stop. This year has been the circle, all order to give back". Kangxi twenty-four years again reiterated that the civil reclaimed land, since then, never allowed to occupy the circle.

4. The implementation of the renamed field. This is for the Ming dynasty vassal king of the land occupied by the implementation of a measure. Ming dynasty vassal king occupied a large amount of land, after the impact of the late Ming peasant wars, many of the feudal lords were killed or fled, the land occupied by the original species of people all. After the reign of Kangxi, decided to clean up these lands. Kangxi seven years in October, ordered all the Ming abolition of clan property, all sell at a reduced price. After the announcement of this policy, caused the farmers dissatisfaction. For this reason, eight years in March, the Qing government made a decision, exempt from the price, "to give the original planting of the people, so that their cultivation", as usual, the grain levy. These lands were converted to private property, "called as renamed land, and will remain as the property of the world forever". According to incomplete statistics, the renamed field involves Zhili, Shanxi, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi, Gansu, Hubei and other eight provinces, **** there are 166,829 hectares of land. Henan, Hubei, the most, accounting for more than half of the total number of renamed fields (b) tax policy. After the Qing Dynasty, in order to win the hearts of the people, pay great attention to reduce the burden on the people. The main policies and measures implemented in the service are:

1. Cancel the end of the Ming Dynasty, three zhuzu plus faction. Shunzhi first year in July, that is, after the possession of Beijing more than two months, the Qing government in its release of the "Prince Regent Oracle officials, military and civilian people, etc. Order Decree" announced that: since the beginning of the first year of the Shunzhi, where the extra, all the extra, such as Liao pay, suppression of the pay, pay for training and call to buy rice and beans, all remission. Seventeen years and order: "Tianqi, Chongzhen years, plus faction all remission ......, such as corrupt officials, except for the private levy more disturbing the people, the governor according to the title of the Senate heavy punishment". The basic point of this policy is to cancel the end of the Ming Dynasty in the amount of additional levies in addition to the various schools. 2. Tax relief. In the early years of the Qing dynasty, tax exemptions and reductions of roughly five: one is to reduce the barren land tax grain. Qing due to the Ming system, field tax collection is based on the government's land figures by mu. Since the end of the Ming Dynasty, North China and Jiangnan provinces have a large area of barren land, according to the book levy, that will inevitably be barren land tax grain amortized into the cooked land. Wei Yisuke once said: "the food of the barren land, both added to the cooked land, the silver of the deceased, and then sent to the acres of land, the farmers are heavily distressed, the more barren land and the more arrears carry forward". In response to this situation, the early Qing dynasty, the states and counties to distinguish between barren land, ripe land, announced the exemption of barren land taxes and food. Such as the Shunzhi eight years, free Shanxi barren land grain 15,000 hectares, and Zhili, Shandong, Henan, Shaanxi and other barren residual amount of money. The second is to reduce the flood and drought areas of tax and grain. The amount of relief, according to the degree of local disaster at that time to determine. Shunzhi early set by the disaster eight points to ten, free three-tenths; five points to seven points, free two; four points free one. Kangxi seventeen years, changed to six points free of one-tenth, more than seven points free of two, more than nine points free of three. This remission, "a year remission and several provinces, a province even remission for several years. Third, the exemption of arrears. Due to various reasons, the provincial taxes and grain often can not be completed in full, thus forming the arrears. Kangxi 45 years, ordered the exemption of Zhili, Shandong this year, the arrears. At the same time announced that Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Jiangsu, Zhejiang and other 12 provinces, since the forty-third year of the Kangxi period before the unfinished silver 2.12 million odd, food 105,000 stone odd, all remitted. Fourth, the implementation of the round of remission. In view of the country's financial improvement, from the Kangxi fifty years, the country's provinces are divided into three batches, taking turns to remit, a year from a number of provinces, three years each remitted once. Fifth, exemptions and tenants. Kangxi forty-nine years announced: "in all subsequent years of remission, exempt the owners of seven points, tenants three points, for the order". The tenants were exempted from three points, which was deducted from the rent they paid. This kind of remission is rare. Qing tax relief, in the Kangxi years is put into practice. According to statistics, during the reign of Kangxi, "before and after the number of remission, according to the Ministry of household said, has been more than 10,000,000 3. Improvement of tax collection methods. Since the Ming Dynasty, the household, land registers lost. Shunzhi changed the Yuan, that is, ordered the preparation of household registration. Three years once, and then changed to five years once. Shunzhi three years, the Ministry of households and the local caresses according to the preparation of the basis for the collection of the service as a "full book of the service", due to the war has not ceased, the preparation of the work has encountered difficulties. Eleven years to fourteen years, "the whole book of the service" was compiled, each county two books, one stored in the Department, one stored in the Palace, detailed in the upper middle and lower field rules. And the yellow book, the yearly record of household consumption, detailing its old management, new collection, dismissal, the real number. The two are mutually exclusive, and sent to the people's households easy to know by the single, in order to put an end to the officials fishing and hunting extortion. Kangxi after the pro-government, on the one hand, the revision of "full book of service", at the same time from the elimination of tax shortcomings, stop the publication of easy to know by the single, will be changed from two string tickets to three stamps. And line rolling single law, so that grain households self-sealing cast cabinet, personal payment. People commented on the Kangxi dynasty to implement the field levy method, said: "to the law of the sub-limit to relieve the people's power, to the wheel catalyzed (that is, the rolling single) of the law to avoid chasing almost to the stamp (that is, the triple stamp) of the law of the levy of the people's faith, to the pro loss of the law of the prevention of satiety".

