Huizhou culture

The academic significance of Huizhou culture Huizhou culture is a regional culture with local characteristics. Its content is extensive and profound, and it has the characteristics of a whole series. It profoundly reveals the mystery of oriental social culture, and the hologram contains the basic contents of folk economy, society, life and culture in the late feudal society of China. Known as a typical specimen of the late feudal society in China. The academic research on it has gone through at least half a century, and it has become more and more popular since 1980s, and gradually formed a relatively independent local study —— Huizhou Studies, which is regarded as one of the three major local schools in China, which go to the world side by side with Dunhuang Studies and Tibetan Studies. Huizhou, located at the foot of Huangshan Mountain, was called Xin 'an in ancient times. Huizhou House was built in the third year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 12 1), hence the name. The scope includes Shexian County, yi county County, Xiuning County, Qimen County, Tunxi District, Huizhou District and a part of huangshan district, as well as Jixi County, which belongs to Xuanzhou District of Anhui Province, and Wuyuan County, which belongs to Jiangxi Province. Huizhou social culture rose after the Southern Song Dynasty, reached its peak and prosperity in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and declined after the late Qing Dynasty. There are various schools and schools in history, covering almost every field of culture. Its style of writing is prosperous, education is developed, and talents come forth in large numbers. From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, there were more than 260 academies and houses in Huizhou. There were 462 social studies in the early Ming Dynasty and 562 in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty. There are many private schools, including remote mountains and deep valleys. Where people live, there are teachers, books and history. In the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were only 996 people in Huizhou Imperial Examination, and 6 18 were Jinshi. The number of top scholars in Qing Dynasty was only 18, along with Zhu, Cheng Dawei, Wang Daokun, Jiang Yong, Dai Zhen, Yu, Wang Maoyin, Hu Shi and Tao Xingzhi. Appeared. More influential Huizhou merchants have become an enduring research topic. Huizhou culture has far-reaching influence, and the author thinks it has four academic meanings. 1. Textual research on the real feelings of rural feudal society in China can be used by local historians to record history. Although most of them are fair or honest, they are somewhat embellished or branded with personal subjective opinions, and are mostly described as upper-class social events, national and ethnic events or local and regional events, and the affairs of the people and ordinary people are rarely asked. Even upright literati, learned scholars, and scholars who describe some events in the lower classes are inevitably biased or limited by the unconscious influence inherent in China's traditional culture and feudal social values. Therefore, in China, a big agricultural country in the world, there are few materials reflecting the social culture and reality of rural grassroots, and some of them have added choices and decorations, which is precisely the space for Huizhou society and culture to exist. Huizhou is located among thousands of mountains, just like a paradise. Except for the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, there are few wars and rich cultures in history, and it is known as Southeast Zou Lu, a country of etiquette and a sea of cultural relics. In addition, Huizhou people have high cultural quality and strong awareness of cultural relics protection. Even during the ten-year catastrophe of the Cultural Revolution, many historical relics were protected. There are nearly 5,000 ancient Huizhou ground cultural relics such as ancient archways, ancestral halls, ancient dwellings, ancient bridges and ancient pagodas in Huangshan City alone. In particular, the preservation and discovery of a large number of documents in ancient Huizhou is a miracle. Museums, libraries, universities and research institutes have collected more than 100,000 pieces. In 1950s, when these documents were discovered in large quantities, they were once regarded as one of the five major discoveries in China, which were as famous as Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Han bamboo slips, Dunhuang documents and archives of the Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties. It is estimated that at least 100000 undiscovered documents are scattered among the people, and there are more than1000 in the author's collection alone. These Huizhou documents, such as various contracts, genealogy, official books, family books, fish scale atlas, etc. , can be traced back to the Song Dynasty, down to the early liberation. They are extremely precious historical relics, mostly formed by Huizhou folk because of their own vital interests, with strong firsthand and true reliability, large quantity, wide coverage and rich content. Studying them can truly understand and reproduce the real situation of Huizhou rural society at that time, including the real life, labor, interpersonal communication and social structure, land relations, management and cultural development of ordinary people. In addition, there are not only historical documents and archives, but also villages, villages, ancestral temples, folk houses, original objects and descendants of the parties who have almost preserved their original appearance. The content is vivid and of high academic value, which effectively fills the gap in domestic history and sociology research. 2. The research value of typical specimens of social and cultural development in the late feudal society of China. The center of China's economic and cultural development moved to the south of the Yangtze River with the crossing of Jingkang in the Southern Song Dynasty. Since then, Jiangnan has become the most active and representative area in China's economic, cultural and social development. And Huizhou culture lies in ... >>

