Common sense of ancient letters

1. Some common sense of ancient people writing letters

In the past, the tradition of writing letters was rigorous format and etiquette. Whether it is family or official business, it is concise, general and readable. Appellations form a very polite formula according to seniority, such as "parents respect", "so-and-so grandfather respect" and "so-and-so sits on the right". Writing "A certain son knows", "An anonymous person sees words" and "A good wife is as picturesque as a husband" to your children and grandchildren will make you feel that the writer is gentle, respectful and polite. When you read a letter like a person, you will feel a kind of comfort. It has played a role in exchanging news and connecting feelings.

-Zhao Qingge prefaces Selected Letters.

In addition, ancient letters were written vertically, and the writing content involved the name or address of the other recipient. In order to show respect, no matter where you write it, you should mention the other person's name or address to the next line.

2. The common sense of writing style should be explained in detail.

Address: top case, some can also add certain qualifications and modifiers, such as dear.

(2) Greetings: If you write "Hello" and "How are you recently", the following paragraphs cannot be directly connected. Otherwise, it violates the requirement of single meaning and becomes a polysemous paragraph. 3 text.

This is the main body of the letter, which can be written in several paragraphs. 4 greetings.

Take the most common "greetings" and "respect" as examples. "Zhi Zhi" can be written in two correct positions: first, immediately after the text, without starting another paragraph and punctuation; The second is to write two spaces under the text.

"Salute" is written on the next line of "From here". An exclamation point should be added after it to show the sincerity and strength of the greeting. The title of the second half of the greeting is a kind of respect for the recipient.

It is a continuation of the tradition of "looking up" in ancient letters. Ancient letters were written vertically, including the name or address of the other party. To show respect, no matter where you write it, you should bring the other person's name or address to the beginning of the next line.

Its basic practice has been absorbed by modern letters. ⑤ Signature and date.

The name or character of the writer is written on the right of one or two lines below the greeting. It is best to write down the relationship with the recipient before the writer's name, such as son, father, friend, etc.

Write the date on the next line. If you forget to write anything, you can write "Attached" in a blank line and two empty boxes below the date, and then write down the unfinished items in a new line.

3. What are the common letters?

Example: ("_" indicates a space) Dear XX (or Dear, etc. ): _ _ Hello! _ _ (text) This _ _ tribute! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (name) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ After writing the above, I thought of something to write) _ _ _ (content) 1. Letter format 2. The generation of the recipient and the tone of writing 3. Letter font (neat and clean, generous and beautiful) 4. Place and date of signature. The purpose and position of writing. Stationery (e-Email can appropriately choose the stationery background to set off the theme) 7. The cover format of the letter and the respectful letter from the recipient.

Today, according to the usual custom, the format of a letter mainly includes five parts: title, body, ending, signature and date. The 1. address, also called "initials", is the address of the recipient.

The address should be written in the top box of the first line of stationery, followed by ":",and no more after the colon. Address and signature should correspond, and the relationship between yourself and the recipient should be clear.

(See Section 4 "Social Address" for details. The address can be given by name, address, modifier or directly. Here are a few details: (1) Letter to elders.

If it is a close relative, only write the title, not the name, such as "father", "mother", "brother" and "sister-in-law"; If they are relatives, write the title of the relationship, such as "menstruation" and "menstruation". For elders who are not close relatives, first names or surnames can be added before addressing, such as "Aunt Zhao" and "Uncle Huang".

(2) Letters to peers. Couples or relationships can directly use each other's names and nicknames with modifiers or directly use modifiers, such as "Li", "Hua Min" and "Dear". Letters from classmates, fellow villagers, colleagues and friends can be written directly with names and nicknames, or "classmates" and "comrades", such as Sheng Rui, Lao Ji, Xiao Zou and San Mao.

(3) a letter to the younger generation. Generally write names directly, such as "Le Yi", "Junping" and "Amin". You can also add a generational title after the name, such as "Li Hua's niece"; You can also use titles directly, such as "granddaughter" and "son".

