What kind, genus, family, order, class, phylum and boundary do dogs belong to?

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Field: animal kingdom

Phylum: Chordata phylum

Subphylum: Vertebrate subphylum

Class: mammals

Objective: Carnivores.

Family: Canidae

Genus: Canidae.

Type: Wolf

Subspecies: domestic dog subspecies

Scientific name: domestic dog

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Norwegian deer hunting dog

A domestic dog

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Field: animal kingdom

Phylum: Chordata phylum

Class: mammals

Objective: Carnivores.

Family: Canidae

Genus: Canidae.

Type: Wolf

Subspecies: domestic dog subspecies

Three-name method

Lupus domesticus

Dogs, commonly known as dogs, are common canine mammals and close relatives of wolves. Dog is a kind of domestic animal domesticated by human beings not later than 14000 years ago-more likely 15000 years ago. Today, there are hundreds of domestic dogs. They range from just a dozen centimeters tall (such as Chihuahua puppies) to giant dogs nearly one meter high (such as Irish Wolfhounds), and their colors range from white to black, red, gray or brown. Domestic dogs, like humans, are highly socialized collective predators. This is probably why their overall behavior is trainable, interesting and suitable for human family and social environment. See dog training.

Although dogs are traditionally carnivores, this does not mean that domestic dogs only eat meat. Unlike other real carnivores such as cats, domestic dogs can live a healthy life on food such as vegetables and grains. In fact, their diet is very balanced. The diet of typical wild carnivores is nourished by the stomach contents of herbivores they capture, so their nutrition is often unbalanced. But domestic dogs have dealt with this well. They can be vegetarians, especially when these foods are paired with eggs or milk (that is, they are not strict vegetarians-although this is feasible). On the other hand, domestic dogs are more tolerant of meat than people, and will not suffer from metabolic diseases such as arterial obstruction because they eat more meat. In addition, scientists have also found that high-protein foods (eating a lot of meat) can help them prevent muscle tissue damage, such as the dog sled race in Idatarod, Alaska, and other similar situations that suffer from extreme stress.

Dogs play multiple roles in human society. The work of working dogs includes traditional work such as grazing, as well as new work such as detecting illegal transactions and helping the blind or disabled. For dogs who don't do traditional jobs, there are various dog sports that allow them to show their talents. In many countries, the most common and important social role of domestic dogs is as human companions. Dogs are so closely connected with all aspects of human work and life that they have won the reputation of "human's best friend".

catalogue

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* 1 Names and terms

O 1. 1 Chinese characters

O 1.2 western languages

* 2 * * dogs

O 2. 1 dog appearance

O 2.2 ear

O 2.3 tail

* 3 Anatomical structure

* 4 bloodline and domestication history

O 4. 1 Wolf's ancestor

O 4.2 Domestication speed

O 4.3 The juvenile state of various dogs in rapid evolution.

* 5 The relationship between dogs and people

O 5. 1 pet dog

O 5.2 working dog

O 5.3 experimental dog

O 5.4 Use of the body

O 5.5 Dogs attack people.

O 5.6 Different views on raising dogs in cities

O 5.7 others

* 6 classification

O 6. 1 English system

O 6.2 United States department

* 7 kinds of dogs

* 8 Dog instinct

O 8. 1 territorial instinct

O 8.2 Hunting instinct

O 8.3 group instinct

O 8.4 Strong olfactory instinct

Close relatives of 9 dogs

* 10 About dog culture

O 10. 1 China

O 10.2 Egypt

O 10.3 Famous dogs active in fictional works

O 10.4 Famous dogs in history

* 1 1 bibliography

* 12 See Synonyms at.

* 13 external connection

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Names and terms

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Chinese character

Oracle Bone Inscriptions "dog"

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Oracle Bone Inscriptions "dog"

The Chinese character "Dog" appeared as early as Oracle Bone Inscriptions's time, which is a hieroglyphic. After evolution, the pictographic trace of the word "dog" in regular script is difficult to identify, but it can be used as evidence for early domestication of canines. At first, the word "dog" only refers to puppies, but later it has been extended to all dogs in spoken language.

