Liangshan Yi people in Yi people's houses

Liangshan Yi people prefer cool to hot, and most of them live in cool areas at an altitude of1500-3000m. There is a folk saying: "Yi people live in high mountains". Due to the social structure of the tribe and the historical civil strife and foreign invasion, the traditional folk houses of Liangshan Yi people have three characteristics: "living in groups", "living in danger" and "living by mountains". In modern times, villages with mixed surnames, Pingba villages and riverside villages began to appear. At the same time, there are thirty or fifty Yi Nationality Village in Liangshan, and there are only more than one hundred residents in the big village. Historically, there were no market towns and markets in the hinterland of Yi people. It is popular in Liangshan Yi society that sons are independent after marriage, and parents live with their youngest son, so the houses of Liangshan Yi people are not deep houses. The traditional layout of residential houses is square courtyard, surrounded by earth walls, bamboo fences and firewood fences. Trees are planted around the courtyard, and the courtyard door is a wooden frame door. The yard was built with a herringbone roof. The door is short and wide. There are small windows 50 cm square on both sides of the door, and some of them have no openings.

The houses of the Yi people in Liangshan are not very high. The standard building is a rectangular building, with a length of10-15m, a width of 5-6m, and cornices and floors of about 3.5m.. The building is mainly made of wood, with logs as columns, beams as crossbars, and tenons showing a "tree"-shaped roof truss, which shows the primitive architectural aesthetics related to mountains and forests in Liangshan Yi history. The walls of the house are made of mud or wood, and the roof is covered with spruce boards about six feet long and seven or eight inches wide, commonly known as "tile boards", which are fixed by adding cross bars and pressing stones. Rainwater flows down the Chinese fir grain, which is light and breathable. There is another nickname "tile house" in Liangshan Yi traditional residence. Walking into this new house, the smell of Chinese fir seems to attract people into the pig hunting hut in the virgin forest.

Liangshan Yi folk houses are divided into three parts: left, middle and right. The entrance is in the middle of the nave, and there is a fire pond at the upper right of the nave. The pot body is made of three carved elephant trunk pots, and the fire in the pond never goes out all year round, which is the center of Yi people's hospitality and family activities. The left side of the fire pit is separated by a wooden board or bamboo fence, and there are doors connected in the middle. This is the hostess's bedroom, collecting valuables, and the barn is on the right side of the door. There is a bamboo building in the upper space of the house. The left section of the bamboo building stores grain, the middle section piles firewood, and the right section is a guest room or unmarried children's room.

There are also many variant buildings in Liangshan Yi people's houses, which are mainly made of building materials, such as tile houses, thatched houses, bamboo houses, thin sandstone board houses and so on. Large families and many villages have also built multi-storey towers. In modern times, Liangshan changed most significantly to different houses, developed to brick and wood structures, and usually set up barns. Some wealthy families began to build new houses with brick-concrete structure and garden courtyard style. The ancient Liangshan Yi people's houses open their windows and blow in the modern wind.

Yi people originated from Qiang people?

Yi people, a mysterious people who worship witchcraft and martial arts; An ancient nation that created a splendid civilization in the Yangtze River valley; Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, powerful nations that once dominated the southwest. It is such an excellent nation that has made great contributions to Chinese civilization. Where did it come from? This issue has been controversial in today's academic circles.

Some people think that Yi people and Guyue people are a family; Some people think that the Yi nationality originated from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. There are also many theories such as "ordinary people", "modern people" and "Lu people", as well as "Caucasian race" held by foreign scholars. But the most recognized and popular theory is that the Yi people originated from the ancient Qiang people. Fang Guoyu, a famous scholar and historian, is the main creator and supporter of this theory. He believes that "Yi people originated from Qiang people since ancient times." Li Shaoming and many other scholars also agree with this view. However, with the continuous discovery of the archaeological community, as well as the in-depth study of Yi and Han ancient books and the history of Yi and Qiang nationalities in southwest China. The statement that the Yi nationality originated from the Qiang nationality has been gradually proved to be one-sided and wrong.

