Please introduce this unique Hakka building and its architectural features, and elaborate on the traditional psychology of the Hakka people contained in its special style of dwelling.

The Hakka dwellings in Gannan can be broadly categorized into two types, i.e. the "combined hall and house" dwellings and the "walled house" dwellings. The "combined type" dwellings are distributed in all counties and cities in the region, and are the mainstream form of Gannan dwellings. The "roundhouse" is mainly distributed in Dingnan, Longnan, Quannan, Xunwu, Anyuan, Xinfeng and other counties in the western part of the river, which is a special form of Hakka residence in Gannan.

(I) Hall and House Combination Folk Dwelling

The Hakka people in Gannan generally call the hall "hall" or "hall-house", and "hall" refers to the ancestral hall. A house is called a "house" and a house is called a "room". The hall is the center of the house, and many "main houses" and "horizontal houses" are connected together to form a "big house", which is essentially derived from the ancient Central Plains courtyard mansion-style houses. The Hakka houses in Gannan are widely distributed in various counties and cities, especially the "Nine Halls and Eighteen Wells" which are the most typical.

1, structural characteristics

The simplest combination unit of the "hall and house combination type" houses is: "four fans and three rooms", also known as "three rooms over", that is, one bright and two dark three rooms. A bright two dark three rooms. The bright room is the hall, the second room is the room, and the kitchen, livestock house, toilet, etc. are usually built next to the room or built separately, which is the most common residential house in Gannan. Those who are a little richer usually have two houses in the front and back, each with three or five rooms, separated by a horizontal patio, and connected to the front and back by an armpit corridor. The open space between the two houses becomes the front hall (foyer) and the back hall (upper hall), and the front and back halls are also collectively called the "main hall". The second room of the front hall is a compartment, and the second room of the back hall is the main room. This constitutes a closed block of two units combined into the "main house", commonly known as the "two-tang type", commonly known as "on the three under the three," " The first is the "two-tongue", commonly known as the "upper three under three", " upper five under five".

On this basis, if there is a need to expand the scale in the future, the "horizontal house" will be expanded on both sides of the main house. The depth of the horizontal house is the same as the main house or the front protrudes two rooms, the plane into the inverted "concave" shape. There is a thoroughfare between the main house and the horizontal house, which is called an "alley" or a "sekou", or "hengping" in Fujian and Guangdong. Small doors were opened in front of and behind the thoroughfare, and a vertical patio was left in the alley for lighting and drainage. The doors of each room in the horizontal house are open towards the alleyway. The main house opens the door to the alley from the armpit corridor. In this way, the main hall of the main house is the central axis, together with the alleys and horizontal houses on both sides, constituting what is commonly known as a "two halls, two horizontal" type of house. If this kind of residential house needs to be expanded, similar alleys and horizontal houses can be added symmetrically on the outside of the horizontal house, which can be called two halls, four horizontal houses and six horizontal houses accordingly....... It is also possible to build a three-room or five-room house before the main house by separating it from the patio and the armpit corridor, so that the original front building and the front hall can be changed into the middle building and the middle hall, and the building built afterward can be called the front building and the front hall, and at the same time the two sides of the alleys and the front hall can be changed into the middle building and the front hall. At the same time, the alleys and cross-houses on both sides were pushed forward. This type of house, which consists of three main houses and two rows of horizontal houses, is called the "Three Halls and Two Horizontal Houses" style. This is the most representative form of this type of residence.

With the development of the clan and population growth, the three-tang and two-horizontal style can be expanded to "three-tang and four-horizontal", "three-tang and six-horizontal" and so on, until it develops into the folk "nine wells, eighteen halls or "Nine Halls and Eighteen Wells" as the folk say, until it develops into a big house like "Nine Wells and Eighteen Halls" or "Nine Halls and Eighteen Wells". "Nine wells eighteen halls" or "nine halls eighteen wells," although the argument is different, but from the scale of the expansion of the depth and breadth of the face, Gannan Hakka people to build the highest level of pursuit of the house.

Due to the hilly area in Gannan, sparsely populated, commercially underdeveloped, "although not the pain of freezing and discouragement, there are few huge room home", so, the general use of civil housing structure. Earthen and wooden structure can be divided into earthen brick (adobe) and rammed earth wooden structure, of which the rammed earth structure dwellings in the south and more than in the north. Brick and wood structures are generally found in the homes of wealthy families or ancestral temple buildings. The traditional brick and wood structure houses are generally made of green bricks and gray tiles with clear water walls (red bricks were not burned in Gannan in the past). Among them, there are more brick houses in the north than in the south. Both masonry walls and raw earth walls are load-bearing. Columns are not widely used, mainly used in the hall, because the hall of this kind of residential hall is open hall (no front rafter wall in the back of the hall, no back rafter wall in the front hall), and generally do not have a floor, some large space in the main hall or the hall with a porch in order to support the picket rafters and ceilings, will be in the position of the rafter wall to set up two rafter columns.

