What were the characteristics of the peasant uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the reasons for its failure?

Peasant uprising at the end of yuan dynasty

From the 11th year of Zheng Zheng, Yuan Shundi to the 27th year of Zheng Zheng (1351-kloc-0/367), the peasants in the Yuan Dynasty rebelled and overthrew the feudal dynasty.

At the end of Yuan Dynasty, politics was dark, and the internal political situation of the ruling class was turbulent. The Yuan government extorted money, the land was highly concentrated, the social economy declined, and class contradictions and ethnic contradictions intensified. In the eleventh year, Han, the leader of a private secret organization, and his disciples used the government to recruit 654.38+500,000 farmers to build the Yellow River. The peasants couldn't bear the bullying and heavy labor of Yuan officials and organized anti-Yuan activities. Word got out that Han was captured and killed and fled back to Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui). In May, Liu Futong led an uprising with a red scarf on his head, which was called the Red Scarf Army. Later, he led the army to the west of Henan, and successively conquered Xiangcheng (now south of Xiangcheng, Henan), Luoshan (now Luoshan, Henan) and Zhenyang (now Zhengyang, Henan), and the team quickly developed to more than 100,000 people. Under the influence of Liu Futong Uprising, people's struggles against Yuan broke out in many places in the north and south of the Yangtze River, including: Li Er and Zhao Junyong in Xuzhou, Guo Zixing and Sun Deya in Haozhou (now northeast of Fengyang, Anhui), Buwangsan and Meng Haima in Han Xiang Valley; Qi (now Qichun, Hubei), Huang (now Huanggang, Hubei) and Xu Shouhui all belong to the Red Scarf Army system, and Xu Shouhui in the north and south is the strongest among many uprising troops. The development of these two rebel armies divided the ruling area of the Yuan Dynasty into two parts, isolated the north and the south, and dealt a powerful blow to the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. In addition, there are Zhang Shicheng insurgents.

While Liu Futong and his rebel army won in Hubei, Henan and Anhui, Xu Shouhui divided into two roads, all the way up the river, and conquered Wuchang (now Wuchang, Hubei) (see the Battle of Wuchang) and Jiangling (now Jiangling, Hubei). All the way down the river, after capturing some counties in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, they marched into Fujian and western Zhejiang. /kloc-in July of 0/2, Hangzhou Road (now Hangzhou, Zhejiang), an important town in the south of the Yangtze River, was conquered. At the same time, the Li 'er Rebel Army occupied Xuzhou and some surrounding counties, cutting off the main artery that the Yuan Dynasty relied on to connect north and south. Yuan Ting was shocked by the successive victories of the rebels. He sent the Prime Minister to lead the army south, defeated Li, retaken Xuzhou, opened up the north-south passage, gathered Yuan troops from several provinces in the south of the Yangtze River to conquer Hangzhou Road, and then launched a comprehensive counterattack against the insurgents. Under the powerful offensive of the Yuan Army, the insurgents were losing ground, and Xu Shouhui was forced to withdraw from the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and move to lakes and mountains. Although Liu Futong is still based in Henan, it is limited to a small area. The uprising turned into a low tide. In order to wipe out the insurgents completely, Yuan Ting sent 400,000 Tuotuo troops in 14, and launched an attack on the Zhang Shicheng department of Huaidong. Zhang Shicheng only led thousands of people to stick to Gaoyou (now Gaoyou, Jiangsu) for more than a month, with a detachment rate of 400,000, and was defeated by the army. Yuan Shundi listened to rumors, chickened out and revoked Tuotuo's command, which made Yuan Army lose confidence and morale. It was taken by Zhang Shicheng, captured the whole eastern part of Huai River, crossed the Yangtze River in the south, and occupied most of western Zhejiang (now northern Zhejiang and southern Jiangsu). Foreign insurgents also took the opportunity to build momentum and take the initiative to attack. Xu Shouhui reoccupied Huguang and most of Jiangxi; Guo Zixing will lead Zhu Yuanzhang to cross the Yangtze River in the south (see the Battle of Crossing the Yangtze River), capture Qing Ji (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) and other places (see the Battle of Qing Ji), and occupy most of Jiangdong and eastern Zhejiang. After three years of fierce fighting, the main force of the Yuan Army suffered heavy losses and lost its military superiority. In February of 15th year (1355), the son of Li Han was Emperor, whose surname was Song, and his capital was Mizhou (now Mi County, Anhui Province), and his country name was changed to Longfeng. Later, he led the troops to capture Deng (now Deng County, Henan Province), Xu (now Xuchang, Henan Province) and other States, and his power gradually increased, reaching more than 300,000. In the seventeenth year (1357), in June, taking Henan as the base area, he divided his troops and went north to attack Yuan. The marked army led by Bai Unbelief, Da Dao Ao and Li Xixi marched into Guanzhong, trapped Xingyuan (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi Province) in Fengxiang (now Shaanxi Province) and tied Chang 'an (now Shaanxi Province) (see Shaanxi War). After being blocked, the soldiers were divided into two roads, all the way into Sichuan and all the way west to attack Lingwu (now Lingwu in Ningxia); The Middle Route Army led by Mr. Guan and Bao Toupan moved to Hebei, Shandong and other places, once attacked Baoding, threatening Dadu (now Beijing), and then moved from Datong (now Shanxi Datong) to the Great Wall. At the end of the 18th century, Kaiping was conquered in Yuanshangdu (now the northwest of Duolun, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region). Rotate Liaodong, conquer Liaoyang (now Liaoyang, Liaoning), and enter Korea in the east; The East Route Army led by Mao Gui went north from Shandong to Dadu and Shenghua, and then returned to Shandong for fear of going deep alone. Although the Northern Expedition failed to overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty due to unclear strategy and insufficient cooperation among ministries, Liu Futong captured the capital (now Kaifeng, Henan Province) and controlled many areas in the Central Plains and the north, which fundamentally shook the ruling foundation of the Yuan Dynasty. ……