The history of bronze drums

1. What are the records about bronze drums in history? Ye Fan's Biography of Ma Yuan in the Later Han Dynasty said: "If you are good at riding a horse, you will get the Luoyue bronze drum by crossing your toes." This is the earliest record of bronze drums. Pei Yuan, a native, wrote in "Guangzhou Ji": "Liao Li casts copper as a drum, which is only high and expensive and has a wide range." Fang's "History of the South in the Book of Jin": "Foreigners are in Guangzhou, and you are a bronze drum." At that time, Guangzhou was a vast area, including most of Guangdong and Guangxi today. Luoyue was a tribe of Baiyue nationality before Qin and Han Dynasties, which is today's Zhuang nationality. There are many records about bronze drums in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Xiangxi in the literature since Sui and Tang Dynasties. Geography of Sui Shu: "From the south of the ridge, there are more than twenty counties ... and bronze drums are cast, and new ones are hung in the imperial court to buy wine to attract the same kind." Du You's Tong Dian in the Tang Dynasty: "Copper drums, cast copper for it, empty one side, cover it and hit it." Mentioned that there is only one drumhead. When describing the image of the bronze drum in Yiling Lu in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Yao wrote: "The joy of barbarians is a bronze drum, which is shaped like a waist drum, with a face at one end and a round drum of two feet. Both the face and the body are made of copper, and it is covered with insects and fish flowers, which is uniform and thick in two parts. The furnace casting is wonderful. It is really ingenious and shines brilliantly. Fan Chengda, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, wrote: "The system is like sitting on a pier, and the bottom of it is full of fine lines, which is extremely delicate, and there are little toads in the four corners. "

Most of the ethnic groups in southern China are buried underground except the bronze drums. Since the 9th century, bronze drums have been unearthed. The first two unearthed historical facts have been recorded in Ling Biao Ji. There is a cloud in Fan Chengda's Gui Yu Hai Zhi Heng: "Bronze drums were used by ancient barbarians and sometimes dug in southern soil." Zhou Qufei's "A Generation Beyond the Ridge" also said: "The bronze drums of Guangxi soil are often obtained by the tillers." In Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and many other places, countless people named mountain villages bronze drums because of the excavation of bronze drums. The most common ones are Tonggushan, Tongguling, Tongguxi, Tonggu Beach and Tonggucun. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (16 18) in the afternoon, someone fished in the Jiang Xun River in Guiping, Guangxi, and fished a bronze drum in the net, and dug one side out of the soil that day. Eight years later, the matter was written by the instructor as "Double Victory on the Bronze Drum" and kept in the official records. 1 12 years later, I got a drum in the same place in Jiang Xun. He was named Tonggu Beach because he played drums twice, and attracted many poets to explore his victory. Hu Nanfan wrote in Tonggu Beach: "When was the bronze drum cast? I heard that the fisherman couldn't lift it, and the magical thing came out of the beach. " Golden Rooster Bronze Drum in Qing Dynasty: "In the spring of the eighth year of Yongzheng, farmers in Beiliu County of western Guangdong seized bronze drums." Suzhou Fuzhi: "Shuidongba, Hengjiang Township, Yibin County, Jiaqing for three years, excavated by natives, and now set up Yuanzu Temple in the north of the city." There are more than 100 kinds of bronze drums in official history, note novels and poems, especially the local chronicles of southern provinces since Ming and Qing Dynasties, which record the discovery, use, spread and related customs and habits of bronze drums and become precious materials for studying bronze drums today.

Second, how did the bronze drum music develop in history? The bronze drum is an indispensable part of modern musical instruments.

It's loud, exciting and full of passion. Tonggu music was born in Trinidad and Tobago after the Second World War.

The good news of the end of World War II reached Trinidad and Tobago, a Latin American island country. People are singing and dancing and pouring into the streets in high spirits. They beat everything with noise. Because the local area is rich in oil, there are a lot of petrol cans, so the petrol cans with huge volume and loud pronunciation have become the object of people's beating.

Later, it was found that different positions of the oil drum can make different sounds, and some simple melodies can be knocked out with a little change. This discovery established the status of bronze drums.

After continuous improvement and perfection, it is now possible to form a big band with two pipes, three pipes and four pipes according to the formal establishment of the symphony orchestra.