In other Sino-Tibetan languages, the cognates of "dog" can be found: Tibetan khi, Burmese khwe and Jia Rong kh? Then, it proves that the primitive Han-Tibetan people (that is, the same clan of Han and Tibetan) have already kept dogs or interacted with them.

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Western languages

This puppy likes to bite anything it finds.

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This puppy likes to bite anything it finds.

Dogs, usually referred to as domestic dogs, belong to Canine Lupulidae (Canis familiaris, 1758 Linnaeus, but reclassified as a subspecies of wolves by Smithsonian Institution and American Mammalian Society in 1993). The term is sometimes generally used to refer to any mammal belonging to Canidae ("Canidae"), such as wolves, foxes and coyotes.

Western languages, like ancient China, use different words to distinguish the age and sex of dogs. For example, the word dog in English is often called male domestic dog by dog owners. Female domestic dogs are called bitches, puppies are called puppies, and pooch or poochi is used to refer to any dog; In French, chien is a male dog, chienne is a female dog and chiot is a puppy. In addition, there are many proper nouns used to refer to various mongrel dogs; See the name of the mongrel dog. Pet dogs are also called pugs because of their petite size, which is also the nickname of this particularly close species.

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* * * Dog

Dogs have bodies commensurate with predators and are used to hunt, jump and kill prey. (Photographed by Weimarana)

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Dogs have bodies commensurate with predators and are used to hunt, jump and kill prey. (Photographed by Weimarana)

Modern dog breeds are more different from other domestic animals in appearance, appearance and behavior. However, even if the differences between different species are so extreme, domestic dogs and their wild ancestor wolves still have the same attributes. All canines are carnivores or scavengers, with sharp fangs and powerful claws, which are easy to attack, catch and bite their food.

The structure of dogs' limbs enables them to attack or jump quickly when necessary, which can be used to catch or catch prey. Therefore, their feet are small and powerful, and they move with their front feet; The front legs are soft and flexible, and the muscles are only used to connect the trunk; The hind legs are strong.

Dogs are binary color vision, so dogs are color blind 1 by human standards, and because the lens of dogs' eyes is flatter than humans, they can't see much detail. On the other hand, dog eyes are more sensitive to light and movement than human eyes. Some kinds of dogs, especially the best visual hounds, have a visual range of 270 (humans only have 100 to 120), while the wide-headed dogs have a smaller visual range of 180. 1,2

The sensitivity limit of dogs to low-frequency sound waves is 20 to 70Hz (16 to 20Hz for humans) and 70000 to 100000Hz (20000Hz)2 for humans) 2. In addition, dogs' ears can move, which can help them locate the source of sound quickly and accurately. Dogs can locate sounds faster than people, and they can hear sounds four times farther than people.

Domestic dogs have nearly 220 million olfactory cells the size of pocket handkerchiefs (humans have only 5 million stamps). Some optimized species can be used for sniffing and hunting. It is too simple to think that although the chemical receptors in the dog's nose can feel chemicals, the dog doesn't really understand them. Although there is still debate, it seems certain that dogs have the ability to distinguish two different types of smells when tracking, such as the smell of air brought by someone or the smell of passing things. Generally, the smell of the ground can last for a long time. After tracking these two kinds of smells for a period of time, the situation will become very different: the smell in the air will be intermittent but still strong, and the smell on the ground is relatively persistent, which can be searched repeatedly by dogs, but it is also more susceptible to pollution than other smells. For any event, it is certain that the dog trainer can't teach the dog how to surpass his natural ability to be more conducive to tracking; What dog trainer can teach is that untrained dogs may be more interested in other flavors, relying on the right stimulus to make them focus on one flavor and ignore other flavors. Searching for smells, such as illegal goods on board, is perfect for dogs. This hard work must be trained for a long time to encourage it to continue.

All dogs have amazing abilities to master complex social behaviors and understand different body language and sounds. Like many other predators, dogs can react to abnormal situations and learn from them. Complex cooperative social behavior requires dogs to express their feelings through body language, which is even higher than that of humans, because humans can also use language to achieve the same goal. Physiologically, this behavior is inseparable from the stimulation of a large number of nerves on the dog's facial muscles, which will subtly control facial expressions to express various emotions; However, compared with cats, there are relatively few nerves in the cat's face responsible for facial muscle activities. As a result, cats can only express limited emotions through their faces. Without language to understand and express different emotions, dogs can have a deeper understanding of the emotions of human owners. They usually use language better than humans. Most dog owners can tell many stories, such as their dogs listening to their footsteps coming home.

