Yunnan Yao folk custom

With a long history and splendid national culture, there are more than 265,438+034,000 Yao people who are good at singing and dancing, hardworking and brave. Yao nationali

With a long history and splendid national culture, there are more than 265,438+034,000 Yao people who are good at singing and dancing, hardworking and brave. Yao nationality has lived in the mountainous areas of Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Hainan and other provinces in southern China for generations, and is a typical southern mountainous nationality. There is abundant rainfall, dense forests, rich natural resources, and unique plants, animals, minerals and other resources. For example, Jianghua Yaoshan, known as the "green treasure house", is known as the largest natural plant kingdom in Guangxi and the splendid Dayaoshan, the "hometown of Chinese fir" ...

Yao has its own language, which belongs to the Yao branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, but the situation is more complicated. More than half of the people speak Burmese, which belongs to the Yao branch of Miao language family. Two fifths of the people speak Bunu, which belongs to the branch of Miao language; Some people in Guangxi speak "Lajia" language, which belongs to Zhuang and Dong language family. He is proficient in Chinese and Zhuang language and has no mother tongue. Generally speaking, Chinese is widely used. Oral literature is extremely rich.

Yao people call themselves Mian, Men and People. 63 species, he said there are 390 species, such as Pan Yao, Indigo Yao and Hongtouyao. After People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, it was collectively called Yao.

Limited by the living area, most Yao people still retain the primitive hunting, fishing and farming culture, as well as exquisite Yao brocade and costumes, ancient legends, beautiful Yao songs, beautiful dances, unique marriage customs and religious beliefs. Yao women are good at weaving, dyeing and embroidering, and their clothing patterns are exquisite and diverse. Clan appellation is mostly determined by clothing, such as the headdress supported by wooden boards, which is called Dingpan Yao; Those who wear indigo clothes are called indigo Yao. Yao dialect has complex branches, many dialects, no characters and common Chinese. To commemorate their ancestors, the Yao people designated 10 of the lunar calendar as "Wang Pan Festival". Yao people mainly believe in primitive religions, offering sacrifices to village gods, family gods, mountain gods and wind gods. , but also in life and production activities, divination auspicious day, sacrifice to the gods. Yao's religious beliefs are complex, and witchcraft, Taoism and primitive religion vary from place to place.

well-behaved

Compared with the Han area, the enthusiasm of Yao people is even worse. Anyone who enters the Yao family will be treated with respect and enthusiasm. Funny "hanging bags" and "melon wine" are typical etiquette for Yao family to entertain guests. When a guest arrives at Yao's house, as long as he hangs his carry-on bag on the hook on the main pillar of the main hall, he means to have dinner at this house. Without prior explanation, the host will naturally leave the guests at home for dinner. If you don't understand this rule, always keep your bag and other things around you, and the host will think that you are going to other places, and eating will often fail.

Yao people have great respect for their ancestors. Before eating, they are used to saying their ancestors' names, which means that ancestors should taste them first before future generations can enjoy them. This is especially true for rich meals. On holidays, there must be pork, chickens, ducks and wine for ancestor worship, and the number of seats for eating is also particular: the elderly and distinguished guests must sit in their seats. In case of guests, guests should be warmly treated with wine and meat, and in some places, cockscomb flowers should be dedicated to guests. When Yao people propose a toast to their guests, the girls usually raise their glasses to Mei Qi to show their respect for the guests. Some people and venerable old people propose a toast to their guests, which is regarded as a big gift.

The Yao family is generous and polite. Bacon, delicacies and local products are the most common dishes for Yao family to entertain guests. At the guest table, golden and thick bacon is regarded as the top grade, and the host will enthusiastically distribute large pieces of bacon to the guests. Guests should accept it whether they like it or not, so that the host will be happy.