If you want to find out whether the Yi nationality originated from the Qiang nationality? First, we need to know what Yi is. What is "strong"? Today, we use the Yi language of the Yi people in Beijing in 1956. At that time, Chairman Mao discussed with the Yi cadres and changed the Yi language to Yi language. The word "rice" and "silk" under the house symbolize prosperity. From then on, "Yi" was changed to "Yi". Before that, China ancient books all wrote "Yi". In Shuowen, Yi explains it like this: "From the big, from the bow, people from the East also. The ancient sound reads' Nie'. " This is consistent with the pronunciation of Yi people calling themselves Nie, Nie Su, Nuo, and Neng today. "Qiang" and "Shuowen" are interpreted as: "The shepherd in Xirong is also a sheep, and the sheep also speaks." "Custom Pass" also says: "Qiang is a humble person in Xirong, who is mainly responsible for herding sheep, so Qiang follows the sheep because he thinks it is a number." Therefore, it can be seen that the Yi people "follow the big bow" and the Qiang people "follow the sheep", one east and one west. Why is the Yi people called the Qiang people?

Besides, when did Qiang move south? Which branch of Qiang nationality moved south? According to Sima Qian's Historical Records and Qin Benji, "When the People's Republic of China was founded, it wanted to learn from its ancestors and sent troops to destroy Rong Gui. Sun Hao, the grandson of Qiang who has no sword, is afraid of Qin's attack and leads Qiang people to move south. " "The Biography of Western Qiang in the Later Han Dynasty" also said: "When Cheng's great-grandson forbeared, he first set out to restore Mu Gong's command, and the enemy came to Wei Shou to destroy Di Rong. Enduring her father's fear of the forces of Qin, she attached her own kind to the south, giving them a meandering branch thousands of miles west, far away from Qiang land, and no more traffic. Later, children and grandchildren separated, each for its own kind, and let them do whatever they want. Or yak species, the more Qiang people also; Or for the white horse species, Guanghan Qiang is also; Or for the wolf species, Wudu Qiang is also. Endure dancing alone with your brother in Huangzhong, and marry more wives and concubines. There are nine kinds of forbearing children and seventeen kinds of dancing children, and the Qiang nationality has flourished to this day. ..... and the era of Qin Shihuang ... Since the Qin Dynasty was also the world, Meng Tian made his troops slightly, chasing the armies in the west, and building the Great Wall in the north as the boundary, so he stopped going south. " According to the records in the above ancient books, we can know that the Qiang people moved south from about 384 BC to about 22 BC1year. The Qiang people who moved south were "others" headed by "forbearance" Ji Fu. After their descendants went south, they were divided into three tribes: Yuewa Qiang, Guanghan Qiang and Wudu Qiang. They are far from "no longer in contact" with the Qiang people who stayed in Huangzhong led by Ren and his brother Wu. After Qin Shihuang sent Meng Tian to "build the Great Wall as the boundary" (about 22 BC1year), "Qiang stopped going south." So before the Qiang people moved south, were there no people in the vast southwest areas such as Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou, where the Yi people were widely distributed today? What ethnic groups live and work here? With the new archaeological discoveries and Oracle Bone Inscriptions's deciphering, we know that as early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in Oracle Bone Inscriptions, there were records of "Shu" and "Shu people" participating in the war in Zhou Wuwang's cutting week. 1986 the sanxingdui site excavated in Guanghan and Jinsha village site excavated in Su Po township in the western suburbs of Chengdu continue to be excavated and studied. From the Neolithic Age to the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, it was also proved that many different nationalities ("Yi" ethnic groups) lived in the vast southwest region very early. According to the records of the Yi people in the southwest of China, during the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the industrious ancestors of the Yi people had already established the ancient Shu State centered on the Minjiang River Basin and the Sichuan Basin. In countries with tribal alliances, such as the ancient Dian country with Dianchi Lake as the center, when the Qiang people moved south, they had a large-scale war with the indigenous Yi people-"Geji" or "Ji Guo", and they lived in today's Mao Wen area. Qiang epic "Qiang War" describes that period of history: the leader of Qiang "Ababaigou" led his troops south to fight against the indigenous "Qiang". Geji people are very strong and brave, and Qiang people are defeated. In times of crisis, "Abba Mubita" God invited Qiang people to fight with white stones to win; Tomogoki people can win with hemp poles. The next day, the Qiang people won. Since then, the Qiang people have handed down this story from generation to generation and used it as a sacrifice for nerves. The worship of white stone of Qiang people is booming. It is also recorded in the Biography of Southern Manchuria and Southwest Foreigners that during the Western Han Dynasty, there were "six Yi, seven Qiang and nine Bian, each with its own tribe" in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River in Mao Wen. Obviously, the Yi and Qiang nationalities described here are different nationalities. Why are Qiang people the ancestors of Yi people?