(4) Letters to teachers usually only write their own gender or name, plus the word "teacher", such as "teacher Duan", "teacher Zhou" and "teacher Hong Hai". Teachers who are very familiar with them can also be simply called "teachers" and "masters".

It is unnatural and disrespectful to directly address "Mr. Sun Songping" and "Mr. Wang Dafu" in the letter, instead of directly addressing their first names and surnames. For teachers with expertise and high respect, the word "Lao" is often added after the surname to show respect, such as "Lao Dai" and "Zhou Lao", and the word "Mr" can also be added after the name.

For the sake of seriousness, there are also people who are commensurate with their positions, such as "Professor Dong", "Dr. Chen" and "Child Engineer". (5) Letters to a unit or several people can be written as "comrades", "gentlemen" and "XX comrades" if they are not named.

The letter to the organization can directly write the name of the organization. Such as "XX Committee" and "XX Company".

Letters to leaders of government agencies and organizations can be addressed by their names directly, plus "Comrade", "Mr." or positions, or directly followed by "leading comrades", "responsible comrades", "general manager" and "factory director". If the letter is written to two people at the same time, the two titles should be side by side, or one after another, with the elders first.

Adjectives such as "respected", "beloved" and "dear" can sometimes be added to the above five occasions according to specific objects to show respect or intimacy. Of course, this should be used properly. For example, if you call your friend "dear", it will appear to be a stranger, and it will be impolite to call a young woman who has no special relationship "dear".

2. The text usually begins with a greeting. Greeting is a civilized and polite behavior, but also a courtesy to the recipient, which reflects the writer's concern for the recipient.

The most common greeting is "Hello!" "Almost ready!" According to the seasonal solar terms, there are often changes, such as "Happy New Year!" "Happy Spring Festival!" Greetings are written on the next line of salutation, with two spaces in front, which often form a paragraph. After greeting, there are often a few opening remarks.

Such as "long time no see, hope that you are well." "How is everything recently?" "I haven't communicated for a long time, so I miss it!" Something like that

Greetings should be concise and appropriate. Then there is the main part of the text-the text, which is what the author wants to say.

It can be an appeal, a reply, an exhortation, an emotional expression, a polite refusal, a congratulations, a help, a sympathy, a narrative, a rebuttal, and so on. This part, before you start writing, you should keep it in mind, understand the main idea of writing, and make it clear and hierarchical.

If you want to talk about several things at the same time in the letter, you should pay more attention to clear priorities, echo from beginning to end, and have appropriate details. It's better to say one thing at a time, and don't mix them up. 3. After finishing writing, you should write some words of respect, wishes or encouragement as the end of the letter.

Traditionally, it is called greeting or tribute, which is a courtesy to the receiver. If you like, you can choose the right words according to people and specific situations, and don't use them indiscriminately.

(See "Congratulations" in "Common Letters" in the next section. There are two ways to write the ending: (1) Write "From here" as soon as the text is finished, and write "Salute" in the top box or two empty boxes.

(2) Don't write "Henceforth", just write the words "salute", "good", "health" and "peace" on another line, and don't add suffixes to the text. You can also write "Best wishes" and "Best wishes" at the end of the article, and write "Ankang" and "Health" in the two blanks.

The signature and date are on the last line of the letter, and the writer's name is stamped. The signature should be written on the right half line after the end of the text.

If you are writing to relatives and friends, you can add your own address, such as son, brother, brother, nephew, etc. And then write your name instead of your last name. If it is a letter to an organization, be sure to write down all your first and last names.

After signing, sometimes "Gongcheng" and "Cautious" are added as appropriate to show respect. The above claims must be consistent with the letterhead title.

A date indicating the writing time of a letter, written behind or below the signature. Sometimes authors add their own opinions.

4. The way of China ancient civil servants' letters.

In daily life, the ancients took "modesty and respect for others" as the principle, so it should be reflected through various etiquette.