Winter melon wine is a special wine for Yao family to entertain guests. This wine is made of glutinous rice. After being made into paste wine, it is blended with clear water or cold boiled water. When drinking, scoop it out with a ladle and pour it into a bowl. Drink the liquid and slag together. Alcohol content is not high, sweet and delicious. When having a meal, the youngest girl in the family pours wine and serves rice, while the host frequently toasts the guests with food. At this time, guests need not be too modest and should drink freely. In this way, the host thinks that the guests have high respect for the Yao family, and they will be happier and more affectionate. If you are a cautious stranger, you are not welcome.

In Dashanyao, we also like to entertain guests with camellia oleifera. When we have guests, we are used to toasting three bowls. It is called "one bowl is sparse, two bowls are close, and three bowls are sincere". Old Yao people also like to drink tea, so tea is also a hospitality drink. When entertaining guests, chicken, meat and salt should be placed in a bowl. Regardless of the host and guest, they should be eaten in turn and must not be confused. Every time a guest and an old man finish a bowl of rice, it is a woman who loads the rice. Salt plays a special role in Yao people's dietary customs. Yao area does not produce salt, but it cannot be short of salt. Salt is a great gift for Yao people to ask Taoist priests and their closest relatives, commonly known as "salt letter". Whoever receives the "salt letter" has to stay and keep the appointment on time, no matter how important it is.

Dress

In the past, Yao people used to call themselves Guo Shanyao, Hongtou Yao, Daban Yao, Pingtou Yao, Indigo Yao, Shayao and Baitou Yao because of their different characteristics in residence and dress. In terms of customs and habits, we have always maintained the traditional characteristics of our nation, especially in men's and women's clothing. Yao women are good at embroidery, embroidering exquisite patterns on skirts, cuffs and trouser legs. Hair is braided around the top of the head, surrounded by colorful beads, and the neck of the skirt is embroidered with colorful patterns all the way to the chest. Men, on the other hand, like to tie their hair in a bun, wrap it in red cloth or green cloth, and wear a long-sleeved dress with no collar and double-breasted buttons, with a white cloth "vest" slung diagonally over it, and trousers with large underpants. When Yao men and women reach the age of 15 or 16, they have to change their flower caps into baotoupa, which shows that their bodies are mature.

custom

When you visit Yao's home, you should also understand the local taboos, otherwise it will cause the host's disgust. These taboos are mainly: avoid using the pedal furnace bracket; Avoid burning paper with words in the stove; Don't wear white shoes and white hat when entering Yao's house, because it symbolizes funeral; Avoid sitting on the threshold; You can't wear sandals upstairs; Can't sit on a housewife's stool; On the raft, avoid "umbrella". When talking about "umbrella", say "rain cover" because "umbrella" is homophonic with "scattering"; When logging, avoid saying ominous words such as "eat meat" and "die".

In the past, the Yao people who worshipped Wang Pan were generally forbidden to eat dog meat. Yao people who worship "Miruotuo" did not eat mother pork and eagle meat in the past. In Chenxi County, southwest Hunan Province, cucumbers are fasted before the fifth day of the seventh lunar month. Most Yao people don't eat cat meat and snake meat. In some places, women do not eat lard in the first few days after delivery. Yao people generally sacrifice pigs, chickens, ducks, eggs, fish and other foods to the gods, and avoid dogs, snakes, cats and frogs.

build

Yao folk houses are good at adapting to local conditions and can be divided into "half-building style", "whole-building style" and "quadrangle style".

A "half-story building" is generally five columns and three rooms, with a mansion at both ends, or a mansion at one end or a wing extending forward at the other end. Most of the gates are on the upper floor of the house. Most of these buildings were built by Yao Hong.

"The whole building" is called "half building"; Generally built on a flat foundation along the river or halfway up the mountain. The scale and ancillary buildings are the same as the "half building". Huayao and Pan Yao live in the whole building.

"Siheyuan" is called "Siheyuan" because it connects four "whole building" houses with a small square yard in the middle. This kind of building is only inhabited by wealthy families along the river in Yao Hong.