General Knowledge of New Poetry

I. New Metrical Poetry. New Metrical Poetry Origin of New Metrical Poetry: In 1923, Hu Shi, Xu Zhimo, Wen Yiduo, Liang Shiqiu and Chen Yuan initiated the establishment of the Crescent Moon Society, which was a club at the beginning, and after ****, it became an influential society in the poetic world because of its advocacy of modern metrical treatments.

The New Metrical Poetry School (NMPPS) was thus gradually formed, and since it originated from the Crescent Society, it is also known as the Crescent School. In 1925, Wen Yiduo returned to China, Xu Zhimo took over the editorship of the Morning Post Supplement, and on April 1, 1926, he founded Poetry Magazine, which united a large number of new poets of the late New Metrical Poetry School.

In November 1931, Xu Zhimo was killed in a plane crash, and soon after that, Crescent magazine ceased publication, and the Crescent Society was disbanded. The New Metrical Poetry School is a school of poetry that has been active for a long time in the history of Chinese new poetry and has made high achievements in its creation.

The New Metrical Poetry School put forward the aesthetic principle of "rationality and moderation of emotion", advocated metrical poetry, advocated the beauty of color and mood in poetry, and paid attention to rhetorical modification and the pursuit of refinement of words and meanings, and its distinctive artistic program and systematic theory had a greater impact on the development of new Chinese poetry. Among the poets of the New School of Metrical Poetry, Xu Zhimo is the most representative and outstanding poet.

II. The "near style poetry" is also called "present style poetry". It is a common name for the poems and poems formed in the Tang Dynasty, as opposed to the ancient poems.

The number of lines, words, levels and rhymes are strictly regulated. The recent style of poetry includes three kinds of poems, namely, stanzas (quatrains and quatrains in five lines), metrical poems (eight lines in five lines and eight lines in seven lines), and rhymed poems (more than ten lines), which are based on the meter of the metrical poems.

(The meter of a stanza is half a stanza. (The metre of a stanza is half a stanza. The metre of a platitude is a prolongation of a stanza.)

The most basic meter includes: the number of words, the number of lines, the use of rhyme and the battle (stanzas do not require the battle) several aspects, there are three main points: 1, each line must be between the level and the level of the two lines of the same couplet must be the opposite of the level of the couplet, the couplet must stick with the level of the couplet; 2, in addition to the first and last couplet, it is necessary to be the couplet; 3, a rhyme rhyme in the end of the flat rhyme. III. Classification of Ancient Poetry Ancient poetry includes poems, words and songs.

1. from the form of poetry can be divided into (this is the genre): ① ancient poetry, including ancient poetry (poetry before the Tang Dynasty), Chu Rhetoric, Lefu poetry. The poetic forms of ancient poems can be categorized into lefu, miscellaneous, quatrains, pentameter, heptameter, etc.

Note that "song", "song line", "quote", "song", The ancient style of poetry does not talk about the battle, rhyming is more free.

The development trajectory of ancient poetry: "Classic of Poetry" → Chu rhetoric → Han Fu → Han Lefu → Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties folk songs → Jian'an Poetry → Tao Poetry and other literati quintuplets → Tang Dynasty, the ancient winds, the new music. ② Near-style poems, including metered poems and stanzas.

The poems are divided into five-character stanzas, seven-character stanzas, five-character metered poems, seven-character metered poems, and so on. ③ Lyrics, also known as poetic remainder, long and short sentences, quzi, quzi words, music and so on.

Its characteristics: the tone has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number, the word has a fixed sound. Different number of words can be divided into long tune (91 words or more), middle tune (59-90 words), and small order (58 words or less).

The words are divided into monotone and diatonic, diatonic is divided into two large sections, the two sections of the level and the number of words are equal or roughly equal, monotone only a paragraph. One section of the word is called a que or a piece, the first section is called the front que, the upper que, the upper piece, and the second section is called the back que, the lower que, the lower piece.

④ Qu, also known as the word Yu, Lefu. Yuanqu includes both loose compositions and miscellaneous dramas.