Three. The origin of bronze drums (within 50 words) In ancient times, bronze drums were often used to command the advance and retreat of troops in wars, and also used in banquets, music and dances. It is a percussion instrument popular in Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan and other ethnic minority areas. The bronze drum is the crystallization of China's ancient splendid culture and a symbol of the wisdom of China's minority ancestors. It has the characteristics of oriental art and is a treasure in the treasure house of world culture and art. Bronze drums are also spread in Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and even Indonesia.

201665438+1October 10, a huge bronze drum with a diameter of 4.2 meters, a height of 2.6 meters and a weight of 7 tons, was designed and manufactured by Wei Qichu and Wei Qishen, the representative inheritors of intangible cultural heritage in Guangxi, and it is the largest bronze drum in the world at present.

The bronze drum is shaped like a round drum with various patterns, and some bronze drums have toad patterns (the Yue people worship frogs). The diameter of bronze drums ranges from 2.3 meters to 0.7 meters. Up to now, more than 500 pieces of bronze drums/kloc-0 have been unearthed in China. More than 200 pieces of bronze drums were also found in Southeast Asia (Laos), while thousands of pieces were collected and unearthed in Thailand.

The word "bronze drum" first appeared in Biography of Ma Yuan in the later Han Dynasty. "Ma Yuan went out to cross his toes and got the Luoyue bronze drum, which was cast into a horse." One of the most famous bronze drums is Li Hezhuang.

Fourth, what are the records about bronze drums in history? Ye Fan's Biography of Ma Yuan in the Later Han Dynasty said: "Those who help good riders can be called good horses and get the bronze drum side of Luoyue."

This is the earliest record of bronze drums. Pei Yuan, a native, wrote in "Guangzhou Ji": "Liao Li casts copper as a drum, which is only high and expensive and has a wide range."

Fang's "History of the South in the Book of Jin": "Foreigners are in Guangzhou, and you are a bronze drum." At that time, Guangzhou was a vast area, including most of Guangdong and Guangxi today.

Luoyue was a tribe of Baiyue nationality before Qin and Han Dynasties, which is today's Zhuang nationality. There are many records about bronze drums in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan and Xiangxi in the literature since Sui and Tang Dynasties.

Geography of Sui Shu: "From the south of the ridge, there are more than twenty counties ... and bronze drums are cast, and new ones are hung in the imperial court to buy wine to attract the same kind." Du You's Tong Dian in the Tang Dynasty: "Copper drums, cast copper for it, empty one side, cover it and hit it."

Mentioned that there is only one drumhead. When describing the image of the bronze drum in Yiling Lu in the Tang Dynasty, Liu Yao wrote: "The joy of barbarians is a bronze drum, which is shaped like a waist drum, with a face at one end and a round drum of two feet. Both the face and the body are made of copper, and it is covered with insects and fish flowers, which is uniform and thick in two parts. The furnace casting is wonderful. It is really ingenious and shines brilliantly.

Fan Chengda, a poet in the Southern Song Dynasty, once wrote: "The system is like sitting on a pier, but the lower drum is full of fine lines, which is extremely delicate, and there are little toads in the four corners." Most of the ethnic groups in southern China are buried underground except the bronze drums.

Since the 9th century, bronze drums have been unearthed. The first two unearthed historical facts have been recorded in Ling Biao Ji.

There is a cloud in Fan Chengda's Gui Yu Hai Zhi Heng: "Bronze drums were used by ancient barbarians and sometimes dug in southern soil." Zhou Qufei's "A Generation Beyond the Ridge" also said: "The bronze drums of Guangxi soil are often obtained by the tillers."

In Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou and many other places, countless people named mountain villages bronze drums because of the excavation of bronze drums. The most common ones are Tonggushan, Tongguling, Tongguxi, Tonggu Beach and Tonggucun. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (16 18) in the afternoon, someone fished in the Jiang Xun River in Guiping, Guangxi, and fished a bronze drum in the net, and dug one side out of the soil that day.

Eight years later, the matter was written by the instructor as "Double Victory on the Bronze Drum" and kept in the official records. 1 12 years later, I got a drum in the same place in Jiang Xun.

