______, ______ and ______ are the three traditional inorganic non-metallic materials

______, ______ and ______ are the three major traditional inorganic non-metallic materials

Cement, glass, ceramics, the main component of the main components contain silicate, used in our country for a long time, widely, known as the three major traditional inorganic non-metallic materials,

Therefore, the answer is: Cement Glass Ceramics.

New ceramics are traditional inorganic non-metallic materials

Traditional inorganic non-metallic materials: ceramics, glass, cement (all silicate) New inorganic non-metallic materials: graphite, C60, monocrystalline silicon and so on a lot of

Commonly used in the three major inorganic non-metallic materials for the ------- , ------- and ------- .

Glass, ceramics, cement

What are traditional inorganic non-metallic materials in chemistry

Traditional inorganic non-metallic materials are: cement, glass, ceramics.

Inorganic non-metallic materials papers

Go to China Knowledge, or Douding on ... A lot of ...

Wisdom inorganic non-metallic materials

Abstract The environment in which the structural materials are located is extremely complex, and the risk of accidents caused by material damage is increasing, research and development of structural materials that can diagnose damage on their own and have the ability to self-repair is a very important and urgent task. In this paper, the development of smart materials, conceptualization, inorganic non-metallic smart materials are reviewed, and further research on smart materials is prospective.

Keywords Wisdom; Inorganic non-metallic; Materials

Wisdom materials are new materials that are perceptible and responsive to the environment and have the ability of function discovery. In Japan, Prof. Toshiyuki Takagi [1] proposed the concept of Intelligent materials in 1989 by integrating information science into the physical properties and functions of materials. Since then, the research of intelligent materials and structures has been gradually expanded from aerospace and military sectors [2,3] to other fields such as civil engineering [4], medicine, sports and daily necessities [5,6].

At the same time, the U.S. Professor R. E. Newnham proposed the concept of smart materials around the materials with sensing and execution functions, which is also called sensitive materials. He will be dexterous materials are divided into three categories:

Passive dexterous materials - only respond to external changes in the material;

Active dexterous materials - not only recognize changes in the outside world, through the implementation of the line can be induced by the feedback loop, but also in response to

Active dexterous materials - materials that not only recognize changes in the outside world, but also respond to changes in the environment by inducing feedback loops through the actuating circuits.

R.E. Newnham's dexterous materials and Toshiyuki Takagi's concept of smart materials share the same ****: the responsiveness of the material to the environment.

Since l989, the materials community has been researching smart materials, first in Japan, the United States, then in Western Europe, and then in countries around the world. Scientists study the necessary bionic (biomiic) function into the material, so that the material and the system to reach a higher level, to become a new material with self-detection, self-judgment, self-conclusion, self-command and implementation of the function. Intelligent structures often combine high-tech sensors or sensitive components with traditional structural and functional materials to give materials a brand-new performance, so that inanimate materials become "sensory" and "perceptual" to adapt to changes in the environment, not only to detect problems, but also to solve them on their own. The newest version of the product is a new version of the original.

Because the effectiveness of smart materials and systems can change with the environment, their application prospects are very broad [7]. For example, after the introduction of intelligent systems in the wings of the aircraft, can respond to air pressure and flight speed and change its shape; into space on the dexterous structure set up on the vibration damping system, can compensate for weightlessness, to prevent metal fatigue; submarine can change the shape to eliminate turbulence, so that the flow of noise is not easy to be measured and easy to hide; metal intelligent structural materials can detect damage and inhibit crack expansion kit on their own with self-repairing features that Ensure the reliability of the structure; high-tech automobiles have adopted many ingenious systems, such as air-fuel oxygen sensors and piezoelectric raindrop sensors, which increase the use of functions. Other intelligent water purification device can sense and can remove harmful pollutants; electrochromic dexterity window can respond to changes in climate and human activities, adjusting the heat flow and lighting; intelligent bathroom can analyze urine samples, to make an early diagnosis; intelligent drug release system can respond to the concentration of blood glucose, the release of insulin, to maintain the concentration of blood glucose in the normal level.