Generally two halls and two horizontal type above the residence, the front of the house is often due to take the soil to make bricks and the formation of the pond and Wo Ping. This pond, Wo Ping is not only the residents washing, drying objects, and naturally become its continued development of the sphere of influence. With two or three halls and two horizontal houses as the basic unit combination, to the front and back of the expansion, up to tens of hundreds of rooms, and even the formation of a village of a large house field. So far, there are still many ancient villages all over Gannan, which are the typical representatives of this kind of residence.

2. Feng Shui

In the past, Gannan was popular with the concept of feng shui, and every time a house was built, Mr. Geography was asked to choose a base for orientation, and also to choose an auspicious day for moving the earth, laying the foundation, and installing the door and the beams. Most of the houses and homes to take the north and south of the seat to, as the saying goes: "the seat north to the south, there is food idle (sound han); sit south to the north, the gods live in the hmmm". Mr. Geography manipulation of feng shui techniques pay attention to the so-called dragon, bureau, water, that "the dragon master Ding, bureau master fame, water master wealth". Therefore, every feng shui, the first look at the dragon's life and prosperity of death; water in the mouth of a word, the birth of mountains and water. Look at the dragon vein, and the first to look at the dragon's ancestral mountain, and then look at the dragon, and the dragon, over the dragon and so on. Also said that the dragon should be strong, strong pulse, galloping potential. In order to receive the dragon, after the dragon mountain must be trees, lush. Bureau for the total vein out of the branches of the peaks, must be heavily surrounded, like the public pattern, there are flags and drums, India case, sitting in the town of the house, as if the marshal ascending the tent general atmosphere. Water means that the water ahead, not straight, wash away the source of wealth. In order to make the water back to the loop, so dams, planting trees. Therefore, the Hakka villages, generally have a water mouth and dense forests after Longshan.

3, "door list" culture

In addition, the Gannan Hakka also prevalent "door list" style, that is, in the vast majority of rural areas and even some towns to retain such a custom: in the hall above the painting of a plaque, the book of the four words (some three words), called "door list". , called the "door list". This phenomenon is especially above the Utah County for the most. Door list of the contents of the family name is very different, can be broadly divided into the following categories. One is to show the origin of the family name. Such as the yellow surname "Jiangxia origin", showing the birthplace of the yellow surname is the ancient Jiangxia County; Chen, Zhong, Lai, Wu, Yu and other surnames of the "Yingchuan Shidi", said the above surnames are looking out of the Yingchuan County; Luo surnames of the "Yuzhang Legacy The "Yuzhang Legacy" of the Luo family name indicates that the Luo family name is expected to come from Yuzhang County. The second is to show the genealogy of the noble family style or family, such as the Kong surname "Mud mountain fragrance", said the Spring and Autumn period of Kong's great thinker Kong Qiu was born in Shandong's Qufu Nishan, and its deeds and ideas are a piquant history, a thousand years of history. The Zhong surname "Yue Guo Xing" refers to the historical fact that during the reign of Emperor Ruizong of the Tang Dynasty, Zhong Shaojing was honored with the title of Duke of Yue Guo for helping Li Longji to pacify the chaos of Wei Hou. Zhang's "Qujiang style", "Xiangguo legacy", said the story of Zhang Jiuling, the ancestor of the Zhang family. Zhang Jiuling for the Tang Dynasty Shaosu Qujiang (now Shaoguan) people, the Tang Xuanzong when he moved to the Chinese book order. In addition, some of the family name of the "doctor first", "Sima first" and so on, is to show its noble family. The third is to reflect the family tree in the deeds of celebrities and sages. Such as the Zhong surname "know the sound of high wind", "Feihong dance crane", the former recorded the Spring and Autumn period Zhong Ziqi and Yu Bo Ya "high mountains and flowing water" to find a soulmate of the ancient story, the latter recorded the three countries The former records the ancient story of Zhong Ziqi and Yu Boya in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the latter records that during the Three Kingdoms Period, the calligraphy of Zhong Yao, a great master of the Wei Dynasty, was unique, and his books were "like flying hongs playing in the sea and dancing cranes swimming in the sky. The Liu family name "校书世第" and "禄阁光辉" both refer to the Western Han Dynasty, when Liu Xiang was ordered by Emperor Cheng to correct the differences and similarities of the Five Classics in the Tianlu Pavilion. Zhang's surname "Jinjian Qianqiu" refers to the historical fact that Zhang Jiuling, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty, presented "Qianqiu Jinjian Lu" to Emperor Xuanzong. Wang surname "three locusts Shide" recounts the fact that: Song dynasty Wang You had planted three locusts in the courtyard, predicted that the descendants will be distinguished, and then the second son Wang Dan fruit in the Taiping Xingguo years, and later served as prime minister. Tian's "Bauhinia Chuanfang" said LinTong have a TianZhen, three brothers split the family, after the property is divided, there is still a Bauhinia tree in front of the house has not been divided, agreed to the next day hacked into three, each get one of them. Who knows the next morning, the tree has withered to die, Tian Zhen said to the two brothers: "trees with the plant, heard will be divided into hacking, so emaciated, is not as good as wood also." Said the sadness is not overjoyed. Brothers feel each other, no longer separate, in front of the house of the zinnia and flourish. The fourth is to show that the genealogy of the family name sage noble character. Such as the yellow "Shudu high wind", reflecting the East Han Huang Shudu's noble character, its character: "Ocean if a thousand hectares of waves, clarification of the unclear, confusion of the not turbid." The Yang family name of "Purity and Integrity" recounts the story of Yang Zhen, who was a clean official in the Eastern Han Dynasty and lived a life of innocence. Someone once offered him a bribe of ten gold, but Yang Zhen refused to accept it. Yang Zhen refused to accept the bribe. The bribe payer said, "There is no one who knows at night." Yang Zhen replied, "Heaven knows, earth knows, son knows, I know, what is ignorance?" He did not accept the bribe. The Zeng family name of "Three Reflections" is based on a saying by Zeng Zi in the Analects of Confucius - Learning to Learn: "I reflect on myself three times a day - is it true that I am not loyal when I plan for others? Is it not faithful to make friends? Is it not practicing what you preach?" To caution future generations to Zeng Zi as strict requirements for themselves. Five is to show that the family style is pure, auspicious, prosperous. Such as writing "loyalty and generosity of the family", "farming and reading the family", "diligent and thrifty family", "hard work", "Purple energy comes from the east", "Harmony is precious", "Getting where I am", "Living in peace", and "Spring and Autumn in full bloom", "Fascination in full bloom", "Gui Fu Lan Xin", "Bamboo buds and pine trees", "Lan Gui Teng Fang" and so on.