He was named Tonggu Beach because he played drums twice, and attracted many poets to explore his victory. Hu Nanfan wrote in Tonggu Beach: "When was the bronze drum cast? I heard that the fisherman couldn't lift it, and the magical thing came out of the beach. "

Golden Rooster Bronze Drum in Qing Dynasty: "In the spring of the eighth year of Yongzheng, farmers in Beiliu County of western Guangdong seized bronze drums." Suzhou Fuzhi: "Shuidongba, Hengjiang Township, Yibin County, Jiaqing for three years, excavated by natives, and now set up Yuanzu Temple in the north of the city."

There are more than 100 kinds of bronze drums in official history, note novels and poems, especially the local chronicles of southern provinces since Ming and Qing Dynasties, which record the discovery, use, spread and related customs and habits of bronze drums and become precious materials for studying bronze drums today.

5. What does the ancient bronze drum represent? It is a percussion instrument popular in Guangxi, Guangdong, Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan and other ethnic minority areas.

Bronze drums are all made of copper. Generally, the drum surface of a bronze drum is about 50 cm in diameter and 30 cm in height (some are larger). The drum cavity is hollow and bottomless.

There are copper ring ears on both sides. Exquisite patterns are carved on the drum surface and the percussion body.

According to different shapes and patterns, bronze drums can be divided into eight types: Wanjiaba type, Shizhaishan type, cold water type, Zunyi type, Majiang type, Beiliu type, Lingshan type and Ximeng type. A bronze drum with a height of 67.5, a surface diameter of 166 cm and a weight of 300 kg was unearthed in Beiliu, Guangxi.

This is the largest bronze drum in the world today. There are 1400 bronze drums collected all over the country, and there are more than 200 folk drums scattered in south-central and southwest China.

China is the region with the largest number of bronze drums found, the earliest casting and use of bronze drums and the longest history. In ancient times, the aristocratic rulers of ethnic minorities used to use the number of bronze drums as a symbol to represent their ruling power.

6. What was the function of ancient Guangxi bronze drums? The bronze drums in Guangxi can be traced back to at least the second century BC.

The bronze drum unearthed from Gaiguoling Warring States Tomb in Tiandong County is the material evidence. It is said in the Biography of Ma Yuan in the Later Han Dynasty that Ma Yuan, the first wave general of the Eastern Han Dynasty, stood on tiptoe in the south and won the Luoyue bronze drum, which may also happen in Guangxi.

According to the literature records, Guangxi bronze drum since the Han Dynasty is a history book. The types of bronze drums found in Guangxi are quite complete. Of the eight types found in China, seven have been found in Guangxi, namely: Beiliu type, Lingshan type, Ximeng type, Shizhaishan type, cold water flushing type, Zunyi type and Majiang type.

There are so many kinds of discoveries, which are the highest in the country. According to incomplete statistics, up to now, there are as many as 6 10 pieces of bronze drums collected and preserved by cultural relics departments at all levels in Guangxi.

Liu Jing Town, Beiliu County has unearthed the largest bronze drum in the world, and is known as the "king of bronze drums". It was named "Beiliu Type" (A) in the classification of ancient bronze drums in China, and now it is in Guangxi Museum. In many Zhuang villages, during the slack season, farmers from neighboring villages often gather on the hills in the suburbs to compete for bronze drums.

If one party makes a mistake, even if the drummer fails, the competition will be disqualified. Drums are crisp and loud, played for a long time, and played beautifully, even if you win.

If the drum is hoarse or the copper drum breaks, you lose. Other young men and women sang folk songs while watching drums. They take this opportunity to express their feelings and make friends with songs.

Here, everyone is in high spirits and everyone is having a good time! This is a "folk music map" that can often be seen in many villages in Hechi. The bronze drum, an ancient musical instrument, has shown long-term vitality in Hechi.

In Hechi, many ethnic groups still retain the custom of playing and jumping bronze drums. Bronze drum art, known as the most unique original ecological national culture, shines brilliantly in Hechi, showing unique national cultural characteristics.

It is reported that the bronze drums currently used in Hechi can be traced back to the Han Dynasty. According to statistics, there are more than 2,400 bronze drums handed down from ancient times in the world, and Hechi has more than 1400, accounting for half of the world's bronze drums, almost equal to the national collection (1460), so Hechi has the reputation of "the hometown of bronze drums in the world".