The trend of foreign research and development of intelligent materials is: the development of intelligent materials for intelligent material systems and structures. This is the current international frontier of engineering discipline development, will bring a revolution to the development of engineering materials and structures. Overseas urban infrastructure is conceptualizing how to apply smart materials to construct floors, bridges and buildings that can respond sensitively to environmental changes. This is a systematic process of integrating new properties and functions into existing structures.

U.S. scientists are devising ways to give bridges, wings, and other key structures their own "nervous systems," "muscles," and "brains," so that they can feel and respond to changes in the environment. "so that they can sense impending failures and solve them on their own. For example, alerting pilots before an airplane breaks down, or repairing cracks in bridges automatically. One of the ways they do this is by embedding tiny fiber optic materials in high-performance composites. Because the composites are covered with crisscrossed optical fibers, they can feel the different pressures on the wings as "nerves" do, and in extreme cases, the optical fibers will break, and the light transmission will be interrupted, thus sending out warnings of impending accidents. The first is a warning that an accident is imminent.

1. The idea of smart materials[8]

A new concept is often a synthesis of different ideas and concepts. The idea of smart material design is related to the following factors: (1) the history of material development, structural materials → functional materials → smart materials. (2) The impact of artificial intelligent computers, that is, the future model of biological computers, learning computers, three-dimensional recognition computers put new requirements on materials. (3) Considering the manufacturing of smart materials from the perspective of material design. (4) Introduction of soft body functions into materials. (5) Expectations of materials. (6) Transfer of energy. (7) The viewpoint of materials with timeline, such as life forecast function, self-repair function, and even self-learning, self-proliferation and self-purification function, due to the external *** timeline can be corresponded to make a positive self-variable dynamic response, i.e., modeled on the functions possessed by living organisms. For example, intelligent artificial bone is not only compatible with the organism, but also can be decomposed and finally disappear according to the growth and healing condition of the organism's bone.

1.1 Biomimicry and Smart Materials

The effectiveness of smart materials is a function of composition, structure, and form with the environment, and it is environmentally responsive. The greatest characteristic of living organisms is their adaptation to their environment, from plants and animals to humans. Cells are the basis of living organisms and can be considered as a fusion material with three functions: sensing, processing, and executing, thus cells can be used as a blueprint for smart materials.

The study of the transition from simple to complex matter can be realized through modeling. Modeling allows complex biological materials to be solved, thus creating biomimetic smart materials. For example, polymers are artificially designed synthetic materials, in the research had borrowed from the macromolecular structure of natural silk, and then synthesized a higher strength nylon. At present, has been based on the simulation of information receiving function proteins and executive function proteins, to create a variety of levels of intelligent materials from the ultramicroscopic to macroscopic.

1.2 Smart Material Design

Smart materials can be obtained by combining existing materials and introducing multiple functions, especially soft body functions. With the rapid development of information science, automatons are not only used for artificial machines such as robots and computers, but also for biological machines that can be conditioned.

The automaton can generate output signals (information) based on past input signals (information) when inputting signals (information). The past input information is stored in the system as an internal state. Therefore, an automation device consists of three parts: input, internal state, and output. The analogy between smart materials and automation is similar in concept.

An automaton M can be depicted by the following six quotes:

M = (θ, X, Y, f, g, θ0)

where θ is the set of internal states; X and Y represent the sets of input and output information, respectively; f denotes the state transition coefficient by which the present internal state is transformed into the next time internal state due to input information; g is the output coefficient by which the present internal state is transformed into the next time internal state due to input information; θ is the output coefficient by which the present internal state is transformed into the next time internal state due to input information; θ output coefficients of the output information; and θ0 is the set of initial states.

To make a material intelligent, it is possible to control its internal state θ, its state transition coefficient f, and its output coefficient g. For example, in the case of ceramics, the relationship between θ, f, and g is the relationship between the material's structure, composition, and functionality. These derivatives should be considered when designing the material. If the functionality of ceramics is to be improved to the point of intelligence, f and g need to be controlled.

Generally, ceramics are polycrystals in which tiny grains are aggregated, and their properties are often controlled by the addition of a tiny second component. The efficacy of both the body of this second component and the micrograin boundaries affect the resulting material properties.