When people can't meet each other for various reasons, they can only resort to pen and ink and entrust their feelings to the post office. Etiquette is still indispensable. Between the lines, resignation and avoidance are not only visible, but also gentler and more polite, thus forming a letter culture with China characteristics. The first part is a preliminary understanding of the common sense of ancient letter culture in China. 1. The letter format has a long history in China. During the Warring States Period, Le Yi's Letter to the King of Yan Hui, Lv Zhonglian's Letter to the King of Yan, and Li Si's Letter of Persuasion were all well-known works.

However, in the pre-Qin period, the two * * * wrote letters in a more casual way. As late as the Wei and Jin Dynasties, some people began to write "Shuyi", which is the format of various letters for others to apply when writing letters.

This writing method was very popular from Wei, Jin to Sui and Tang Dynasties. According to Sui Shu Jing Ji, Xie Yuan wrote four volumes of Inside and Outside Yi Shu, and Cai Chao wrote two volumes of Yi Shu. Chongwen said that Wang Hong, Wang Jian, Tang Peiyou, Zheng Yuqing, Song and Liu have been handed down from generation to generation.

In addition, there are "female calligraphers" and "monk calligraphers" for ladies and monks to use. Some scholars have found hundreds of "implements" in Dunhuang documents, among which Zheng Yuqing and Du Fu are the most famous.

Up to now, the earliest known epistolary style is Le Yi by Suo Jing, a calligrapher in Jin Dynasty. Our country's letter culture has been inherited and developed through the ages, and has generally formed a letter format widely recognized by the society. Generally speaking, a letter should at least include the following parts: address, address, yearning, text, desire and signature.

Due to the age and identity of the recipient, the address, address, desire and wish used in writing letters are also different. If you make a mistake, it will make you laugh and rude. This language is quite complicated and will be briefly described later.

Second, the honorific words must first talk about the honorific words and modest words that must be used in letters. This is the most basic common sense of China's belief culture, which should embody the gentleman's concept of "humility and respect for others". Address is a way to show respect for others.

There are many ways of honorifics, and one of the common ways is to convert ancient appellations into honorifics. For example, "Jun" originally refers to the son of heaven or the king, while "Yi Wang Junyi" in "Poetry-Elegance-Pseudo Music" here refers to the vassal.

Later, "Jun" was transformed into a relatively broad honorific title: the father was called the gentleman of the family, the deceased ancestor was called the first gentleman, and the wife called her husband. It can also be used as a polite address to others. Historical Records-Biography of Shentu Jia: "Shang Yue: Don't say anything, I will keep it a secret.

"Today," Jun "is still used as a respectful title in Japanese. In ancient times, there were nine emperors of san huang, which were also used as honorifics.

If the other person is highly respected, you can add the word "Gong" to the last name, which is called "Gong", and it is still used by China intellectuals today. As an honorific title, "Qing" appeared in the pre-Qin period. For example, Xun Kuang (Xunzi) was honored as "Xun Qing", which is the most famous example.

In addition, the word "Hou" originally refers to a vassal. In Liang Shu-Biography of Ji Yi, "Lord knows that respecting Hou is innocent", and the word "respecting Hou" here refers to the father of the other party. This usage can still be seen from time to time in the letter language. There is a similar practice in addressing the other spouse.

In ancient times, the concubines of emperors were called "Empresses", the spouses of governors were called "Madame", the spouses of doctors were called "Women", and the spouses of scholars were called "Wives". Nowadays, people often address each other's spouses as "Mrs", which is also an honorific title passed down from ancient times.

In addition, "childe" originally refers to the illegitimate child of a vassal, and later it is also used to address the other party's son, while calling the other party's daughter "microscope". When addressing other people's relatives, the word "Ling" is usually added before addressing them, such as your father's adult, your mother's adult, your uncle, your brother, your brother, your sister and so on.

The same is true of other people's children. Call each other's son your son or your daughter your lover or your daughter. You can also add the word "xian" before the title, such as xian couple (couple), xian (father and son), xian brother, etc.