④qu, also known as words remaining, music and opera. Characteristics: can be in the number of words outside the fixed frame plus the liner notes, more use of colloquialisms.

Scattered songs include two kinds of small orders, sets (sets of songs). Sets are coherent sets of songs, at least two songs, more dozens of songs.

Each set of numbers to the first song of the song as a full set of song names, a full set must be the same Gong tone. There is no bingbai kojie, only for singing.

⑤ New Poetry (or vernacular poetry) 2. From the subject matter of poetry can be divided into: ① Lyrical poetry of landscape, lyric poetry of mountains and landscapes, and description of natural scenery. Some ancient poets were dissatisfied with the reality, often sent in the landscape, through the depiction of rivers and lakes, natural scenery flat send their thoughts and feelings.

These poems often want to express the emotions of the scene after the description of the allegory, which is often said to be in the scene. The style is fresh and natural.

② Aria poetry, the poet of the appearance of the aria, characteristics, charm, character description, in order to support the poet's own feelings, to express the poet's spirit, qualities or ideals. ③ ③ The poem is about a matter that triggers the poet's feelings, such as nostalgia for relatives, homesickness, and friendship, etc. The poem is about a matter that triggers the poet's feelings, such as nostalgia for parents and friends.

④ Wistful ancient and historical poems, with historical allusions as the subject matter, or to show their own views, or to use the past to satirize the present, or to express the feelings of vicissitudes of change. ⑤ Borderland campaign poems, describing the border scenery and the military life of the soldiers, or expressing their optimism and heroism or sadness, the style of sadness and grandeur, bold and unrestrained style.

Classification table of poems ┌ Ancient style poems ┌ Ancient poems ┌ Ancient poems ┤ (Ancient poems) ┌ Absolute poems (four stanzas) │ (Old poems) └ Nearby poems ┤ ┌ Rhythmic poems (eight stanzas) ┌ Rhythmic poems (eight stanzas) ┌ Rhythmic poems (Classical poems) └ Legal poems ┤ │ └ Rhythmic (more than ten stanzas) └ New poems (Modern poems) Comparison table of types of poetry Ancient style poems Nearby poems (Absolute poems) Nearby poems (Rhythmic poems) New poems Popularity Era Upper Antiquity to North and South Dynasty Tang to Qing Dynasty Modern era (1919- ) Rhyme No No requirement, but there is a tendency to rhyme the last word of even lines. The last word of an even line rhymes with the same rhyme scheme, and the rhyming characters cannot be repeated.

Odd lines cannot rhyme, except in the first line. No requirement Pairing No requirement No requirement Pairing is required except for the first and last lines.

No requirement for ping and oblique No requirement for ping and oblique. The first three and the fifth are not important, but the second four and the sixth are clear.

No requirement Adoption of languages Languages (Mandarin) Language style (vernacular) Grammatical unit Sentence-based, each sentence is word-based. The unit of grammar is the line, and each line is measured in words.

Paragraphs Usually not subdivided Subsections may or may not be subdivided. Number of sentences per line Unrequired See "Classification table" above Unrequired Number of words per line Miscellaneous, but increasingly tending to be pentameter.

Five and seven lines No requirement Punctuation Before the end of the Qing Dynasty, there was no complete system of punctuation. No requirements (but emphasize the correct use of punctuation) Examples Swallow Poem, Magnolia Diction, Silent Night Thoughts, Autumn Night in a Mountain Dwelling, Song of Eternal Hatred, and Pipa Xing See each of the new poetry handouts.

2. What are the basics of modern poetry

What is poetry? What are its characteristics?

A brief definition of "poetry": Poetry is a literary style that summarizes the essence of life. It is characterized by strong lyricism, rich imagination, high degree of generality, condensed language, harmonious rhyme and rhythm.

In creating poetry, one must love and familiarize oneself with life, cultivate a keen sense of the details and phenomena of daily life, and use "figurative language" to express one's feelings and thoughts, as well as various chapter structures and rhetorical techniques in various "forms," to achieve the aesthetics of "tenderness and generosity," and "profoundness of metaphor," as well as the aesthetics of "deepness and depth. The art of aesthetics and rhyming is a "gentle and generous" and "far-reaching" one.