4. Strictly play sales. In the early years of the Qing Dynasty, from the point of view of ensuring national revenue, ordered the state and county according to the amount of finish. For Bu owes the state taxes and grain bureaucrats and dickeys, strict punishment, "do not ask the bureaucrats, not divided into more or less, in the registration of dickeys and gentlemen, according to the name of the deposed. Now the jin gentry, general demotion". Such as the shunzhi dynasty gengzi pin case, songjiang and other four prefectures, *** owe more than 50,000 taels of silver, deposed dickey more than 13,000 people. Clearance and and in shandong, shaanxi, zhejiang, fujian, jiangxi, guangdong and other six provinces, ruthlessly combating the bureaucrats and gents absconded money and grain of the wind, so as to ensure the collection of taxes and grain.

(3) handicraft policy. In the early years of the Qing dynasty, in the face of the reality of the decline of handicrafts, handicrafts in the implementation of the main policies and measures are:

1. Abolition of the artisan registration system. The Ming Dynasty craftsmen were all organized into the craftsman registration, known as the craftsman household, subordinate to the government, inherited from generation to generation, the implementation of the shift or live and sit for the national service. This artisan registration system restricted the independent and autonomous operation of the craftsmen. Shunzhi two years in May, the Qing government decided to abolish this system, "all provinces in addition to the artisan registration for the people", exempted from levying the price of Beijing class artisans. Since then, the government-run handicrafts of craftsmen and the government needs to use a variety of handicrafts production, all the implementation of the value of labor to hire the system. Kangxi thirty-six years, especially after the implementation of the amortization of acres of land, the provinces one after another will be the silver ban maker into the acres of land or land in lieu of levy. 2. Relaxation of business restrictions. After the Qing entered the customs, pay attention to the restoration and development of handicraft production, and to determine the handicraft industry in general only levy taxes, not to the administrative power to intervene in the production, allowing handicraftsmen to operate freely. After the reign of Kangxi continued to relax the restrictions on the operation of handicrafts. In the textile industry, the abolition of the machine households "shall not exceed one hundred" loom restrictions, so that powerful people freely to develop production and expand operations. Ceramics, Kangxi nineteen years, the abolition of the Ming Dynasty left behind in various places, "when the official section of the provisions, where the earth craftsman materials, all according to the value of the work, all according to the market price to buy. Salt industry, the Ming Dynasty Sichuan well salt, more than by the government, and then recruited stove households, set up official supervision. In the early Qing Dynasty, the people are free to mine, for the stove ding excavation well salt, than according to the regulations of the open field, three years after the start of the section. Mining, the early Qing Dynasty when the ban, Kang Zhao twenty-one, ordered to allow merchants to "self-exploitation" Yunnan copper, lead, tin, silver, iron ore, the implementation of each ten percent of the tax draw two points. And then ordered to strictly prohibit the power of the great bully to seize the people hole and open the official mine, and develop incentives, mining businessmen and women on the tax 3000 to 5000 both, discretionary to the top band.

3. In the government-run handicrafts in the implementation of hired recruitment system. Jiangnan Jiangning, Hangzhou, Suzhou, three weaving bureau is operated by the government textile industry base. Originally by the three huge room as a machine, employing machinists production. Shunzhi eight years, the leather machine, by the weaving bureau to buy raw materials, directly from the private sector to recruit craftsmen, according to the value of the work to the value of the use of time and piecework two ways to pay. Suzhou Weaving Bureau craftsmen prices, by the time of the satin gauze flower machine daily labor silver 1.5 cents, satin vein machine daily labor silver 1.3 3.5 cents, picking flowers to the craftsmen per month to the labor silver two, inverted flower craftsmen per month to the labor silver five money. Piece by piece of the Pazi silk ninety-seven folding net, each two drop Luo labor silver one point.