In fact, when the ions of the second component are introduced into the system, their free energy (G=H-TS) changes, and in order to minimize the free energy (G) of the material, it is necessary to control the enthalpy (H), so that the entropy (S) reaches the most suitable value. The entropy is related to the distribution of the added material, so the functional control of ceramics can be achieved by optimizing the entropy. The entropy is regulated by the enthalpy of the material itself. Therefore, in order to make the ceramics highly functional and thus intelligent, the material should be kept in non-equilibrium, proposed equilibrium and sub-stable state.

For intelligent materials, the concepts of material and information are identical. And the average amount of information Φ of a certain L symbol is related to the amount of information logP of the state of chance P, i.e.

This formula is analogous to the entropy of thermodynamics, but with the opposite sign, so it is called negative entropy (negtropy). Because entropy is a measure of disorder, negentropy is a measure of order.

1.3 Methods for creating smart materials

Based on the fact that smart materials have sensing, processing, and actuation functions, the creation of smart materials is in fact the introduction of such soft-body functions (information) into the material. This is similar to the information processing unit of the body, the neuron, which can integrate various functions (Fig. 1(a)), and make the material intelligent by incorporating various soft body functions into different layers of structure ranging from a few nanometers to tens of nanometers thick (Fig. 1(b)). At this point, the effectiveness of the material is not only related to its composition, structure, and form, but also a function of the environment. The research and development of smart materials involves metal-based, ceramic-based, polymer-based, and bio-based smart materials and systems.

2, intelligent inorganic non-metallic materials

Intelligent inorganic non-metallic materials are many, here we introduce a few more typical intelligent inorganic non-metallic materials.

2.1 intelligent ceramics

2.1.1 Zirconia toughened ceramics

Zirconia crystals generally have three types of crystals:

Among them, the transformation of t-ZrO2 to m-ZrO2 phase transition has the characteristics of the martensitic phase transition, and the phase transition accompanied by a volume expansion of 3% to 5%. ZrO2 ceramics without stabilizers can crack severely due to the phase transition that occurs during cooling at the sintering temperature. The solution is to add new oxides of Ca, Mg, Y and other metals with smaller ionic radii than Zr.

Zirconia phase transition can be divided into the sintering cooling process phase transition and phase transition during use. The cause of the phase transition, the former is temperature-induced, the latter is stress-induced. The results of both types of phase transformation can make ceramic toughening. The main toughening mechanisms are phase transformation toughening, microcrack toughening, surface toughening, crack bending and deflection toughening [9].

When the ZrO2 grain size is relatively large and the stabilizer content is small, the t-ZrO2 grains in the ceramics undergo a phase transition during cooling to room temperature after firing, and the volume expansion that accompanies the phase transition generates compressive stresses inside the ceramics and forms microcracks in some regions. When the main crack in such a material expansion kit, on the one hand, by the role of the above compressive stress, crack expansion kit is hindered; at the same time due to the extension of the original microcracks so that the main crack is blocked to redirect, but also absorbed the energy of the crack expansion kit, improve the strength and toughness of the material. This is the microcrack toughening.

Due to the high phase transition temperature of ZrO2, it is not feasible to design wise materials with the help of temperature changes, and it is necessary to study the stress-induced phase transition toughening, and the stress-induced phase transition toughening is the most important kind of toughening mechanism in ZrO2 toughened ceramics.

The t-ZrO2 grains in the material remain in tetragonal phase morphology during cooling to room temperature after firing, and when the material is subjected to external stress, a stress-induced phase transition occurs, transforming the t-phase into the m-phase. Due to the ZrO2 grain phase transition absorbs energy and impedes the cracks continue to expand the kit, thus improving the strength and toughness of the material. Phase transition occurs where the composition of the material is generally not uniform, due to changes in the crystalline structure, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity and other efficacy of the consequent change, this change is the material is subjected to external stress signals, so as to achieve the self-diagnosis of the material.

For zirconia material cracking and cracks, heat treatment at 300 ℃ after 50h, because the t-phase transition to the m-phase process of volume expansion to compensate for the cracked voids, can be re-bridged, to achieve the self-repair of the material.

For the fatigue strength and expansion produced in the use of the material, etc., can be observed in situ through the size of the material, acoustic wave propagation speed, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity changes.