Old-style letters often use the word "Taiwan" to show respect, such as Taiwan kai, Taiwan Duan, Taiwan Fu, Taiwan An and so on. The platform in the letter is the abbreviation of three platforms, which are three stars in the sky. The ancients used it to refer to the three fairs, so it was also used as a courtesy title.

In ancient times, Taiwan Province and Taiwan Province were two words. Later, Taiwan Province was simplified to Taiwan Province, which led many people to mistake it for a word, but it was not. Therefore, when writing to friends in Hongkong, Taiwan Province and other places where traditional Chinese characters are popular, don't write Taifu as Taifu, which will make people laugh and appear generous.

The ancients used to take an ideogram or an elegant name after the coronation ceremony. Only the father and the monarch can be called names, so "Yili-Shi Guanli" says: "If you crown it, you should respect its name.

"It is considered impolite to call others by their first names. At present, since modern times, ordinary people have rarely taken ideograms or elegant names, but they still exist in the circle of literati. So it's best to get to know them first, and then communicate with them, so as not to be abrupt.

In addition, with regard to honorific words, everything involving the other party in letters should use honorific words, such as the other party's residence, which should be called mansion or mansion, or detective, which means deep. Tan Fu, which means deep house and mansion, is a good name for the other party's residence, so "Tanan" is often used at the end of the letter to express the wishes of all houses for safety. If the other party sends something, you can say "generous", "generous" and "generous" when thanking them to show that you attach importance to this friendship.

Different things use different names. If it is a letter from the other party, it can be called big letter, big letter, big show, big show, hand show and big education. If it is a poem, it can be called Hua Zhang and Zhang Yao; If it is a banquet, it should be called a banquet, a banquet, etc. Pronouns such as you, me and him should not appear in general letters, which is also a manifestation of dullness or lack of literary talent. Whenever you encounter a similar place, you should handle it as appropriate.

When addressing each other, you can use your Excellency, my dear friend, Mr., etc. On the contrary; When you mention yourself, you can use next, brother, evening, etc. instead; When referring to a third party, you can generally use "compare" or "go". Qu used the third person, which was first seen in the biography of the Three Kingdoms, Wu Zhi and Zhao Da: "The son-in-law came yesterday, and it must have been stolen by Qu." 3. Modesty is the opposite of honorific title, which is generally used for oneself or one's own side.

It is the tradition of China people to use honorific words to others and modest names to themselves. We can know from the pre-Qin literature.

5. What are the rules for the format of ancient letters?

Now when it comes to "letter", everyone knows that it is a letter.

Ancient "letters" are two different things. Books are letters, and letters are messengers, that is, messengers.

For example, "Ancient Poetry is Jiao Zhongqing's Wife" written by Han Yuefu: "You can open the letter yourself, but it is more important." The "letter" here is the matchmaker who came to propose marriage.

The Book of Jin is a combination of "book" and "letter". Lu Ji chuan

Tang people called "letter" letter only when they wrote poems. For example, the great poet Yuan Zhen wrote "Book Letian Paper": "I can't bear to use it casually, half a letter from Beijing and half a poem."

Examples of this kind are too numerous to mention. Letters are practical and independent styles, which are relatively free to write, but we should also pay attention to the format.

Ancient letters can be roughly divided into three types: for elders, for peers and for younger generations. No matter who you write to, there must be at least three parts: the previous paragraph (the trustee), the text and the next paragraph (the writer).

However, the order of these three parts is not the same in history. During the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties, it was often necessary to write your own name first, and then list the name of the trustee. For example, the letter was written by Sima Qian. As soon as it came up, it was "Taishi Gongniu left Sima Qian and then left Shao Qingzu."

After writing the text, I won't write my signature with a little humility. However, after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, it was generally written in the order of the preceding paragraph (trustee), the text, the signature (writer) and the date, which has continued to this day.

After the use, inheritance and development of the alphabet culture in China, it has formed a format widely recognized by the society. A complete letter should include at least six parts: address, address, yearning, body, wish and signature.