Strong lyricism: Poetry with strong emotion is always favorite, which is already well known, not much to say about the west building. What I want to say is that some poets who advocate rational writing like to abstract the emotional part, highlighting 'rational thinking', which many people think is not suitable for lyricism. In fact, there is a difference between ego and ego, if the poem contains "ego thoughts", "ego love", no matter how cold and hard the words are, the poem also refers to the strong personal, family, national, family and national emotions, so the "strong lyricism" is not reduced.

Abundant imagination: Imagination is the wings of the art of writing, and words are meaningless if they do not rely on imagination. And the use of imagination in poetry is especially important, imagination can be trained, a word written out, we can be like a child as a rambling play the biggest imagination, and there may be a kind of thing you think of, just in line with the author wants to say things. And most of the imaginative use of poetry lies in directional imagery, which is the colloquial term for imagining in the direction of what the writer might be referring to.

In passing, Xilou suggests what imagery we can use or think about:

Imaginary: specially created, directed (most often used)

Fantasy: specially created, borderline (often used)

Hypnotic imagery: a state of non-existence (too much of which would be bragging!).

Imagery of memories: remembering the past and adding your own hopes.

Dreaming: a dream state in which time and space can be overlaid in different collages.

Image retention (or residual image): a physical phenomenon; such as a lingering impression, feeling.

A high degree of generalization: Poetry records the real social life as a highly condensed statement, poetry can omit a lot of details of the description, so those omitted parts must rely on the statement of the image of the thing and the imagination to connect to complete. Therefore, generalization is absolutely necessary. Professor Li Huaji cited Du Fu's poem "the stench of wine and meat at Zhu Men, the road has frozen bones" to illustrate, in which the generalization is very obvious.

Zhu Men, generalizing the powerful, rich, high-ranking, powerful, treacherous, violent ----- and so on -------

The stench of wine and meat, generalizing luxury, waste, rotten, abominable, greed, nuisance, oppression ---- and so on --------

The road, generalizing the future, the road, the countryside, the countryside, the poor, the lower class ---- and so on - --------

Freezing Dead Bones. -----

Frozen bones, summarizes the reality of the painful phenomenon, unreasonable, helpless, have no choice, bleak ---- and so on -------

Condensed language: proposed three methods of refinement, image statements, and make good use of nouns and verbs. (Of course, there are many other methods, experience it for yourself!)

Refinement, simply put, refinement is to use the least and shortest statement to express the full meaning.

Image statement is to make good use of people's sensory perception (eyes, ears, mouth, nose, heart, touch, feel --- etc.) can be directly experienced in the text, rather than abstract words or narrative statements.

Make good use of nouns and verbs; use fewer adjectives (especially very abstract ones.)

We ask reviewers to hang on to this a lot because too many poets have rather unrefined lines (some people write refined). The biggest difference between a poem's utterance and a normal narrative sentence is that it is concise and graphic, and concision must be done well by experience and dedication. In this case, what Xilou means by "concise" is to refine the phrases and make good use of figurative phrases.

Editing:

3. What is the content of the knowledge of poetry

Knowledge of poetry (a) The origin of poetry

Poetry is the oldest and most literary style of literature. It originated from the ancient people's labor trumpets and folk songs, and was originally a general term for poetry and song. In the beginning, poetry and song were not divided, poetry and music, dance combined together, collectively known as poetry. Chinese poetry has a long history and rich heritage, such as, "The Book of Songs", "Chu Ci" and "Han Lefu" as well as the works of countless poets. Poetry in Western Europe was initiated by poets such as Homer and Sappho in Ancient Greece and Virgil and Horace in Ancient Rome.