2.1.2 Dexterous ceramics

Dexterous ceramics are a type of dexterous material that can sense changes in the environment and respond accordingly through a feedback system. A number of multilayers of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) can be used to make an automatic positioning and tracking system for a recording head, and a PZT piezoelectric ceramic block was used to make the Pachinko game console in Japan.

The principle of the automatic positioning and tracking system for video heads is that the PZT ceramic double-layer cantilevered bending sheet is divided into a position sensing part and a drive positioning part by the electrodes placed on it. The position sensing portion is the sensor, and the voltage obtained at the sensing electrodes is applied to the positioning electrodes through a feedback system to bend the laminate and track the magnetic trace on the videotape, as shown in Fig. 2.

A similar principle is applied to the Pachinko game machine.

Dexterity skins made of dexterity ceramics are utilized to reduce noise and prevent turbulence from occurring during high-speed movements of aircraft and submersibles to increase execution speed and reduce infrared radiation for stealth purposes.

Based on the above principles, it is entirely possible to obtain very dexterous materials. Such materials are capable of sensing multiple changes in the environment and adjusting one or more of the material's efficiency quotients in both time and space to achieve an optimized response. Thus, sensing, actuation, and feedback are key functions of dexterous materials.

2.1.3 Piezoelectric Bionic Ceramics

Material bionics is one of the directions of material development. Japanese researchers are studying the tail fins of whales and dolphins and the wings of flying birds, hoping to develop materials that are soft, foldable, and strong like tail fins and bird wings.

Figure 3 shows a bending stress sensor that simulates the movement of a fish's swimming bubble. There is a small air chamber between two metal electrodes in the sensor, and the PZT piezoelectric ceramic acts as a cover for the muscle of the swim bubble. Because the shape of the air chamber is similar to a crescent moon, it is called a "Moonie" complex. This piezoelectric hydroacoustic device applies specially shaped electrodes to increase the piezoelectric strain constant dh to its maximum value by changing the direction of the stress. When the thick metal electrode is subjected to hydrostatic pressure due to sound waves, part of the longitudinal stress is changed to radial and tangential stresses of opposite sign, so that the piezoelectric constant d3l changes from a negative value to a positive value, which is superimposed on d33 to increase the value of dh. The dh?gh value of such composites is 250 times larger than that of pure PZT materials.

Actuator elements designed and developed with PZT fiber composites and "Moonie"-type composites eliminate steady flow caused by acoustic waves.

2.2 Intelligent Cementitious Materials

In modern society, cement is widely used as a basic building material, and the intelligentization of cementitious materials has a good application prospect.

Intelligent cementitious materials include: stress, strain and damage self-checking cementitious materials [10-12]; self-temperature measuring cementitious materials [13]; automatically adjusting the environmental humidity of cementitious materials [14]; bionic self-healing cementitious materials [15, 16] and bionic autopoietic cementitious materials [17] and so on.

When cementitious materials are doped with short-cut carbon fibers of certain shapes, sizes, and dosages, the change in electrical resistance of the material corresponds to the change in its internal structure. Therefore, the material can monitor the internal condition of the material under tensile, bending, compression and other working conditions and static and dynamic loads. The sensitivity of 0.5% (by volume) carbon fibers in a cement slurry used as a sensor is much higher than that of a typical resistive strain gauge.

By mixing a certain length of PAN-based short-cut carbon fibers into the cement mortar, the material produces a thermoelectric effect. This material allows for real-time monitoring of temperature changes inside buildings and the surrounding environment. Based on the thermoelectric effect of the material, it is also possible to utilize solar energy and the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor to power the building. If the material is further made to have the inverse effect of the Seebeck effect - the Peltier effect - then it is possible to produce materials with cooling and heating.

In the cement slurry mixed with porous materials, the use of porous material moisture absorption and temperature relationship, can make the material has a moisture regulating function.

Some scientists are now developing a self-healing concrete. It is envisioned that a large number of hollow fibers buried in the concrete, when the concrete cracks, beforehand, equipped with "crack repair agent" hollow fibers will crack, releasing the bonding repair agent to the cracks firmly stuck together to prevent the concrete from breaking. This is a passive intelligent material, i.e., there is no sensor embedded in the material to monitor the cracks, nor is there an electronic chip embedded in the material to "guide" the bonding of the cracks. On the same principle, the United States has tried to prepare bionic cementitious materials based on the structure and formation mechanism of animal bones. If the material is damaged during use, the porous organic fibers release polymers to heal the damage.

