A Study of Sports Practices in Han Chinese Life in the Late Qing Dynasty

The purpose of sports is to exercise physical fitness and strengthen the body. In the late Qing Dynasty, due to the introduction of western sports, sports customs were gradually enriched, absorbed and innovated on the basis of tradition, evolving into modern sports. According to the tradition of sports, ice skating is a traditional game of the Manchu people. After the middle of the Qing Dynasty, more and more northern Han Chinese participated in ice skating. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, ice skating was also one of the favorite sports of the Han Chinese in northern China. In particular, figure skating was richer than in the earlier period. In the twenty-sixth year of the Guangxu period, Fuchai Dunchong recorded in his book Yanjing Age Records that skates were made of iron, and one of them was tied to a shoe so that one could walk without stopping. People with tricks, such as dragonflies, swallows, and waves, are extremely impressive. Fu Dun Chong: Yanjing Years and Years, Beijing Ancient Books Publishing House, 1983, p. 91. There is a poem about ice-skating in the Poetry and Herbs of Evenzhai of Baozhupo, which describes the folk ice-skating at that time. The poem says: The north wind blows the ground river frozen, the new ice is flat. Who braves the cold to make an ice show? Iron like a sword spine, ice like a mirror, so it is like stepping on a sword and grinding a mirror. Straight as an arrow, sword ridge mirror blowing, left foot does not live right foot. The poem also mentions that every winter, people tend to go skating in groups, to take risks, to have fun, to remember the shivering, which shows that people I like skating. 65-year-old skater Qi Zilin began practicing skating at the age of twelve. In the beginning, he practiced the Guanzi eight strokes first, and then learned figure skating after he became skillful. He was said to be able to practice a variety of moves, mainly 14 moves such as Monkey Holding Peach, Crouching Fish, Double Flying Swallow, Kite Flying Cloud, Golden Rooster Standing Alone, Nezha Exploring the Sea, Phoenix Spreading its Wings, Child Worshipping Buddha, Spring Sleeping, Incense Furnace Claw, Thousand Tendon Attachment, Heavenly Stirrups, Great Scorpion, and Swinging Stance. Beiping Sports Monthly, vol. 4, no. 2, References to the History of Chinese Sports, cited in the fourth series. In the early years of Guangxu, the rivers around Tianjin were also used for ice skating. At that time, it took half a month for Tianjin to send books and mails to Jixian County in Hebei and Lisho on the Busan River. But the river froze and let the skaters back, and they skated, and they were sick as the wind and became famous in Tianjin. Wu Wenzhong: History of the Development of Sports in China, p. 63. Horse racing was also practiced in Han areas. In the twenty-fifth year of the Guangxu reign, a horse-racing track was opened at Shuiyue Temple in Zhubei, Cangxian County, Hebei Province, and people from 300 miles away came, making it quite a lively event. In the late Qing dynasty, the Yuwanwan temple in Henan Province had a horse race course. In the late Qing Dynasty, in the border areas of Henan, Anhui and Suzhou, there was the custom of practicing martial arts. Anhui, neighboring Henan and Shandong, had the custom of playing with swords. In the late Qing dynasty, in the area bordering Henan and Shandong, there was the custom of playing with swords. North China Volume I, 378 pp. It later developed into the Twisted Army. The Boxer movement, which took place in the north, had a predecessor in its own village. It practiced a mixture of boxing bats and genies, pp. Gold Pot Seven Ink? Wave Ink Volume, p. 202. Martial arts groups. According to the record in the 24th year of Guangxu, Shandong governor Zhang Rumei s zhang folders to the court, in the junction area of Zhili Shandong, where the Boxer Rebellion activities are frequent, the Boxer Rebellion often use the market place of the marketplace, about to get together, fight boxing, fight, and show boxing in separate ways.055-7900 Volume 1, p. 15. This shows the prevalence of martial arts. in the early 20th century, with the abolition of the imperial examinations and the development of schools and bourgeois revolutionary groups, the famous mass martial arts group Wu Jing Sports Club appeared in the south, and the Chinese Martial Arts Club was formed in the north. The Wujing Sports Association accepted martial arts schools from the north and south and later set up more than 40 branches across the country. At the same time, there were four other martial arts groups in Beijing, the Pu Family Boxing Club in Wanxian County, Hebei, the Boxing Research Society in Shanghai, and the Chinese Wushu Association in Qingdao, Shandong. Thus, in the late Qing Dynasty, the Han Chinese folk custom of practicing martial arts to strengthen the body was still prevalent.2 Control of sports into the modern sports program, always combined with military training at the beginning. The earliest sports in the late Qing Dynasty were military maneuvers. Summer ten years