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Appearance of domestic dog

Dogs' fur ranges from pure white and black to various colors.

Please refer to the appearance of domestic dogs for the appearance of various dogs.

Different dogs have different fur textures, colors and patterns, and some kinds of appearance have special nouns.

Basically, dogs have thick fur and beard on their heads, but these two characteristics will change or even disappear completely in some kinds of dogs, just like Mexican hairless dogs and English bulldogs.

When people mention the appearance of a dog, the first thing that comes to mind is always its color, not its type; People will say, "a blue-purple australian shepherd" or "a chocolate Labrador retriever". Dog hair colors include (but are not limited to):

* Black: usually pure black, sometimes a little white.

* Brown: From reddish brown to dark brown.

* Red: the color of wood such as cherry tree or mahogany; There are also brown, chestnut, orange, rust, liver (crimson) and golden red.

* Yellow: from light cheese color to dark gold or golden red.

* Gold: from light apricot to reddish dark yellow.

* Greyhound: from light gray including silver to dark gray; It can be mixed with many other colors and forms to produce pepper mottle, pepper color, grayish white, blue gray and silver brown.

* Blue: refers to dark metallic gray, such as black with blue texture or blue spots.

Dark brown: the hair is black; The fur is gold, silver, gray or brown.

* White: The white here is different from the white of albino dogs.

Damachi's fur is its most striking symbol.

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Damachi's fur is its most striking symbol.

Body lines include:

* Two colors, such as white and brown, white and red: fur obviously has two colors and the boundaries between the two colors are clear; Usually the upper part is darker, and the lower part of the leg or abdomen is lighter.

* tricolor: composed of three colors; Common combinations include black, brown, white or crimson, brown and white.

* markings: a mixture of black and brown, brown or gold; It usually appears in the form of "tiger pattern".

* Clown: A "split black spot" on white fur.

* Texture: Dark patterns or spots on fur of a certain color.

* Mixed color: two-color fur, and the two colors are separated and the area is roughly the same.

Dogs have a variety of fur textures. Some dogs have attractive fur, while others are completely waterproof. For example, in most sled dogs and Spitz dogs with tight fur, the hair can be as high as 600 hairs per inch, while Yorkshire dogs with little hair only have 65,438+000 hairs per inch. Hairless breeds like Mexican hairless dogs are completely hairless. The texture of fur often depends on the distribution of hair and the length of two parts of the dog's hair: thick and warm inner (or inner) hair and rough outer (top) hair that resists weather changes. Outer hair is also called needle hair. Soft-haired dogs, the inner hair is longer than the needle hair; Dogs with rough texture usually have long needles. These textures include:

The fur of the German hard-haired hound is rough.

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The fur of the German hard-haired hound is rough.

* Double-layer hair: there are thick, warm and short inner (or lower) hairs to resist moisture penetration, and there are also rough outer (top) hairs to resist weather changes. The outer layer hair is also called needle hair. Most dog hair is of this type.

* Single coat: lack of inner coat.

* Smooth leather: Everything feels smooth.

* bristles: also known as broken skin. The outer needle hair is obviously very rough, which provides perfect weather protection for hounds like Bode Foxtrot or Griffin with hard hair.

Long-haired dogs: Hair is longer than an inch.

Short-haired dog: The hair is less than an inch or just right.

* Ribbed fur: See the example of Hungarian long-haired sheepdog.

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ear

Photo: Bassett hound.jpg.

The ears of the basset hound are long and drooping.

Dogs' ears have various shapes, and their size, length, position on their heads and even the way they hang down are also different. Each form of ear has special terms, including:

* Bat ears: large, vertical ears on both sides of the head with an arc at the top.

Button ear: The small ear near the head is folded forward at the top to form a V-shape, just like the Jack Russell Beagle.

* cut ears: as if they had been cut; See en: docking.

* Ear drop: Like most sniffer dogs, the ear near the head is folded down. Also known as lug.

* Natural state: ears are like wolves.

