Taking Princess Gege as an example, this paper discusses the marriage and dowry of royal women in Qing Dynasty.

Lead: consanguinity refers to the blood relationship distinguished by surname. According to "Lv Chunqiu Da Le", "Therefore, it can be said that people who listen to politics first, enjoy the monarch and ministers, and enter the family from far and near. Kinship is one of the traditional classification of relatives in China, which is relative to relatives and wives abroad. The royal family in Qing Dynasty refers to the clan of Ai Xinjue Roche, the upper ruling class in Qing Dynasty, and the clan other than the dynasty emperor, that is, the royal family in Qing Dynasty. Princess Princess in Qing Dynasty refers to the title level of women born of the title of county king in the royal family of Qing Dynasty. Makeup: originally refers to the dressing box used by women when dressing. Later, it generally refers to the dowry brought to the man's house with the married woman. Zhao Lian, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, wrote The Wedding Etiquette of Zalu Manchu in Xiao Ting, which specifically pointed out that "dowry" represents the dowry when a woman gets married: "The wedding date has been fixed. The day before, the woman's family gave her a wedding present, and depending on her wealth, the new bottle rode on a horse to thank her. As the last feudal dynasty in the history of China, the Qing Dynasty not only drew lessons from the past history, but also merged the customs and habits of its ethnic minorities with the feudal system. The titles of male royal families in Qing Dynasty are divided into: Prince, County King, Baylor, Beizi, Gong, General, etc. The titles of women born to knighted men are also very strict. The titles of women in the royal family of Qing Dynasty are divided into princess, princess, princess, princess, township owner and Liu Pin Gege. Image of Princess Gege in Qing Dynasty 0 1 Study on the Rank of Princess Gege in Qing Dynasty, Princess Gege refers to the title of a woman born to a man with the title of king of the county. Princess Gege, the daughter of the title of county king, originated from Princess Weng Zhu written by Hu Shi, a political figure in Ming Dynasty: "Today, the prince is called the princess, and the king is called the princess." During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, scholar Ruan Kuisheng's Tea Hakka Dialect Volume I also explained the specific meaning of Princess Gege: "The daughter of the king of the county is called Duoluogege, and the princess is called in Chinese. The Biography of Zhu Yuanzhang, written by Wu Han, a famous historian in China, also records the customization of the title of princess Gege: "The daughter of the emperor is a princess, the daughter of the prince is a princess, and the daughter of the king is a princess. The first volume of the Qing dynasty canon in Qianlong dynasty recorded in detail the female titles corresponding to the titles of all levels: "the daughter of the prince, the princess." King of the county, princess. Baylor, the princess of the county. Bay's child, the county magistrate. Into the town of Bafen, the country assisted the country and sealed the township. Side Fujin female, Prince of Feng Jun. The daughter of Fu Jin, the king of the county, and the daughter of Baylor, the king of the county, were sealed in the side room. Beizi's daughter in the side room was awarded the fifth prize. Women who entered the eighth office were awarded six grades. For example, the prince and the county king are concubines and daughters, and those who have a lot to say to be Mongolian princes will also be named township kings. I also call it son preference, and it is not granted. It can be seen that the grade of Gege in Qing Dynasty is divided into seven grades: the first grade is the eldest daughter of the prince, who was awarded the grade of princess, and the Manchu language is called "Heshuo Gege"; The second category is the first daughter of the county king, who was awarded the title of monarch. In Manchu, she is called "Duoluogege". The third class is Baylor's first daughter, or the daughter of Fujin around the prince, who was awarded the title of monarch. Manchu is also called "Duoluogege"; The fourth class is Beizi's first daughter, or the daughter of the county king Fang Fujin, who was awarded the rank of county king and was called "Gu Shan Ge Ge" in Manchu; The fifth category is the daughter of lord protector who entered Bafen Town, assisted by lord protector, or the daughter of Baylor's wing, the daughter of the prince, and the concubine of the county king. Anyone who marries a foreign vassal of Mongolia is named as a township king, and Manchu is called "the daughter of the Lord." The sixth grade is the grade division, which is awarded to the women in the Beizi side room as the fifth grade, and to the women in the public and auxiliary offices in Bafen Town as the sixth grade; The seventh category is the conquered, that is, the daughters of other royal families in Manchuria, collectively referred to as ancestral daughters. Among them, when the princess gets married, the type and quantity of dowry are the most abundant, and the princess, princess, princess and township owner decrease in turn. However, as the daughter of the middle title of the royal family in the Qing Dynasty, Princess Gege's specific examples and dowry when they got married can basically represent the general situation of the royal women's marriage. Analysis on the management organization and affairs of royal marriage in Qing Dynasty: Before Qianlong dynasty, the marriage of royal family in Qing Dynasty did not form specific norms, nor did it have specific system requirements and affairs in charge. According to Records of the Qing Dynasty, during the forty years of Qianlong, scholars Shu Hede and others discussed the issue of marrying Gege, but there were no fixed rules. Please ask the Ministry of Internal Affairs to learn more about it and decide the articles of association so as to abide by it. As a result, the Ministry of Internal Affairs drew up the