To talk about Huizhou culture, we need to know Huizhou first. Huizhou, as the name of a region, has a long history. Its predecessor has gone through a long process from the barbarian land of san huang to wuyue's Chuqin, Xindu County, Xin 'an County and Zhangzhou. In the third year of Xuanhe in Song Huizong (AD 1 12 1), the state was changed to Huizhou. In the following 866 years, the name of Huizhou was used until 1987, when the State Council approved the establishment of a prefecture-level Huangshan city. The Huizhou area we are talking about includes Shexian, yi county, Xiuning, Qimen, Tunxi, Huizhou and Huangshan Scenic Area. Jixi county in Xuancheng area and Wuyuan county in Jiangxi province. Although dynasties have changed for thousands of years, Huizhou is relatively stable, which has created good conditions for the formation and development of Huizhou cultural system. Huizhou culture is very rich in connotation. Huizhou people have made great achievements in the field of culture and founded many schools, which involved almost all fields of culture at that time and had great influence in the whole country with their own characteristics. The main contents are as follows: Xin 'an Painting School in Ming Dynasty was formed by Cheng Zheng, the pioneer of Yuan Dynasty. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, four schools of painting (Jianjiang), Cha Shibiao, Sun Yi, Wang and Haiyang) emerged, which strongly impacted the dominant position of Wang Shimin, Wang Jian, Wang and Wang in China painting circle. They advocated learning from nature, expressed their feelings with pen and ink, and made bold innovations, which brought new vitality to the painting world in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. In modern times, Huang advocated learning from the ancients and learning from nature, which enriched and developed the Xin 'an School of Painting. Huizhou mural, namely Huizhou architectural mural, is a kind of mural. The so-called mural is the painting on the wall, which is one of the earliest painting forms in human history. Murals include rock paintings, cave murals, palace murals, tomb murals, temple murals and residential murals. Rock paintings such as Yinshan Mountain in Inner Mongolia, cave paintings such as Mogao Grottoes in Dunhuang, palace murals such as Xianyang Palace ruins in Qin Dou, tomb murals such as Yingchengzi mural tomb in Jinxian County, Liaoning Province, temple murals such as Buddha Brahma in fahai temple Temple in the suburbs of Beijing, and residential murals such as Huizhou murals. Huizhou murals are commonly known as murals by local people. They are artistic, symmetrical and ideological. They are widely depicted under the eaves of Huizhou ancient houses, above and below the gatehouses and windows. Like stone carving, brick carving and wood carving, it is an important part of Huizhou architecture and serves Huizhou architecture. The difference between it and ordinary murals is that it is a mural with multiple murals on one wall as a whole, with Confucianism and festive blessings as the main content, with meticulous brushwork as the technique, and with the purpose of beautifying the external wall of Huizhou folk houses. It originated in Shexian County in the Southern Song Dynasty and is one of the eight major Chinese cuisines. Its formation is the result of economic and cultural development. Huizhou cuisine pays attention to oil, color and fire, and its materials are exquisite and well-made. It pays special attention to the origin, season, freshness, location and variety of raw materials, and is good at frying, frying, stewing, sliding, stewing, seasoning with ham, refreshing crystal sugar and attracting fragrance with cooking wine, which makes the flavor of Anhui cuisine more distinct. Famous dishes include: stewed turtle with ham, braised civet, steamed stone pot chicken, mandarin fish, tiger skin tofu, stewed peony with chicken, braised paddle, mushroom box and so on. /kloc-Before 0/949, Jixi County, the hometown of cooking, had 222 restaurants in other places, such as China, China, Fu Gui and Wuhan. In addition, there are Huizhou sculpture, Huizhou bonsai, Huizhou lacquerware, Huizhou bamboo weaving, Four Treasures of the Study (Huizhou ink, Sheyan, Tang paper, Wang Bo pen), Huizhou folk custom, Huizhou dialect, etc. These are all important contents of Huizhou culture. The connotation of these cultures not only embodies the most orthodox Confucianism in China, but also is deeply influenced by Buddhism and Taoism. Therefore, Huizhou culture is a typical reflection of China traditional culture, and Huizhou is a heavy precipitation area of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism.