U.S. scientists are working on an active intelligence material that can automatically reinforce bridges when they have problems. One of the ways they are designing it is that if there is a problem in some area of the bridge, another part of the bridge reinforces itself to make up for it. This idea is technically feasible. With the development of computer technology, it is possible to create very small signal sensors and microelectronic chips and computers to bury these sensors and microcomputer chips in bridge materials. Bridge materials can be made of various kinds of amazing materials, such as shape memory materials. Buried in the bridge material in the sensor to get a part of the material problem signal, the computer will send out instructions, so that beforehand buried in the bridge material in the tiny liquid evolution into a solid and automatic reinforcement.

3, conclusion

At present, the wisdom of the material is still in the research and development stage, its development and social effects are closely related. Damage to structures such as airplane crashes and important buildings inspires research on dexterous airplanes and material structures with self-warning and self-repairing functions. The intelligent development of materials themselves is used to meet the expectations of materials, systems, and structures that can combine "rigidity" and "flexibility" to adapt themselves to changes in the environment. In future research, the following aspects should be emphasized.

(1) how to use the rapid development of information technology results, the soft function into the materials, systems and structures;

(2) to further strengthen the exploratory theoretical research and materials composite intelligent mechanism research, to accelerate the development of intelligent materials science;

(3) to strengthen the application of basic research.

Definition of inorganic non-metallic materials

Inorganic non-metallic materials are Broadly speaking, including ceramics, cement, refractories, enamel, abrasives and new inorganic materials. Inorganic non-metallic materials are relative to metallic materials. Metallic materials are generally metal-bonded atoms interacting with each other; inorganic non-metallic is generally the result of *** valence bonding and ionic bonding atoms *** with the same action. The atomic organization of non-metallic materials is much more complex than that of metallic materials.

Inorganic non-metallic materials refer to the oxides of certain elements, carbides, nitrides, borides, sulfur compounds (including sulfides, selenides and tellurides) and silicates, titanates, aluminates, phosphates and other oxygen-containing acid salts for the main composition of inorganic materials. Including ceramics, cement, refractories, enamel, abrasives and new inorganic materials.

Classification of inorganic non-metallic materials; new inorganic non-metallic materials and traditional inorganic non-metallic materials Section New inorganic non-metallic materials

The materials include many kinds of materials, which can be categorized into:

A. Materials can be divided into: inorganic non-metallic materials Traditional inorganic non-metallic materials, such as cement, glass, ceramics <

New inorganic non-metallic materials such as: high-temperature structural ceramics, optical fibers

Metallic materials such as: Fe, Cu, Al, alloys and so on.

Polymer materials such as: polyethylene, PVC

New inorganic non-metallic materials characteristics; ① withstand high temperatures, high strength. ② Optical properties. ③Electrical properties. ④ with biological functions.

New inorganic non-metallic materials are many, now list a few: piezoelectric materials; magnetic materials; conductor ceramics; radium materials, optical fibers; super-hard materials (boron nitride); high-temperature structural ceramics; bioceramics (artificial bones, artificial blood vessels) and so on

Advantages of inorganic non-metallic materials

The traditional inorganic non-metallic materials: stable, corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant, etc., but brittle, can not withstand the thermal shock.

Traditional inorganic non-metallic materials: stable, corrosion-resistant, heat-resistant and so on.

New inorganic non-metallic materials: In addition to the advantages of traditional inorganic non-metallic materials, there are some features such as: high strength, electrical, optical properties and biological functions.

Several common new elements of non-metallic materials

1, high-temperature structural ceramics

(1) Structural materials: refers to the use of its strength, hardness, toughness, and other mechanical efficiency made of various materials, such as metal monomers and alloys.

(2) the effectiveness of high-temperature structural ceramics: high-temperature structural ceramics have the advantages of ceramics in the traditional sense, but also to make up for the shortcomings of the metal materials, the advantages are: can withstand high temperatures, oxidation, acid and alkali corrosion resistance, hardness, abrasion resistance, lower density, etc..

(3) varieties of high-temperature structural ceramics: have been widely used alumina ceramics, silicon nitride ceramics, boron carbide ceramics and so on.