* Vertical ears: alert and upright ears; Also known as spiny or erect.

* Rose ears: very small ears fold back; This is true of most dogs with a keen sense of smell and English bulldogs.

* Half-vertical ears: Most ears are vertical, but the top begins to fold forward a little, like collie sheepdog.

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tail

Compared with ears, tails are more different in shape, length, hair and position. They include:

* Spiral knife roll: short and curly, like a pug;

* tailless: external factors, such as surgery or other methods, cause the tail to shorten, leaving only the tail root, which often occurs within three or two days after birth. See docking; ;

* Abnormal shape: curly, but not short and uncommon, the tail of Tibetan mastiff is an example;

* Sabre shape: slightly curved like sabre shape, but generally smooth;

* sickle shape: inclined like a sickle, in a semicircle.

* Squirrel tail shape: inclined to the head, and the tail tip is often closer to the head because of bending;

* Wheel: The back inclines upwards to form a big circle, similar to a wheel.

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anatomical structure

Like most carnivorous mammals, dogs have strong muscles, their circulatory system can provide sprint and lasting physical strength, and canine teeth are suitable for catching, biting and biting.

Dog bones are born to run and jump. Although human birth control on dogs has changed many appearances, all dogs still retain the basic characteristics they inherited from their ancestors. Dogs' shoulder blades are separated (just like humans don't have collarbones), which allows them to take bigger steps when running and jumping. Dogs walk on four legs, with front legs and rear legs, and the upper claws of most dogs' front legs have degenerated.

The ancestors of dogs are similar in shape to wild dogs in Australia, and the bones of dogs take about 10 months to reach maturity. Today, the bones of human knees for enjoyment have matured in just a few months, while the bones of large dogs like mastiffs need 16 to 18 months to mature. Dwarfs affect the proportion of some kinds of bones, such as short-legged long-eared hounds.

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History of bloodline and domestication

This ancient mosaic depicts a big dog fighting with a lion.

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This ancient mosaic depicts a big dog fighting with a lion.

Molecular systematics points out that the ancestors of domestic dogs are wolves-like animals, so dogs and wolves can cross. Dogs have been domesticated by humans for about 15 thousand years or even earlier, before humans planted rice. Archaeological evidence shows that the shape of dogs began to differ from wolves at least 14000 years ago, and the remains of wolves and primitive humans existed at least 400,000 years ago. The data of gene structure show that the separation and evolution of dogs and modern wolves began 654.38+0.50 million years ago (Vilà et al., 654.38+0.997). Some research done in the first half of 2000 showed that the road of dog domestication actually began 654.38 million years ago.

Dogs were and are the best hunting assistants. Dogs buried in the Middle Stone Age cemetery in Svaerdborg, Denmark, proved that dogs were already the best companions of human beings in ancient Europe.

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The ancestors of wolves

There is evidence that domestic dogs evolved from many kinds of ancient wolves, and through intentional or unintentional hybridization, dogs showed the characteristics of one or more ancient wolves. Although all wolves belong to wolves, many subspecies of this species are different in appearance, social structure or other characteristics. For example, the extinct Japanese wolves in the early 20th century were smaller than other wolves, with gray fur and red underbelly. Japanese wolves may prefer to hunt alone; North American wolves still living in some areas are much larger than other subspecies of this species, and their fur colors range from nearly white to pure black. At the same time, they also have complex social structure and hierarchical behavior patterns.

Indian wolves and Asian wolves may have contributed more to the evolution of dogs than other subspecies. Many wild dogs that can be seen today, such as Australian wild dogs, jackals and stray dogs in India, and even greyhounds evolved from this wolf. Recent genetic evidence shows that most modern dogs are related to Asian canines, which contradicts the previous assumption that dogs originated in Africa as well as humans. Asian wolves also seem to cross with European wolves to produce mastiffs-Tibetan mastiffs are a very old breed-and eventually produce modern breeds, such as pugs, Saint Bernard dogs and big police dogs.

After Asian wolves, European wolves may have contributed to the evolution of all Pomeranian dogs, most terriers and many sheepdogs today. Chinese wolves may be the ancestors of China poodles (Jingba dogs) and roes (Spanish hounds), although most of them may also be the product of tens of thousands of years' evolution after hybridization between Chinese wolves and European wolves.