Contents of Huizhou Culture The main contents of Huizhou culture are: Huizhou land system, Huizhou merchants, Huizhou clans, Huizhou celebrities, Huizhou education, Huizhou science and technology, Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism, Xin 'an medicine, Huizhou opera, Xin 'an painting school, Huizhou seal cutting, Huizhou prints, Huizhou crafts, Huizhou prints, Huizhou documents, Huizhou architecture, Huizhou villages, Huizhou folk customs and Huizhou dialects. It involves Huizhou's economy, society, education, academics, literature, art, technology, architecture, medicine and other disciplines. Everything related to the social and historical development of Huizhou belongs to Huizhou culture. Usually we use "the sum of material civilization and spiritual civilization" to summarize.

What is the most important part of Huizhou culture? The main contents are: Huizhou land system, Huizhou merchants, Huizhou clansmen, Huizhou historical celebrities, Huizhou education, Huizhou science and technology, Xin 'an Neo-Confucianism, Xin 'an medicine, Huizhou Confucian classics, Huizhou opera, Xin 'an painting school, Huizhou seal cutting, Huizhou prints, Huizhou crafts, Huizhou sculpture, Huizhou literature, Huizhou documents, Huizhou architecture, Huizhou villages, Huizhou folk customs and Huizhou dialects. It involves Huizhou's economy, society, education, academics, literature, art, technology, architecture, medicine and other disciplines, and everything related to Huizhou's social and historical development belongs to Huizhou culture.

What are the characteristics of emblem culture? As a characteristic of regional culture, it shows the spiritual characteristics of this regional culture in the era of its special spiritual needs, mental state and spiritual strength. Huizhou cultural spirit is not an abstract spiritual entity in history, but exists in Huizhou characteristics in various historical periods, and is constantly enriched and manifested through the accumulation and cohesion of universal and permanent factors in various historical periods. Then, what is the connotation of the cultural spirit of the emblem? How to summarize and express? What is its value? This is the central issue to explore the spirit of emblem culture. Over the years, domestic academic circles have different opinions and deepened their understanding. Some people think that "the concept or spirit it embodies includes: the concept of justice and benefit, the concept of public and private, the concept of home and country, the concept of keeping promises and honesty, the concept of talent in Jia Hao's Confucianism, and the concept of harmony in conflict and integration." This was the spiritual pillar of Huizhou's prosperity at that time. Some people think that the special geographical environment and specific times have created a generation of Confucian merchants-Huizhou merchants in Huizhou. Unwilling to be poor, they are pioneering and enterprising, and have lived in China for hundreds of years with their high cultural literacy and good at Confucianism. The so-called "no town and no emblem" has caused the historical glory of Huizhou's material culture. Huizhou merchants are important creators of Huizhou culture in its heyday. They not only have the traditional virtues and cultural characteristics of the Chinese nation, but also have the "Huizhou Camel Spirit" which is adventurous, enterprising and persevering. To study Huizhou's cultural spirit, we should talk about "Huizhou Camel Spirit": protecting the countryside from drought, worshipping ancestors and attaching importance to education, respecting spirit and righteousness, being diligent and thrifty, flourishing style of writing and worshipping etiquette ... Some people think that Huizhou's cultural spirit has the following characteristics: (1) Conservative rigidity and open innovation coexist (mountains are closed and water is open, neo-Confucianism is conservative, and Huizhou merchants are innovative). (2) The combination of art and environment (Huizhou printmaking, Xin 'an painting school, Huizhou bonsai, Huizhou dialect, Huizhou Four Treasures of the Study, Huizhou architecture and Huizhou cuisine are all closely related to Huizhou's special mountain and river environment); (3) Absorb foreign cultures and carry forward Huizhou culture (such as Xin 'an Medicine, pioneers of Hubei and Sichuan, and Huizhou Opera absorbs the essence of Yiyang and Western Qin; The development of Huizhou merchants spread Huizhou culture in all directions, and Huizhou opera entered Beijing, which gave birth to Beijing opera. Huizhou printmaking is unique in the forest of art. (4) Brave and strong, gentle and gentle (Huizhou culture is the fusion of Shanyue culture and Han culture in the Central Plains, with the characteristics of Shanyue being brave and strong and Tu people being polite) and so on. Other scholars expounded the cultural spirit of Hui nationality from different angles. I'm afraid there are dozens of theories in statistics. It really means that "the spirit of Danqing is difficult to write", and the connotation of the spirit of emblem culture is also amazing. In my opinion, to fully and accurately grasp the Huizhou cultural spirit, we must find something that runs through the essence of all Huizhou cultural spirits. The important feature of Huizhou culture is that it is the concentration and convergence of Chinese culture, which contains specimens and miniature of Chinese culture. It is precisely because it is an organic part of Chinese culture and has been restricted and dominated by this large-scale institutional culture that it has two distinct characteristics: on the one hand, it is the most representative Huizhou merchant in Huizhou culture, and their "camel spirit" is a vivid embodiment of the tenacious primitive vitality and pioneering and innovative spirit of the Chinese nation. The "Huizhou Camel Spirit" represented by Huizhou merchants shows the world that the Chinese nation does not lack the spirit of openness and enterprising and the ability to break through the "stagnant society". The Chinese nation has the ability to create history, move towards modernization, the world and the future. This spirit is embodied in the pioneering spirit of a large number of sages from Huizhou to the world. This is the core and motive force of Huizhou cultural spirit and the most valuable and essential part of Huizhou culture. On the other hand, Huizhou is regarded as the "Zhu Cheng Sangzi", and Zhu Cheng Neo-Confucianism has become the guiding ideology of Huizhou culture, deeply branding Huizhou culture with feudal culture. We believe that with the exploration and exploration of Huizhou spirit in many aspects, people will further deepen their understanding of Huizhou culture, understand its status and take its essence to serve the modernization cause.

