Basic types of modern national defense

The basic types of modern national defense: expansion, self-defense, alliance and neutrality.

The social system and policies of the country determine the nature of national defense. According to different national defense concepts and standards and their own interests and needs, countries in the world today divide national defense into the following four types.

(1) extension type. Expansionism means that some countries pursue hegemonic aggressive and expansionist policies in order to safeguard their own interests, and invade, subvert and infiltrate other countries under the guise of defense. Its characteristic is that it bases its own "security" on the surrender of other countries, and uses "national defense" as an excuse to infringe on the sovereignty and territory of other countries and interfere in their internal affairs.

(2) self-defense type. Self-defense means to win international sympathy and support mainly by relying on domestic forces for the purpose of preventing foreign invasion in national defense construction, so as to safeguard national security, peace and stability in surrounding areas and the world.

(3) alliance type. Alliance refers to uniting some countries to make up for their own strength in the form of alliance. There are two kinds of alliance defense: self-defense and expansion. From the perspective of the relationship between alliance countries, it can also be divided into monism and multi-system alliance. In the former, a big country is in a leading position and other countries are in a subordinate position. The latter is basically a partnership, negotiating a defense plan.

(4) Neutral type. Neutrality mainly refers to small and medium-sized developed countries that pursue the policy of peaceful neutrality. In order to ensure their own prosperity and security, they strictly abide by the peaceful and neutral national defense policy, and implement the overall national defense strategy and the national defense system that integrates the army with the people.

In its foreign relations, China has always adhered to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence and publicly promised the world that it will never seek hegemony, never be a superpower, never be the first to use or threaten to use nuclear weapons, never use nuclear weapons against non-nuclear countries and regions, and never invade other countries. Strategically, China takes a defensive posture.

The purpose of China's national defense construction is to oppose the war of aggression, safeguard world peace, and safeguard national security and development. In the use of national defense forces, China adheres to the position of self-defense and implements the strategic policy of active defense. So our country belongs to self-defense and national defense.

(B) the basic characteristics of modern national defense

Modern national defense is also called social national defense, great national defense and national defense. It is the inheritance and development of traditional national defense, a brand-new national defense concept and practice, and a huge systematic project. Its extension and connotation have been greatly expanded compared with traditional national defense.

It involves not only the military field, but also the political, economic, scientific and technological, cultural, educational and other social fields related to national security interests with the expansion of national interest space. To sum up, modern national defense has the following basic characteristics.

1, integrity confrontation

With the development of the concept of war and the generalization of national security interests, the idea of winning the war and seeking national security solely by military force in the past can no longer meet the needs of modern national defense construction. The rise of the new military revolution has broadened people's horizons and changed people's understanding.

Relying on comprehensive national strength to seek national security and defend national interests has been valued by all countries in the world, and the overall characteristics of modern national defense confrontation are very prominent. This shows that the acquisition of strategic initiative does not depend entirely on military strength, but will ultimately depend on the overall war capability of the country composed of various winning factors.

The gap between countries' overall war capabilities is the fundamental factor for winning or losing a war. The practice of local wars shows that some countries are defeated by their opponents, some countries are dragged down by their opponents, and some countries are intimidated by their opponents. No matter what kind of collapse, there is no doubt that the overall competitiveness of this country is not as good as that of its rivals, and there is a clear gap in comprehensive national strength.

Therefore, whether it is natural forces or social forces, material forces or spiritual forces, military forces or non-military forces related to the country, they must play their respective roles on the premise of pursuing the overall function optimization of the national defense system.

In today's world, it is the basic goal of contemporary national defense construction to focus on how to use all the power of the country to seek national security and development and improve the efficiency of confrontation with integrity.

2. Target level

National security goal is the signpost of national defense construction and one of the three pillars of modern national defense strategy. The establishment of national security goals must be based on two basic conditions, one is the threat to national security, and the other is the strength guarantee commensurate with the goals. Due to the hierarchical nature of threats faced by the country and the constraints of national defense strength, national security objectives will inevitably show hierarchical characteristics.

Because countries have different starting points to consider national security interests, different standards to distinguish the threats they face, and different understandings of the level of national security objectives. Generally speaking, the basic level of national security goals can be divided into self-defense goals, regional goals and global goals.