North American wolves are the direct ancestors of all or most North American sled dogs; This kind of hybridization and harmony between dogs and wolves continues to the North Pole today. There, the wolf breed can make them continue to live in a harsh environment. In addition, accidental hybridization often happens because dogs and wolves live in the same environment there. Usually, dogs and wolves are defined as the reproductive isolation required by different species, which is entirely due to the lack of opportunities, resulting in strangeness, suspicion, distrust and fear.

A remarkable feature that can be used to distinguish a wolf from a dog is that the dog's tail is curled, while the wolf's tail is straight and drooping-a fox is similar to a wolf.

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Domestication speed

Modern research shows that the domestication of domestic dogs or animals is much faster than previously thought, and it only takes one or two generations for humans to achieve selective reproduction. It is generally believed that the initial domestication was not caused by human intervention, but by natural selection: wild canines living near human settlements are more likely to find food than their brothers in the wild; The offspring of wolves that attack humans will be killed or fled by humans, and those left behind will be with humans.

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The young state of various dogs in rapid evolution.

An example that proves that dogs evolved rapidly from wolves is that dogs are precocious or precocious. Like most species, little wolves prefer to live in groups and are less dominant than adult wolves; So when optimizing, whether intentionally or unintentionally, the final result seems to be to bring the characteristics of this larva into the adult population, rather than producing a complex and independent new behavior. This is true for many domesticated animals, including humans, who have many characteristics similar to young bonobos. The result of this larval selection naturally leads to the preservation of physiological characteristics of larvae. Compared with wolves, adult dogs mostly retain the traces of childhood, such as soft and fuzzy fur, round trunk, large head and eyes, and upright ears. These characteristics are possessed by young mammals, which leads to a certain degree of cross-species adults' desire for protection and care, which also explains why humans often describe dogs as "smart" or "attractive".

There are too many examples of canine juveniles, and juveniles of different breeds can be classified according to behavior types.

* Breeding guard groups, such as various sheepdog breeds, retain the youngest characteristics: they are close to using their adopted "garbage" (which may include a flock of sheep) instead of staying in the hunting ground, they have little predatory behavior (it will be disastrous near the stimulation of natural prey animals like sheep), they are aware of the threat of responding with many voices, and are wary of trying and hiring their "packaging" (that is, people). In addition, for example, Soft fur, ears, they retain the physiological characteristics of very young people, drooping along, and so on, and there is no fear reaction from there, where those sheep appear on those roads like the generals of adult wolves. Compared with the physical condition of border collie, a sheep moves the dog in groups, and its material structure is close to that of an adult fanatical dog, so who is more capable of scaring the sheep into a sport with a required pattern and doing it with the positive temperament of an adult.

* breed of hounds-namely indicator dog, setter dog, spaniel, retriever, etc. Have a moderate degree of pedophilia; They participated in the hunting behavior of wolves, but they were still in the primary role and did not participate in the actual attack. For example, they identify potential prey and freeze it, but they don't track it like adult predators do next; This leads to the dog's "pointing" behavior. Similarly, they catch dead or injured prey and bring it back to the "wolves", even though they did not attack it themselves, that is, they "retrieve" it. Their physical characteristics are closer to mature wild canines than sheepdogs, but they usually have no upright ears and so on.

Scenehounds maintain an intermediate size and behavior pattern, which makes them actually chase prey by tracking smells, but tend to avoid actual individual attacks and tend to verbally summon group leaders (in this case, humans) to complete the work. This is in sharp contrast with visual hounds, which track and attack visually perceived prey, and maintain the body shape of mature dogs, with erect ears, thin body and adult fur.

* Terrier dogs also have aggressive behavior of adults. As we all know, coupled with the lack of obedience in childhood, they show the physical characteristics of adults, such as upright ears, although many breeds have also been selected in size and sometimes their legs have been shortened, so that they can chase prey in caves.

:: basenji, which breeds in Africa and hunts with humans almost on the basis of peers, may be the least pedophile behavior pattern; This breed is usually described as highly independent, neither needs nor appreciates a lot of human attention or cultivation, and is usually described as "cat-like" behavior. It also has the body structure of an adult canine predator.