In short, the "door list" is only three or four words, but its content is rich, far-reaching meaning. First of all, each door list is a "miniature genealogy", which contains a large amount of historical information, is the Hakka people honor their ancestors, the important symbol of the family prosperity, but also our study of family history, Hakka migration history, the history of the national history of the precious historical materials. Secondly, the "door list" is the product of Hakka ancestor consciousness, and branches of the Hakka people, after they left their relatives and ancestral home, they can not help but feel the emptiness and loneliness. At this time, the door list and play a role in stimulating awareness of the revered ancestors, so that the branch of the Hakka people feel that their loved ones around, under the feet of the new residence is the ancestral home, so, greatly strengthened in the new residence to do a turn of the cause of determination and confidence. Third, through the door list to obtain the sense of belonging to the same clan group, and improve the social status of the branch of the other residents. In the past, the "door list" was like a red line, the same clan with the genealogy of the people's thoughts and feelings linked together, regardless of how far apart, they are always heart to heart; also regardless of whether or not they are acquainted with each other, as long as they see the "door list" and can tell a little bit of the "family" lineage. This family" lineage to, will be the host's hospitality, better than a long time out of the home back to their own homes. The host is also honored by visits from distant clans. The more clansmen visit, the more powerful his family is. In feudal China, this is very important to the branch aliens, because it is a time when the conflict between the native and the guest, the conflict between the clan and the class conflict are intertwined, the family is powerful, it means that the backing is strong, and will not be bullied by the natives or other family names. Of course, in that kind of conflict struggle, it was always the poor people of each clan who became the victims. Nowadays, the conflicts between the indigenous people, the clans and the class have been eliminated, but the function of the "door list" as a liaison between the people of the same clan and the same genealogy still exists. Fourth, the "door list" has the role of education for future generations. As mentioned earlier, some of the "door list" is to show its noble character, pure and simple style, hard work, for the training of future generations, the door list of this positive significance, each family name clan are very important, it creates generation after generation of excellent character, but also does play an unnoticeable role. Today, we can utilize this positive role of the door list and incorporate it into the socialist moral code, so that it can serve socialism. Therefore, the "door list" culture is also a major feature of Gannan Hakka houses.