Hechi bronze drums are mainly distributed in Donglan, Nandan, Dahua, Bama, Fengshan, Tiane, Du 'an and Luocheng counties. Zhuang and Yao people in Hechi City should use bronze drums to build new houses and get married, and Zhuang, Yao and Miao people should use bronze drums for burial.

Spring Festival is a big festival for people of all ethnic groups in Hongshui River Basin. Zhuang, Yao and Miao people in Hechi celebrate with bronze drums. In addition, bronze drums are also needed in their respective traditional festivals, such as Mahuai Festival of Zhuang nationality and Zhuzhu Festival of Yao nationality. Tonggu culture has become a bright spot in Hechi's colorful traditional culture, and its rugged, heroic and primitive charm explains Hechi's unique folk customs.

People who use bronze drums give them many magical functions. In the vast villages of Zhuang, Yao and Miao, there are customs of playing bronze drum music, singing bronze drum songs and dancing bronze drums in traditional festivals, celebrations and weddings.

Yao, Miao and some Zhuang people in Hechi City have the custom of offering sacrifices to bronze drums. Yao people sacrifice bronze drums before and after each use; Miao people and some Zhuang people sacrifice drums on New Year's Eve. Among them, Miao people need professional drummers to beat drums before others can.

Yao and Zhuang men and women in bao an xiang, Du 'an Yao Autonomous County, often beat bronze drums with silver needles to express their feelings. Once they find a partner, they will give a silver pin to their sweetheart. The Zhuang people in Tian 'e, Nandan, Donglan, Bama, Dahua, Du 'an and other counties have a grand traditional festival, commonly known as "Mai Kuai Festival", which is a festival to pray for a bumper harvest. After the festival, all villages with bronze drums will use them.

The bronze drum of Yao nationality is to hang a big leather drum or put it on a shelf. One person holds a drumstick in both hands and makes various drumming movements from the head, legs or turn over, with complicated rhythm. The other two are playing two bronze drums with different tones; In addition, at least ten people (half male and half female) danced around the drum with Yao belts, rattan rings or straw hats. Yao bronze drums are spectacular. During the Chinese New Year, a dozen or even dozens of bronze drums are lined up, and each drum dances while playing. There is also a big wooden drum with a diameter of not less than 60 cm in the middle. The drums are loud and the time is slow.

Zhuang bronze drums can be divided into male and female. When dancing, it is divided into two parts, with a big leather drum in the middle, which is mainly performed with bronze drums for men and women, which has a unique charm. On the other hand, the Miao bronze drum dance is played by one person and leads the dance. He beat the drums at a fast and slow pace and danced along. Everyone surrounded him, advancing and retreating, beating drums and dancing.

There are two main forms of bronze drum dance in Zhuang nationality. One is self-entertainment and group dance, which is primitive, simple and rough. One is performance, which is close to stage art and has certain performances. Self-entertaining bronze drums are popular in Zhuang villages in Donglan, Fengshan and Bama.

Every Spring Festival, people will concentrate the bronze drums in the stockade on a relatively flat and spacious venue, and arrange a certain "scale" according to the order of the size of the bronze drums. An old drummer can play gongs, and each drummer plays his own drum according to the unified command, which forms a unique rhythm and melody with other bronze drums. Dancers in holiday costumes danced in response.

The drums spread for more than ten miles, and people in other villages heard them. Men, women and children also carried bronze drums for entertainment. The bronze drum dance was originally a dance to worship the gods.

Its object of expression is God, not for God. According to the rhythm of bronze drum music, people use various dance movements to satisfy God's desire and pray for God's protection.

The "Zhuzhu Festival" of Yao nationality is the most enthusiastic outdoor bronze drum dance performance. On the festival day, people carry gongs and drums, set up bronze drums and leather drums in a flat place, and five people perform.

Four people who play bronze drums, gongs and leather drums dance while playing, and the person wearing a bamboo hat dances among four drummers. The Bai Ku Yao nationality in Nandan County is also popular with bronze drums.

This kind of bronze drum dance Yao language is called "Lezegela", and it only dances for the funeral of the dead old man after the autumn harvest. Usually, after the cattle are cut, Yao people and drummers will come to the drum field to dance bronze drums in festive costumes.

At that time, the bronze drums will ring first, and after all the drums are neat, the leather drummer will enter the venue with 1 drum about 20 cm long.