According to the records of Yi Scriptures, such as Southwest Yi Records, Le Et Yi, and Song of the Soul. The pedigree of Yi father and son has been over 300 generations. For example, the patriarchal society alone has a history of more than 7500 years. Qiang people moved south in 384 BC, but it was around 2390. In addition, both ancient books and the Book of Changes claim that the Yi people originated in today's Yunnan, and their souls were sent to Zhaotong, Yunnan, Tibet, Dali and Dianchi Lake in Kunming after their death. No soul was sent to the north. So, how do Qiang people from the north to the south "live" Yi? How can Yi be a descendant of Qiang people?

It can directly prove that "Qiang" is "Qiang" and "Yi" is "Yi", which are different customs, living habits and cultures of the two nationalities. According to historical records and the biography of Xiqiang in the later Han Dynasty, the Qiang people are: "living in impermanence, following the grass and grass, with less crops on the ground, and grazing as their profession." ; "Become vulgar." ; "If you don't set up a group of ministers, you will never learn from each other." Nomadic people. The description of the Yi people in Historical Records of the Southwest of Yi is: "It's all knot, plow and gather in the city." Or "all braided hair"; It is recorded in "Biography of Nanman Southwest Yi": "Southwest Yi people are outside Shu County. There is Yelang Kingdom, which is connected with Kyaukphyu in the east, Yunnan in the west and Du Qiong in the north. Their people are all left-handed, live together in the city and can plow the fields. In addition, there are waterfalls in Kunming and Kunming, with the same division in the west and the same in the northeast, with a land of thousands of miles. No monarch, braided hair, and impermanent migration with livestock. From the northeast, there are capitals, from the northeast, there are Ranmang countries, or indigenous people, or migrate with livestock. There is a white horse country in the northeast of Ran Hao, and so are species. These three countries also have princes. " "Ailao people wear noses and ears, and their canals are handsome, calling themselves king ... the land is fertile and beautiful, suitable for growing grain and raising silkworms. Know how to dye and use embroidery, weave silk, and weave fine cloth into brocade and other things. There are buttonwood flowers, which are thought to be cloth, five feet wide and white. " Judging from the descriptions in the above ancient books, the difference between them is obvious. Also, the Yi people have an ancient writing-"ancient Yi language". According to many experts and scholars today, the ancient Yi language has a history of at least 9000 years. Yi people living in various places have Yi language and Yi language classics, including Yi ancestors who migrated to the north of the Yangtze River and beyond, leaving traces of ancient Yi language in the local area. The Qiang people have no writing, let alone handed down books, only oral legends, myths and epics.

To sum up, Yi and Qiang are two different nationalities. But they are inextricably linked. After the Qiang people moved to the south, most of them settled in Liangshan Prefecture, Ganzi Prefecture and Ya 'an City, and had wars and cultural exchanges with the indigenous Yi tribe, and gradually merged with each other. In particular, Yue Wa Qiang, a branch of the southern Qiang people, interweaves with Yi tribes such as Wa and Kun, has close contacts, intermarries with each other, breeds offspring, learns from each other, gradually changes and integrates its own living habits and production and labor methods, and gradually engages in farming. The other part is integrated with Tibetans. Some of them have continued to today's Mao Wen and its surrounding areas, becoming today's Qiang people.

So, where is the real origin of the Yi people? Zhang Zengqi, a famous scholar, thinks in his book "Archaeology of Southwest Nationalities": "Today's Yi ethnic origin is very complicated, and the Yi ethnic group is a relatively large * * * isomorphism. His ethnic origin includes ancient tribes of several different nationalities in the ancient Hengduan Mountain area, and may even include some ancient tribal elements that migrated from Central Asia. " "Ancient" Kunming "is the main body of modern Yi people," said Meng Mo, a famous historian. "The Yi people were the" Kunming Yi "who moved south from Huanniu Ring to Yunnan in the 2nd century BC/KLOC-0, and merged with the indigenous peoples dominated by ordinary people to form national identity." "Kunming" is the ancestor of the Yi people, which is also reflected in the legends of the Yi people. In the Republic of China, Guizhou Tongzhi quoted Xingyi Zhi as saying: "In the early Qin Dynasty, Meng (the legendary ancestor of the Yi people) worked for Qiongjun and Qiongjun City. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, its species flourished, from Shandong to western Yunnan, with a thousand miles of salt, and it was called Kunming Yi, which was also called "Kun" and "Kun" in history books. " This local chronicle is obviously from the legend of the local Yi people, indicating that the Yi people's own legend also traces their ancestors back to the ancient "Kunming Yi". Therefore, I think that we Yi people are a tribe with many ancient Yi families, such as Yi, Kunming, Shishu, Yelang and Mimo, which gradually merged with other migrating nationalities or tribes in different periods and gradually formed a wide distribution in the southwest of China.