Due to the age, identity, status and occupation of the recipient, there must be corresponding differences in address, address, desire and desire when writing a letter. For example, address forms, when you write to your elders, are respectful but anonymous. For example, when writing to your father, add the word "adult" to the address forms, which are "below the knee", "before the knee" and "before the respectful address". Then, the text is quoted with "honorific words", and the greetings such as "Please pay attention to safety" at the end are signed "male (or female)".

Pay more attention to honorifics when writing to colleagues, such as calling friends my dear friends and gentlemen, and using "the first step" more for close or young friends. The last eulogy is "An", "Qi" and "Zhi".

If the other party is a public official, it should be "respecting public chess" and "respecting public loyalty". The signature of the next paragraph often uses such words as Archie, Chengqi, Juqi, Luck, Calligraphy and Bai Shu.

You can write to your son and nephew at will, just look up and call them by their first names. It doesn't matter whether you say hello at the end. The letter should be signed with words such as "Yu", "Yes" and "White". When a teacher writes a letter to a student, he can only write his name.

Pronouns such as you, me and him generally do not appear in archaic letters. First, it makes people feel simple and slow, and second, it seems to have no literary talent. Anyone who meets such a place should be treated gently. If you write to a friend, you can mention Mr. Wang, my dear friend, Brother Yan, etc.

Write that you can use it on your younger brother. When talking about third parties, use "there" and "channel".

Also, China people have the habit of "being polite to many people and not blaming them", which also applies to writing letters. When using honorifics to others, you should use a more modest title. If you call your wife a wife, a wife and a fool, you can't call it "how is my wife?"

Use "Fei", "Qin", "inch" and "thin" in what you give to others. Such as "a glass of thin wine, a chat, a gift."

Inviting people to dinner is called "Phillips". We should pay attention to this pressure.

In addition, the writing of envelopes should also be exquisite, and the principles of self-modesty and respect for others should also be reflected. For the address of the recipient, you must use honorifics (except for the younger generation), and generally add "condescending" and "giving inspiration" after the name and address of the recipient.

Show that the other party is noble. Postcards don't need to be opened, so don't write words like "open" and "silent".

6. The letter format of ancient people

Ancient letters include the following aspects: (1) Addressing letters must use appellation. First, we should distinguish between parents, elders, teachers and friends.

Generally, after addressing, corresponding words should be added to show respect, such as madam and teacher. , call it a form of address. Appellation and appellation have a corresponding relationship. Some of them can be used universally, but most of them have specific users.

When writing letters to parents, the word "below the knee" is used most often, which comes from the Book of Filial Piety: "Therefore, under your own knee, adoptive parents are stricter." It means that people always lean on their parents' knees when they are young, and later they become respectful names for their parents.

The Letter Chapter is from the Book of Rites Quli. Ask the elders to "write a letter during the dinner", which means there should be a gap of about ten feet between each other's seats, so that the elders can draw some pictures; So as a title of respecting teachers. Appellations can be used in overlapping words, such as * * * saying to his master (the word Chengyu) that "Mr Chengyu is the teacher's seat" to show respect.

(2) Farewell or miss speech is the opening remarks of the letter, or greeting, or prompting to write a letter. The opening remarks should be part of the letter. Because of the obsolescence of letters, this fractal has become a series of idioms. Here are two kinds of examples for reference: (1) means that the writer is sincere and invites the receiver to read the letter.

For example, the writer claims to be a respectful person, indicating the following words, such as "Dear Mother, kneel down". (2) according to the specific situation, or make a polite greeting, or prompt to write a letter, etc.

Such as memorizing Chinese notes and knowing everything. Suddenly, I was taught by hand and learned that one was.

I long for the imperial edict. You got a grand performance and Jing gave you something.

Thank you for your letter, if you meet your old friends. One of the functions of homesickness letters is to communicate each other's feelings.

Therefore, after addressing, don't go directly into the text, but use concise sentences to express your thoughts or admiration for each other. This kind of sentence is called longing language. (3) The text of the letter, that is, what the writer said to the recipient, is the main body of the letter.