(4) Ordinary diesel engines are made of metal, metal products are easy to damage at high temperatures, there must be a water tank for cooling; this will make a lot of heat dissipated into the air and wasted. Silicon nitride ceramic is a high-temperature structural ceramics, with high temperature resistance, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, not easy to heat transfer, etc., with which the diesel engine is made without water cooling, the thermal efficiency is greatly improved.

2, optical fiber

Optical fiber that is, optical fiber, the working principle is to use fiber optic material has a large refractive index, light can be conducted in which little loss of nature, so that optical fibers can be used to transmit optical signals. Multiple processed optical fibers are wound together to become fiber optic cables, optical fibers are mainly used in communications, with a large capacity, good anti-interference performance, does not occur in the electric radiation, high quality of communication, anti-eavesdropping and many other advantages; in addition, optical fibers are also used for medical, information processing, transmission of images, lighting, and so many other aspects.

Inorganic non-metallic materials

Materials Chemistry

This major cultivates a more systematic grasp of the basic theories and techniques of materials science, with basic knowledge and basic skills related to materials chemistry, materials science and engineering and its related fields engaged in research, teaching, scientific and technological development, and related management of materials chemistry, high-level specialists.

1. master the basic theories and basic knowledge of mathematics, physics, chemistry, etc.; 2. master the basic knowledge, basic principles and basic experimental skills of materials preparation (or synthesis), materials processing, materials structure and efficiency determination, etc.; 3. understand the general principles and knowledge of similar specialties; 4. be familiar with the national policies on research, scientific and technological development, and related industries in materials science and engineering, and the laws and regulations on intellectual property rights at home and abroad. Domestic and foreign intellectual property rights and other laws and regulations; 5. Understand the theoretical frontiers of materials chemistry, application prospects and the latest developments, as well as the development of materials science and engineering industry; 6. Master the Chinese and foreign language data query, literature search and the use of modern information technology to obtain relevant information on the basic methods; have a certain degree of experimental design, to create the conditions of experiments, summarize, organize, analyze the results of experiments, write papers, and participate in academic exchanges. Ability to write papers and participate in academic exchanges.

Details

Main subjects: Materials Science, Chemistry Main courses: Organic Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry, Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry, Structural Chemistry, Fluid Mechanics, Engineering Mechanics, Materials Chemistry, Materials Physics and so on. Major Practical Teaching Sessions: Including production internship, graduation thesis, etc., generally arranged for 10-20 weeks. The duration of study: four years

Degree awarded: Bachelor of Science or Bachelor of Engineering

Similar majors: Materials Chemistry, Metallurgical Engineering, Metal Materials Engineering, Inorganic and Non-metallic Materials Engineering, Polymer Materials and Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering, Composite Materials and Engineering, Welding Technology and Engineering, Gemstone and Materials Processing, Powder, Renewable Resources Science and Technology, Rare-Earth Engineering, Non-Woven Materials and Engineering

The main research area of Materials Chemistry is not in the field of structural chemistry, but in the field of materials physics. The main area of research in chemistry is not the chemical properties of materials (, but the chemical processes involved in the preparation and use of materials, and the measurement of material properties. For example, ceramic materials in the sintering process (that is, how to burn the desired ceramics), metal materials in the use of the corrosion phenomenon (how to prevent rust), metallurgical process of controlling the conditions of the product (how to refine high-quality steel) and so on. Measurement of material properties is also different from the methods used in the materials physics program. Most of the research in materials chemistry is related to traditional industries and belongs to the theoretical discipline of solving practical problems, therefore, the topics of research in materials chemistry are not so trendy and popular, but in the real production, the demand for excellent talents in materials chemistry is huge, for example, the metallurgical industry, in the process of smelting of iron and steel, non-ferrous metals, low efficiency, poor product quality, and serious waste of the production process, all need to use the knowledge of materials chemistry to improve the quality of the products, and so on. All need to use the knowledge of materials chemistry to solve.

Inorganic non-metallic is one of the directions

This should not be engineering, so I feel that it is not as good as materials science and engineering.

Inorganic non-metallic materials

Glass, cement, ceramics

Inorganic non-metallic materials

Glass, cement, ceramics