Niu Mowang's Cultural Heritage

The first batch of intangible cultural heritage protection projects in Shaanxi Province

Shaanxi "Xianyang Niula Drum" is a folk drum music art of Han nationality, which was born and raised in Laoxi Street, Xianyang. It originated before the Qin Dynasty. According to the description in the History of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty 104, "Qin custom: after finishing farming in junior middle school, we should advocate music for three days to save labor. All 100 plays are displayed at will, and if an artist can't entertain, all performances will be performed the next day. " It seems that the ancient hundred operas are the predecessor of modern social fire. Two thousand years ago, it was popular in Shaanxi to play social fire for three days on the fifteenth day of the first month. In addition, hundreds of murals of plays have been found in the site of No.3 Guanting in Xianyang, Qin. Painted pottery figurines and pottery horse figurines unearthed in Yangjiawan, Xianyang (also known as "Three Thousand Horses") include dancing, playing music and conducting. Among the cultural relics excavated and displayed in Ganling and Zhaoling in Xianyang, there are a large number of music and dance murals and music and dance figurines, including beating drums, cymbals, bells and cymbals. Their images are vivid and lifelike. Bronze is exquisitely made, with a special shape, small on the top and large on the bottom, beautiful curve and a vigorous flying dragon on the top pivot. The above historical relics show that since the Qin and Han Dynasties, music and dance (including gongs and drums) have been very popular in Guanzhong area, used for festival celebrations, wedding and funeral etiquette, and also used for marching and fighting to help the army prosper. Qin Xianyang is located in the hinterland of Guanzhong, and people's life has always been superior, so it is Qin, Han and Tang Dynasties.

In the past, the skills of "playing drums with cows in Xianyang" were handed down by teachers, and the performance was related to social fire sacrifice. The performance of "Shiyang Brocade" drum music also originated from the folk ballads of the Han nationality in Guanzhong area, with a long history and deep water and thick soil. When it reached my father Zheng, drum music became a mass art in the new period, so the drum surface was enlarged and the drum wall was raised. It was put on the cowshed by Zheng's father, hence the name "Xianyang Cowshed". Zheng is also known as the "Northwest Drum King". His immersion in the countryside influenced all directions, and officials, agriculture, industry and commerce followed suit, and his modeling became increasingly magnificent and colorful. He is famous for his Sanqin. Everyone donates money to buy and make drums, bronzes, costumes and props, which is called "Happy Party". On the fifteenth day of the first month of each year, Yuanxiao is set off, and social fires are played to open the way for the stilt team, swallowing mountains and rivers and overwhelming mountains; The funeral performance was solemn. Since the early 1980s, folk literary and art workers have loved it for its ups and downs, deep and powerful rhythm, steady and generous demeanor and overwhelming momentum. They believe that "Qin Soul" should also be traced back to its source, so as to gain eternal glory in "the fusion of China national instrumental music" and "the fusion of China national dance".

The son of Zheng, the founder of Xianyang Niula Drum, is the second generation descendant. He took over from his father in 1970 and continued to perform and improve, shouldering the heavy responsibility of "Xianyang Niula Drum", which made Xianyang Niula Drum famous to the next level since Qin Dynasty. From the age of eleven, Mr. Zheng Zhiwen studied under his father, began to perform and learn the Han folk art "Niula Drum", and participated in various large-scale entertainment and celebration activities since 1957, and accumulated rich performance experience. 1970 formally inherited his father's drum music career and began to be unique, playing the famous banner of "Xianyang Niugu". After the "Xianyang Niugu" was introduced to Mr. Zheng Zhiwen, it was not limited to a single drum form, but created a drum type with more drums for one person, more drums for one drum and more drums for many people. On the original basis, the basic music tunes and routine fixed movements of "Niugu" were boldly innovated and developed. Under the guidance of relevant professionals, the full set of drum music of Xianyang Niugu was systematically sorted out, and the drum, posture and dance skills of Xianyang Niugu were decomposed and explained in words, so that Xianyang Niugu officially entered the folk art hall. After years of careful research and continuous practice, 1994, with the full support and enthusiastic concern of people from all walks of life and the permission of the cultural department, "Xianyang Niula Drum Club and Drum Music Art Performance Art Troupe" was formally established, with more frequent participation and continuous improvement of drum music art level. Everywhere, crowds surged and the audience applauded. Mr. Zheng Zhiwen not only inherited his father's Twelve Flowers, but also innovated a variety of elegant dance movements, with light and skillful drums and steady and powerful movements. Its style is "just but not rough, easy but not floating, steady but not heavy, crazy but not chaotic", and its creation is "the overlord whips his back, the boy worships Buddha, catches the moon at sea, thunders in the air, Dapeng spreads his wings, rides thousands of miles alone, spends mallets, frantically mallets and crosses the river"