The text starts from the second line of the letterhead, preceded by the word blank. If the prologue is on a separate line, the text can be written on the next line of the prologue.

The contents of the letter are different, so there is no need to be unified when writing. Based on the principle of accurate expression.

Generally speaking, talk about each other's affairs first, show concern, attention or gratitude and respect, and then talk about your own affairs. After the text is written, if any omission is found, it can be added at the end, or written in the lower right corner of the letter, and the words "other" and "you" are added before the postscript, or the words "you and" or "reopen" are written after the postscript.

(4) conclusion, that is, the conclusion of the letter. It should be part of the text.

However, similar to the "opening remarks", a series of commonly used concluding remarks have also been formed in old-style letters, which are still frequently used in books and slips of people from all walks of life. Specific examples such as "books are short and long, so I won't elaborate on them one by one.

Forgive me for not telling you everything. I don't know

No. Not ready.

Not redundant. This book is not satisfactory.

I can't stop talking. My mind is full of clever ideas. "

Wait a minute. (5) A congratulatory letter is a phrase that expresses wishes, respect or encouragement to the recipient at the end of the letter.

Such as Ode to Peace, Tribute and I wish you progress. Among them, the words "ode", "from here" and "wish you" are written at the end of the article.

The words "near safety", "salute" and "progress" should be written on a new line. If there are many words in the greeting, you can write it independently, and you don't need to split it in two.

If there is enough space under the stationery, or in order to highlight the congratulatory message, you can also write the words "Zhu", "Award" and "From here" in a single line, leaving four spaces empty, and write "An", "Good" and "Salute" in the other top box. Generally, there is no punctuation mark after the congratulatory message written in the top case.

Congratulatory messages should be appropriately selected according to specific circumstances. (6) Signature means signing the author's name at the bottom right of the text.

If you are writing to familiar relatives and friends, you can only write your first name, not your last name; Or add your own address before your name, such as brother, nephew, night, etc. Between the title and the name, the position of the word can be slightly empty; Or write the title in small print at the top left of the name.

After the signature, you can add or not add a statement. Write the year, month and day of the letter after the signature or opening remarks, or write the date at the lower right of the next line of signature.

In addition, you can also write down the place, atmosphere and mood of the letter after the date, such as "on the boat", "under the light" and "all is silent" (7) Appendix or greeting. If the family members and close friends of the writer are also familiar with the recipient, just sign the following line or add their appendices.

For example, "someone sends greetings." If you should greet the recipient's family, neighbors and relatives, you can add "Please pay tribute to XXX". If you are an elder, you can say "Please say hello to XXX in the top four" and so on.

Extended data:

Example of letters: 1. Lu Xun's letter to his mother, "Dear mother, kneel down. I received last year's letter1February 20th.

Now it's finally three days since the Spring Festival. In Shanghai, business as usual, only a few old shops closed down. I'm afraid the lunar new year is more difficult. The man has recovered, but please don't look.

I haven't taken sannaturagin, so this medicine is not very popular now. What I am eating now is the malt extract cod liver oil, which is still effective. As for Yinghai, he ate pure cod liver oil, which was fishy, but it didn't matter to him.

"At the end of last year, I took a photo of him and I will get it soon. If it's good, I don't need to shoot it again. I should send it to you. New Year's Day is also called scale. Even clothes weigh 4 1 kg, which is not light, even if China weighs 30 kg 12 oz.

He is very obedient now, and sometimes he is taught to read a few words every day, but he has a big temper, applies both hard and soft, and scolds are not very effective. We don't scold him much, but it's really annoying to get entangled.

"The weather in Shanghai is still not too cold. Today is the first day of the twelfth lunar month. It doesn't rain or snow. In January this year, the third child only had two days off, and he had to go to work again yesterday.

It's good to hurt the horse, and please rest assured. "Designed this buda, give Jin An.

"The male tree knocks Guangping to meet the sea. 1 4th of the month "2. * * * To the teacher, Mr. Fu (Chengyu): Mr. Chengyu, the teacher's chair: I received the optical instrument, and I personally instructed you to study hard.