Of course, dogs can usually change their behavior according to experience, and they can adapt to their own "patriarch"-human behavior. This allows trained dogs to do something against their nature; However, after hundreds of thousands of years of experience, nature and education have been partially integrated, such as training whippet to watch sheep.

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The relationship between dogs and humans

Cher is an ordinary Beijing Ba dog.

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Cher is an ordinary Beijing Ba dog.

The relationship between dogs and people has a long history and many kinds.

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pet dog

There is often a strong emotional bond between people and dogs. Dogs have become human pets or non-utilitarian companions. People are willing to accept a good friend who is always happy to meet him, and this good friend has no utilitarian requirements. Especially, if dogs take them to exercise. Experiments have proved that dogs are very dependent on human companions, and the health of ownerless dogs is generally poor.

Studies have found that dogs can convey profound emotions, which other animals do not have; This is said to be caused by its close relationship with modern human beings. In evolution, surviving dogs will gradually become more and more dependent on humans for their livelihood.

In addition, it is usually unwise to personify the behavior of dogs. Although dogs can actively understand their owners' commands, it is still doubtful whether this animal really has the ability to perceive human emotions. It is still a subject that needs further study to determine the intelligence level of dogs and the motivation of dogs to respond to their owners' orders.

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working dogs

* Home care: the most important use in the past is now one of the main uses, perhaps second only to being a pet.

* Take care of life: dogs can be trained as "guide dogs" to take care of the blind. There are also some dogs to take care of people who have been paralyzed for a long time or have other inconveniences.

Hunting livestock: hunting dogs and sheepdogs.

* Transport animal power: People living in some cold areas, such as Eskimos living near the Arctic Circle or some people in northeast China use "dog sledding".

* Military and police uses: military dogs, police dogs, customs drug detection dogs and airport gunpowder monitoring dogs.

* Performances: most circuses have them.

* Rescue: After avalanches, earthquakes and other disasters, special search and rescue dogs often go into the danger zone first to find survivors.

See working dog for details.

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Experimental dog

* Medical experiment: In medical and pharmaceutical research, because the weight of mice is too different from that of people, dogs are often needed to do experiments.

:: Space experiment: During the11950s and11960s, the Soviet Space Agency used a group of dogs to fly in suborbital and orbital space to confirm the feasibility of human space flight. Lycra and Straka are more famous. For details, please see Lycra (dog) and Soviet space dog.

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Use of the body

* Dog meat

In some areas, dogs are kept for food, which usually leads to criticism from pet dog owners, and even some governments have legislated against it. See dog meat dishes for details.

* Dog skin

Dog skin can be used like most animal fur, such as dog skin plates, dog skin hats (hence the word "a dog's tail continues to mink"), and so on. "Dog skin cream" used to be a small piece of dog skin coated with some Chinese medicine. At present, there is no dog skin in the components of dog skin plaster. Dog skins and dog meat are put together in a separate dog meat dish.

* Dog bones

Chinese medicine believes that dog bone has the effects of expelling wind and removing dampness, promoting blood circulation and relieving pain, and can be used as medicine, so it is a good substitute for tiger bone. .

* Dog gall

In the Compendium of Materia Medica written by Li Shizhen in the Ming Dynasty, it is said that "dog bile is flat, bitter and slightly toxic." Compendium of Materia Medica records six kinds of prescriptions with dog bile as the main ingredient.

* Goubao

That is, dog stomach stones, bladder stones and gallstones. Most of them are spherical, with a grayish white or grayish black surface and a slight luster. The main components are calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and magnesium sulfate. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that Goubao has the functions of lowering headwind, relieving depression and detoxifying. Compendium of Materia Medica records three prescriptions based on Goubao.

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Dogs attack people.

Although most dogs domesticated by human beings will not attack innocent people, incidents of dogs attacking people and even their owners occur from time to time. From 1979 to the end of 1990 in the United States, more than 300 people were killed by domestic dogs, and more were bitten. The famous case is 200 1 1.26 in San Francisco, USA, a 33-year-old woman was killed by two big dogs in the neighborhood when she opened the door of an apartment building (the dogs were too strong for the owner to pull the leash). On June 3, 2005, a boy of 12 years old in San Francisco was raised by his dog.