The goal of self-defense mainly focuses on safeguarding national sovereignty, territorial integrity, maritime rights and interests, political system, economic system, ideology and traditional culture from infringement; The regional goal is not only self-defense, but also to strive for and maintain peace and stability in the surrounding areas, expand the depth and flexibility of defense, make use of more favorable factors, and seek greater room for manoeuvre.

Global goals focus on global strategic interests. Not only is the security and stability of each region closely related to its national interests, but also safeguarding the country's position and influence in world politics, economy, military affairs and culture is regarded as part of the country's most fundamental interests.

If the country's position and influence in these fields are "challenged", it will not hesitate to use force to safeguard it and impose its will on other countries. Therefore, countries that aim at global security are often hegemonic countries.

However, at a large level, the goal can be divided into smaller levels to increase the flexibility of the country in dealing with security issues. It can be seen that a clear-cut security target system not only defines the key points for national defense construction, but also provides the basic basis and principles for using national defense forces to deal with threats of different types, degrees, regions and directions.

3. Flexibility of means

The consistency of goals and means is the basic principle of modern national defense construction. The hierarchical characteristics of modern national defense goal system and the principles of effectiveness and economy of national defense construction objectively require that the means to achieve the goal must be diversified and flexible for a long time.

The diversification of modern national defense elements provides a variety of means to achieve national security goals, such as politics, economy, finance, diplomacy, science and technology, culture and public opinion. Its choice is unprecedented. Relying on comprehensive national strength, we use a series of ways to defend national security interests, such as armed war, political war, economic war, financial war, diplomatic war, scientific and technological war, information war, network war and psychological war.

Not only feasible, but also extremely rational and brilliant. Especially in peacetime, the confrontation form of modern national defense is not limited to the military contest between the two sides on the battlefield, but also includes other fields. Backed by force, we should control the scope, intensity and rhythm of the use of force, and give full play to the role of various non-force means.

Strive to "defeat the enemy without fighting" or "defeat the enemy with less fighting" in exchange for the maximum security effect at the least cost, which has become an inevitable choice for all countries to cope with the crisis and is also the basic implementation principle for all countries to strive to maintain the strategic initiative and freedom of action. Because of this, it is a reliable guarantee for the flexibility of means to increase the construction in different fields and let various means play their due roles.

4. Duality of function

The survival and development of any country need national defense security, and defending national security interests is the basic function of national defense. For a country, the most basic interest is security interest. The most important national security interest is survival, that is, the survival of the country. We must ensure that the independence, territorial integrity, traditional way of life, basic system, social norms and honor of the country are not harmed.

If a country is destroyed as a sovereign entity, everything else will be meaningless. Therefore, sovereignty is a symbol of a country's security and survival. All kinds of subordinate interests, whether positive or negative, regional or global, must be subordinate to the most fundamental interests of national survival.

It is precisely because the survival of a country is the most basic need that all countries in the world have to spend a considerable amount of military expenditure in short-term finance for their own interests and security. On the one hand, we have to spend it, on the other hand, we can't afford it. The huge defense expenditure has become a heavy burden on the national economy.

Therefore, from the fundamental function of national defense, this part of manpower, material resources and financial resources invested in the security field can neither be used as means of production to join the process of expanding reproduction, nor can they be used as means of livelihood to enter people's consumption field.

This has caused a contradiction between "cannon" and "butter". Once there is deviation, national security will be challenged, or the normal development of national economy will be delayed.

Therefore, in peacetime, under the premise of ensuring the normal operation of national defense, national defense makes full use of the inherent social and economic functions of the national defense system and gives full play to the dual-purpose attributes of material elements, scientific and technological elements and human resources.

In national defense construction, it has become the goal pursued by contemporary countries to actively seek the combination of military and civilian, strive to achieve compatible and coordinated development of military and civilian, and change consumer defense into value-added defense.

Practice has proved that the development model of national defense construction of integration of defense and civilian technologies, promoting the people with the army, and combining the army and the people has made modern national defense have the dual attributes of its functions, which not only provides security for the country, but also releases more economic energy for the society, fundamentally changing the traditional national defense consumption image. Military investment, "is no longer throwing money into the water", but will become a "cornucopia" that produces secondary benefits.