matters to be performed by the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Internal Affairs, clarified their respective responsibilities, and presented them to Emperor Qianlong. With the consent of Emperor Qianlong, the rules of the royal marriage system were formed. According to the specific regulations for the formation of the Qianlong Dynasty, all dowry, household registration and accessories of Princess Princess when she got married were handled by the Ritual Department in conjunction with the Ministry of Internal Affairs according to the grade of Princess. Because the things Gege has to do to get married are complicated, involving the government offices such as the Ministry of Rites, the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the hospital, the Qin Dynasty and etiquette. In the specific marriage process, the specific affairs of specific departments can be divided into the following tasks: the matters to be undertaken by the etiquette department: the level of playing the princess and forehead. There are two grades: 1. For those employed by courtiers, the salary will be paid as usual by the etiquette department. If Gege is employed by a foreign vassal, her salary will be paid by Fan Liyuan as usual. Play with the original raffle gift. Play with the wedding dowry. Play the etiquette notes of mothering for nine days. The amount is attached to the issue of giving thanks before marriage, and the amount of courtiers is played by the Ministry of Rites. Affairs undertaken by Yuan: Matters related to the amount of foreign affairs. Matters undertaken by the Ministry of Internal Affairs: dowry, household registration and number of things. I should give Gege and his forehead daily food. You need bells, pots, spoons and other things to play couplets. Playing farewell to Mrs. Baylor, etc. Matters undertaken by Qin: fixing the date of first marriage. The Marriage Status of Gege in Qing Dynasty 03 The dowry of Princess Gege when she got married was an instrument for the ancients to buy toiletries. It was first produced and popularized in the Warring States Period and lasted until the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with a very long history. China's traditional creation pursues the artistic conception of "container carrying Tao", and the development of dowry represents the aesthetic taste and value orientation of different times and classes, which is an important part of China's traditional culture. As early as in the Song Dynasty, the dowry was replaced by a woman's dowry in the famous article "Awakening the World, Constant Words, Qiao's Taishougege", which specifically pointed out: "My family is an orphan and widow, but I often wear coarse clothes. In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of China's four classical novels, there is also a description of a woman's dowry: "Lu Bu arranged a wedding banquet overnight, chartered a BMW, and sent Song Xian and Xu Wei to see the girl off together." As an important part of women's marriage, the dowry of the Qing dynasty princess when she got married is also recorded in detail in the archives of the Qing royal family. The dowry items are rich and complete. According to the specific classification, it can be divided into the following categories: 1, jewelry: seven dull oriental pearls embedded in the top of the hat, and golden flowers embedded with turquoise coral beads after the hat is heated. Amber beads 2. Clothing: a dyed mink hat, a cool hat, a mink collar, a fox dress, a python satin dress, a mink fox robe, a cotton robe and ten pairs of boots and socks. 3. Bedding: a bed of fox skin bedding, a bed of cosmetic bedding, two pillows, a curtain, 80 pieces, 200 pieces of wool and green woven cloth. 4. Daily necessities: two pairs of gold-inlaid chopsticks, one gold-plated silver tea barrel with hoop, weighing 28 taels, one pair of silver-backed pots, weighing 25 taels, one pair of silver holding pots, weighing 12 taels, two silver spoons, weighing 82 taels, two pairs of silver cups and plates, one copper pot, one copper pot, one hundred pieces of porcelain, twenty Baotou and creped Baotou. Ten boxwood combs, ten combs, ten purses, ten toothbrushes, four brushes, two mirrors, two mirror covers, twenty silk bags, five silk bags, two red carpets, four white carpets, six boxes, six suitcases, four paint boxes, two low tables with black paint, two mirror frames, a basin frame and a clothes rack. Gold two false teeth 5. Daily necessities: a dome-shaped finance room, a finance room, a car, a bathtub and a pair of car seats. 6. Transportation: one pommel horse, ten scattered horses, four camels, four camel drawers and four halters. 7. Married people: four women and three households. From this list of dowry regulations of Princess Gege, it can be seen that there are many kinds of dowry items in Gege, from clothes and hats to bedding and tableware, from silk felt boxes to cashier's carts and horses, involving all aspects of food, clothing, housing and transportation. In Qing Dynasty, Gege's generous dowry not only showed their respect as daughters of the royal family, but also pinned the royal family's good wishes for their happy life after marriage. However, in the Qing Dynasty, the married life of women in imperial families often backfired. The life, status and life of Princess Gege and her married partner were closely related to the political situation at that time and the living conditions of her mother's family. Moreover, under the strict feudal ethics, Princess Gege and princess royal had basically the same fate, and both married for the main purpose of political needs. I'm afraid only I know the fortune and misfortune of her married life! Reference materials: Lu's Spring Joy, Wedding Etiquette of Zalu Manchu in Xiao Ting, Princess Weng Zhu of Pearl River, Volume One of Cha Yu Ke Hua, Biography of Zhu Yuanzhang, Volume One of the Canon of the Qing Dynasty in Qianlong Dynasty, Record of the Master of Gao Lu in Qing Dynasty, Awakening the World, Keeping the Prince in Chaos, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, and Royal Family of Qing Dynasty.