Since then, with the development of the foreign affairs movement, training from the western French army of foreign military schools have been established, the influence of modern sports is increasing. Guangxu 21, Yuan Shikai practiced in Tianjin station, imitating the military exercises of the German Prussian army, as well as single bar, double bar, wooden horse and other equipment gymnastics, military training subjects more systematic. Civilian sports activities were later than those of the army. in the early 20th century, the Qing government approved the decennial school system, which stipulated that sports were a compulsory subject in urban primary and secondary schools. From then on, gymnastics was officially added to primary and secondary schools. A news report from Guangxu 29, 0755 to 79000, said: the eighth day of this month, that is, Sunday, 9o 10 o'clock in the morning, the first elementary school in Tianjin, Li Min, is in full swing, sports events are openly discussed, and was named the Sports Academy. Some of the false Confucian temples have long been trying out sports games, such as ball-playing, kicking, over-distance, dumb-bells, etc. On July 12, the 29th year of Guangxu. In addition to popular impetus and government advocacy, foreigners' sporting activities also influenced the population to some extent reflecting American sentiments and customs. cuju was still prevalent in Beijing at the beginning of the twentieth century. Because the circle to the north of the British Legation had a lot of space, it was converted into a throwing ground. The circled space to the west of the American Embassy was also converted into a throwing ground. Hundreds of Chinese visited this stadium every day. After that, various ball games gradually started in major cities. Sports around the world promoted intramural, inter-school and even national games. In September of the following year, the first National Games were held in Nanjing. More than 140 athletes from all provinces participated in track and field, soccer, basketball, tennis and other sports, the audience reached more than 40,000 people. By the end of the Qing Dynasty, sports activities finally moved from the military to the private sector, becoming an important part of spiritual and cultural life and fitness activities. Boat racing is also a sports and leisure activity. This year's report on the American boat races, said: Chinese and Western audience is crowded and crowded, like watching a battle and horseback riding, it can don't say they don't don't watch

September 27, 1982 . In addition to these types of programs, there is another category of events that fall under both municipal fire drills and sports entertainment. This is the Hose Fair which is held every summer and fall. It that is the night when all the hoses gather in Putain. The former is a fire extinguishing dragon and another paper dragon is tied to a car. Candles are lit with fire and colorful glass lamps are hung next to it. Afterwards, a dozen cars are installed as before with flower explosions, fireballs, vessels, fire characters and western music. It it was strange and dazzling, and visitors came like a tidal wave. General Electric Company, Xu Yuan et al: Boxer Rebellion Archive History, pp. 8-9. Later, because of every fire, this event was replaced by a simple fire drill. Horse racing, hunting, boating, horse racing and other activities. In the 30th year of the Daoguang period, foreigners set aside 80 acres of land between Nanjing Road and Henan Road as a park for horse racing. In the fourth year of Xianfeng, a second piece of land was purchased in the area of Mudchengbang, known as the Second Racecourse. Later, a racecourse hall was built around the square where people now live, replacing the original racecourse. In the first year of the Tongzhi era, the Shanghai Sports Foundation was established to provide funding for sports such as cricket, baseball and rowing. Of these, horse racing had the greatest impact on the Chinese people. During the horse season, the whole country was in a frenzy, jumping the city, and almost all the citizens of Shanghai were watching. A special presentation was made on the spectacle of the Wu Youru Boxer Archives and Historical Competition. At first Chinese were not allowed to enter the Racecourse and Chinese were not eligible to join the Jockey Club. Later all those who bought tickets were allowed to enter, and the tickets were so expensive that they could stand high up on the curb and watch. The profitable ones prepared some benches for people to stand and watch, charging a few coins each. Generally, rich kids would rent wagons with colored si