This paper analyzes the characteristics of China culture embodied in Huizhou culture, one of the three major regional cultures in China, namely Huizhou culture. Refers to the sum of material civilization and spiritual civilization in ancient Huizhou, which is different from Anhui culture (Anhui culture consists of Huizhou culture, Huaihe culture and Wanjiang culture).

Huizhou is now Huangshan City, Jixi County (now Xuancheng City) and Wuyuan County (now Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province).

Huizhou culture is a regional culture with local characteristics. Its content is extensive and profound, and it has the characteristics of a whole series. It profoundly reveals the mystery of oriental social culture, and the hologram contains the basic contents of folk economy, society, life and culture in the late feudal society of China. Known as a typical specimen of the late feudal society in China. The academic research on it has gone through at least half a century, and it is also known as the three local schools of China going global with Dunhuang studies and Tibetan studies.

What does Huizhou culture specifically mean? Huizhou culture is the sum of material civilization and spiritual civilization in ancient Huizhou. Huizhou is a concept of time, from 1 12 1 year to191year. The name Huizhou began in the third year of Song Xuanhe (1 12 1), and the Fang La Uprising was suppressed and changed to Huizhou. From the third year of Song Jihe (1 12 1) to the third year of Qing Dynasty (19 1 1), the name Huizhou has not changed, and it is still called road or house. In the first year of the Republic of China (19 12), the name Huizhou no longer existed. The Huizhou agency or agency established after 1949 did not succumb to the concept of Huizhou government because of different jurisdictions. One government and six counties is a regional concept, that is, the original Huizhou government belongs to six counties of Yi, Yi, Wuyuan, Xiuning, Qimen and Jixi. For 890 years, these six counties have been firmly attached to Huizhou, which is extremely rare in the history of China.

Small Huizhou Culture "Small Huizhou" refers to the geographical scope of six counties in Huizhou, namely Yi, Xiuning, Wuyuan, Qimen and Jixi. Huizhou culture was formed in Huizhou, and the research scope is limited to this. We call Huizhou Studies "Little Huizhou". However, Huizhou is an immigrant society. The migration of Han nationality in the Central Plains and Huizhou people's overseas business, study tour and official career have brought Huizhou culture to all parts of the country. In particular, Jiangnan, where Huizhou merchants and Huizhou literati are concentrated, is deeply influenced by Huizhou culture, and there is even a saying that "Yangzhou is a colony of Huizhou merchants". The achievements of some Huizhou celebrities are also in other places. Therefore, the study of Huizhou culture will inevitably involve areas other than Huizhou culture, that is, the concept of "Greater Huizhou".

Huangshan Mountain in Huizhou culture is called Huangshan Mountain, and it was called Zhishan Mountain in ancient times. It is famous for its dark peaks and mountains and distant views. Clouds in the mountains, ancient trees and elixirs in the mountains, famous flowers and different fruits, waterfalls and waterfalls, and fragrant and moist soup springs are said to be the "land of truth" of Xuanyuan Huangdi. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty believed in Taoism and changed his name to Huangshan on June 17, 2006 (747). Many scenic spots on the mountain are related to the Yellow Emperor, such as Xuanyuan Peak, Huangdikeng, alchemy platform, Yao Xi, medicinal moxibustion and single crystal.