(B) the characteristics of poetry

Poetry is a highly concentrated general reflection of social life of a literary genre, it is full of the author's thoughts and feelings and rich imagination, language condensed and strong figurative, with distinctive rhythms, harmonious rhymes, rich in musical beauty, the statements are generally arranged in rows, pay attention to the beauty of the structural form. Several basic features of poetry: first, highly concentrated, generalized reflection of life; second, lyrical speech, full of rich thoughts and feelings; third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; fourth, the language has a musical beauty.

(C) poetic expression

There are many poetic expressions, the earliest popular in our country and is still often used in the traditional expression of "fugue, than, Xing".

Fugue: It is a direct statement of things.

Than: It is a metaphorical way to depict things and express thoughts and feelings.

Xing: it is a method of writing that starts with something, i.e., borrowing a certain thing at the beginning to cause the main topic to describe things and express thoughts and feelings. These three methods of expression have been handed down, often used in a comprehensive manner, complementing each other, and have had a great influence on the creation of poetry through the ages.

There are many methods of expression in poetry, and they have been constantly developed and created over the generations. But all kinds of methods are inseparable from the imagination, rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also one of the most important means of expression in poetry.

(D) Classification of ancient Chinese poetry

1. Poetry can be divided into two categories: ancient poetry and proximate poetry. Ancient poetry and proximate poetry is a concept formed in the Tang Dynasty, which is divided from the perspective of the poem's sound and rhythm.

(1) Ancient style poetry: including ancient poetry (poetry before the Tang Dynasty), Chu Rhetoric, Lefu poetry. "Song", "song line", "citation", "song", "guin " and other ancient poetic genres of poetry also belong to the ancient style of poetry. Ancient style poems do not talk about counterpoint and rhyme more freely. (2) Near-poetry: Near-poetry, also known as modern-poetry, is a kind of metrical poetry formed in the Tang Dynasty, which is divided into two kinds, with strict regulations on the number of words, lines, levels and rhymes, etc. One kind is called "absolute poetry", and the other is called "absolute poetry". There are two types of poems, the number of words, the number of lines, the level and the rhyme scheme, etc. One type is called "stanzas", each of which has four lines, five lines for short, and seven lines for short. ② a so-called "rhythmic poetry", each eight lines, five lines of the abbreviation of the five, seven lines of the abbreviation of the seven, more than eight lines is called the platitude (or the long law).

(3) words: also known as poems, long phrases, songs, songs, words, music and so on. Its characteristics: the tune has a fixed frame, the sentence has a fixed number, the word has a fixed sound. The different number of words can be divided into long tune (91 words or more), middle tune (59~90 words), and small order (58 words or less).

(4) Qu: also known as the word Yu, Lefu. Yuanqu includes loose songs and miscellaneous dramas.

2. Categorized by content: they can be divided into narrative poems, lyric poems, farewell poems, border poems, landscape and idyllic poems, wistful poems (aria poems), aria poems, eulogy poems, and satirical poems. (E) Classification of Modern Poetry

There are many ways to categorize poems, and they can be divided into different kinds according to different principles and standards. The basic ones are as follows:

1. Narrative and lyric poems. This is divided according to the expression of the content of the work. 2. Metrical poetry, free verse and prose poetry. This is in accordance with the works of the language of rhyme and rhythm and structure of the form of categorization. (F) Introduction

Poetry is the world's oldest and most basic form of literature, is a literary genre of exposition of the mind, and the poet needs to master the mature artistic skills, and in accordance with certain syllables, tones and rhymes, the use of cohesive language, full of emotion, and a wealth of imagery to highly concentrated expression of the social life and the spiritual world of mankind. According to Confucius, poems have four functions: Xing (兴), Guan (观), Qun (群) and Gao (怨). Lu Ji, on the other hand, believed that "Poetry is beautiful because of its emotions". In ancient China, what is not musical is called poetry, and what is musical is called song, and in later times the two are collectively called poetry.

The Classic of Poetry → Chu Ci → Le Fu → Han Lefu Poetry → Wei, Jin, North and South Dynasties Folk Songs → Tang Poetry → Song Lyrics → Yuan Qu Songs → Ming and Qing Poetry → Modern Poetry, Modern Poetry