1957 "Xianyang Cow Pulling Drum" participated in the cultural performance of five provinces in northwest China, won the certificate award, and was transferred to Beijing; 1957- 1960 participated in large-scale cultural performances in Shaanxi province for four consecutive years, which was the finale and traditional reserved program of various large-scale activities in Shaanxi at that time; 1995 participated in Shaanxi ancient culture and art festival and won three awards; Participated in the opening ceremony of Yangling National Agricultural Expo and the opening ceremony of large-scale activities in counties and cities of the province for four consecutive years. 1999 Xianyang Spring Festival TV show was reduced from 400 to 40 people, which caused a sensation on the stage and surprised experts. Mr. Zheng Zhiwen was included in 1982 National Dance Integration, and then included in China National Who's Who and China Contemporary Art Who's Who. Known as "the king of Sanqin drums" and "the first drum in the world", it is a well-known local folk drummer. After compiling the Grand Ceremony of China Expert Pool, in May 2000, it was included in the List of World Outstanding Experts, People in the World's Cihai and the List of World Chinese Experts. CCTV's "All over the Motherland" and "Fields" columns respectively produced feature films "Xianyang people's demeanor is a cow pulling a drum" and "The Voice of the Yellow Land" in the central set. In particular, the third daughter, Zheng, was filmed as a feature film "The Beauty of the Millennium" by the column of "Women's World" and was praised as "the third generation female drum king of Niu Lu Gu". In June 2000, the video highlights of the stage and square of "Xianyang Niu Lu Gu" also represented Shaanxi Province in the National TV "Stars Award Competition". In 200 1 year, Xianyang Niula Drum was rated as Shaanxi Han Culture Exhibition Project by the provincial government. The name of "Xianyang Niula Drum" is "Shiyangjin", which is a large-scale drum music suite that has only existed among Han people since the early Qin Dynasty. It has a long history and complete structure, and consists of four drum heads: ① single vibration, ② dry drum rotation, ③ three ups and four downs, and ④ four-ring pattern. It has two roller stops: ① a small roller stop and ② a large roller stop. It is complicated and changeable to use and extremely difficult to master. The four drums can be chosen by the drummer at any time, improvise and lead the performance, and can also be used continuously, repeatedly and continuously, or independently. The application of "dry drum turning" needs to add a dry drum head. If it is to be changed greatly, turning is extremely difficult. Flowers of the Four Seasons and Three Emergencies and Three Falls have changed greatly, and the same tune shows the same meaning as heaven and earth in different ways. The continuous use of four-ring pattern, such as drum instead of dry drum, gives people a sense of gyration. It is the climax of the whole song in the form of performance to split this section to represent the dry drum, and whenever hundreds of pairs of cymbals are played at this time, it is really a hundred times. This passage is sometimes repeated 40-50 times. The "Four Seasons Flower" is characterized by lighting a big gong. In this performance, hundreds of big gongs suddenly stopped, and dozens of big gongs mainly played, which was in sharp contrast with the timbre atmosphere and gave the cymbals a chance to breathe. After the performance, hundreds of cymbals suddenly resumed playing, depending on the size of the scene.

Xianyang cattle waist drum "what kind of brocade" stopped, called Xianyang cattle waist drum skills. Hundreds of pairs will stop breathing. In the surge of ten thousand people, there will be silence immediately, and after stopping the drum, you can hear the wind of the sound collection. (Six strokes and eighty-eight styles) Six strokes: Six forms classified according to dance skills. Drums: A variety of drumming methods. Hammer throw: throw mainly (such as single throw, double throw, high throw, high turn, etc.). ). Dance: Performance-oriented. Run: Run in a pattern. Jump: 88-style (turn) at the top and bottom of the drum: 88 sets of movements with their own characteristics. Example: single split, single split, double split, double split, double split, double split, big wheel, double split, double split. Xianyang Niula Drum is the first of the four famous drums in northwest China. It has been popular in the hinterland of Sanqin in Guanzhong since Qin Dynasty. Its lineup is magnificent and its artistic skill is unparalleled. Experts call it "Guanzhong stunt" and famous artists call it "the soul of Qin". Since the Qin dynasty, the only folk art of the Han nationality has been put to shame. We should continue to work hard, seriously study, discuss in depth, carry forward and enrich, so that the folk art of "Xianyang Cow Pulling Drum" can enter the hall of national art as soon as possible, make contributions to the times, win glory for the motherland, and strive hard for the Chinese nation to go abroad and revitalize China. The above remarks are dedicated to "China Contemporary Talent Forum". I hope that leaders, delegates and colleagues from all walks of life will cherish this unique folk art and work together with the seminar to make this folk art colorful and constantly updated. (Part selected from the original author. Thank you! )