What Huizhou elements are there? Huizhou (Anhui refers to Anqing and Huizhou) was called Xin 'an in ancient times. It has a history of more than 2200 years since Qinjian County. Xindu County, Xin 'an County and Zhangzhou were established one after another. In the third year of Xuanhe in Song Huizong (A.D. 1 12 1), it was changed to Huizhou, with calendar year and next year. In June, 1987, 1 1, the State Council approved to change Huizhou into Huangshan City. Huizhou mentioned in this article is still within the scope of "one government and six counties".

1, the charm of Chinese painting-Huangshan Mountain, when I met the sea of clouds on the Lion Peak and the pine trees on the Qifeng Peak, I realized that the freehand brushwork of China landscape painting really came from nature! The traditional reputation of "returning from Mount Huangshan without looking at Yue" is worthy of the name (considering that scholars in past dynasties mainly lived in the Han culture area east of the east-west climate boundary in China, Mount Huangshan is one of the famous mountains, which is not very comparable to the famous iceberg snow mountain in recent years), it is no wonder that Zhang Daqian, a master of Chinese painting, went to Mount Huangshan to sketch again and again.

Xin 'an Painting School: Cheng Zheng, a pioneer in Yuan Dynasty, began to form the style of Xin 'an Painting School in Ming Dynasty. In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, there appeared four schools: Jianjiang, Chashibiao, Sun Yi and Wang Haiyang. They advocated learning from nature, expressed their feelings with pen and ink, and made bold innovations, which brought new vitality to the painting world in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.

2. Huizhou architecture

Folk houses in traditional culture (or China folk houses in foreigners' impression) look like Hongcun, so it's no wonder that the houses next to Moon Bay are all stamped with folk houses.

Huizhou architecture is characterized by tile, powder wall and horse head wall, with brick carving, wood carving and stone carving as decorative features, and high houses, deep wells and halls as home features. Residential buildings in Huizhou are surrounded by high walls, which are called "uphill walls" (white walls, Dahe Horsehead walls). Huizhou architecture fully embodies its distinctive features in urban planning, plane and space treatment, comprehensive application of architectural carving art, etc., especially in residential buildings, ancestral halls, memorial archways and other buildings known as the three wonders of Huizhou ancient architecture.

Now you can visit Huizhou Prefecture (almost all other places have been destroyed) and visit the houses in Xidi area of Hongcun, Yixian County. There are many ancestral temples scattered in Huizhou, as well as the ancient paifang group in Shexian County (it is said that it is the shooting place of the Seventh Gate of Qiong Yao TV), and all kinds of wonderful buildings are clustered in Huizhou.

3. Hui Opera and Peking Opera

If we want to talk about China elements, we should talk about Peking Opera.

Huizhou Opera evolved from the absorption of Yiyang Opera and Western Qin Opera by Huizhou artists in Ming and Qing Dynasties. By the middle of the Qing Dynasty, Huizhou Opera was popular all over the country, forming a perfect drama with equal emphasis on singing, reading, doing and acting. The four major Huizhou classes moved from Yangzhou to Beijing, which pushed the Huizhou Opera to its peak. During the Daoguang period, the combination of Hui opera and Han opera produced Peking Opera.

4. Four Treasures of the Study

This is also a typical China element, pen and ink.

Huizhou is a famous producing area of Huimo stone and Huimo, which can be seen everywhere in shopping streets. There are also Hui ink cakes made of black sesame seeds, which are very distinctive (edible Hui ink), Hui ink, inkstone, Tang paper and Wang Boli pen. The research on Huizhou Four Treasures of the Study is very complete, but the latter two are relatively less popular in China.

5. Neo-Confucianism

When I was studying history, I knew that Zhu's Neo-Confucianism in the Southern Song Dynasty was highly respected. Although I am disgusted with his abnormal thought of demanding chastity, I have to admit that Neo-Confucianism is also a school with great influence in the history of China's thought.

The spread and influence of Neo-Confucianism is particularly profound, and it is called Neo-Confucianism in the world. Cheng Hao and Cheng Yi, the founders of Neo-Confucianism, and Zhu, the master of Wuyuan, were all born in Ruodun, Shexian County, so they were called Queli. Zhu Jian established a strict system of Neo-Confucianism, integrated Taoism and Zen into Confucianism, and put forward a series of important ideological categories such as "Heaven", "Qi", "Knowing things to know" and "Knowing and waiting". He believes that reason is supreme and all-encompassing, so it is called Neo-Confucianism.

6. tea

Tea is also a typical element of China, which has always been a major branch of traditional trade.

Huizhou tea has a long history, which has been handed down from generation to generation in written records for more than 200 years. ......& gt& gt