Brief introduction to camera history

1At the beginning of the 9th century, a French military officer named Nipps spent 10 years studying the method of preserving images, and finally successfully photographed the scene outside his house on a tin plate in 1826.

This is the 1 photo in the world, and the exposure time is as long as 8 hours. The next year, he studied photography with Daguerre and tried to take pictures on the glass plate.

Unfortunately, Nips did not wait for the day of success before he died. 1833, Daguerre improved the sensitivity of glass plate negatives to be enough to shoot portraits. Later, he invented the silver plate photography-"Daguerre photography".

It consists of two wooden cases. Insert one wooden box into another to focus, use the lens cover as the shutter, control the exposure time for up to 30 minutes, and take a clear image.

184 1 year, optician Vogeland invented the first all-metal camera. The camera is equipped with the world's first photographic lens with the maximum phase aperture of 1: 3.4 designed by mathematical calculation.

1845, German von Martens invented the world's first 150 turning point. 1849, Davie-Blue Scott invented a stereo camera and a two-lens stereo observation mirror. 186 1 year, physicist Maxwell invented the world's first color photo.

1860, Sutton, England designed the first single-lens reflex camera with a rotatable viewfinder.

1862, two cameras were stacked together in Detrie, France, one for taking pictures and the other for taking pictures, forming the prototype of a dual-lens camera.

1880, Baker of England made a double-lens reflex camera.

1866, German chemist Short and optical scientist Arjun invented barium crown optical glass in Zeiss Company and produced positive photographic lens, which made the design and manufacture of photographic lens develop rapidly.

With the development of photosensitive materials, dry plates coated with silver bromide photosensitive materials appeared in 187 1 year, and films based on nitrocellulose (celluloid) appeared in 1884.

1888 Kodak company produced a new type of photosensitive material-soft and windable "film". This is a leap in photosensitive materials. In the same year, Kodak invented the world's first portable square box camera with film.

1906 American George hillas used the flashlight for the first time. 19 13 german oskar barnack developed the world's first 135 camera.

From 1839 to 1924, in the first stage of the development of this camera, some novel cameras such as buttons and pistols also appeared.

From 1925 to 1938 is the second stage of camera development. During this period, German companies such as Leeds (predecessor of Leica), Lulai and Zeiss developed and produced small dual-lens and single-lens reflex cameras with aluminum alloy bodies.

In 1902, Rudolf made a famous "Tiansai" lens by using the third-order aberration theory established by Cedell in 1855 and the high refractive index and low dispersion optical glass successfully researched by Abbe in188/0/year. Due to the reduction of various aberrations, the imaging quality is greatly improved.

On this basis, in 19 13, a small Leica camera, Leica single-lens paraxial camera, was designed and manufactured by the German company Barnach, using 35 mm film with holes punched in the film.

However, all the 35 mm cameras in this period used perspective optical paraxial viewfinder without rangefinder.

193 1 Germany Contex camera has been equipped with a double-image coincidence rangefinder based on the principle of triangular ranging, which improves the focusing accuracy, and adopts aluminum alloy die-casting body and metal curtain shutter for the first time.

1935, a single-lens reflex camera of Ek Saquetoux appeared in Germany, making it easier to focus and change lenses. In order to make the camera exposure accurate, Kodak camera began to install selenium photocell exposure meter at 1938.

1947, Germany began to produce Contax S five-prism single-lens reflex camera, which made the viewfinder image no longer upside down, and changed the top view to head-up focusing framing, making photography more convenient.

1956, the Federal Republic of Germany first manufactured an electric eye camera with automatic exposure control; After 1960, cameras began to adopt electronic technology, and many forms of automatic exposure and electronic program shutters appeared; 1975, the operation of the camera began to be automated.

Before 1950s, Japanese camera production mainly introduced German technology and copied it. For example, Canon copied the 35mm paraxial camera with L39 interface according to Leica camera in 1936, and Nikon made the paraxial camera after Contax in 1948.

Pentax's predecessor, Xu Guangxue Industrial Company, began to produce lenses on 1923. With the expansion of the Japanese war of aggression, the Japanese demand for optical instruments has increased dramatically. Nikon, Pentax, Canon and other Japanese optical instrument factories have received a large number of military orders to produce military optical instruments such as telescopes, theodolite, aircraft optical sights, sights and optical rangefinders for the Japanese invaders.

With the end of the war, these military orders no longer apply. After the war, military enterprises had to turn to producing civilian products in order to survive. Optical instrument manufacturers Nikon, Canon and Pentax all started camera production.

1952, Pentax introduced German technology and German "Pentax" brand to produce the first "Guangxu" camera. 1954, the first single-lens reflex camera in Japan was manufactured by Asahi Optical-Pentax Company.

1957, as a rising star of Japanese cameras, also produced the first Wuling lens SLR camera with optical framing in Japan. Since then, Minolta, Nikon, Makoto, Canon, Ricoh and other companies have scrambled to copy and improve SLR camera and lens technology, thus promoting the development of Japanese civil camera technology, and the focus of world SLR camera technology has gradually shifted from Germany to Japan.

1960, Pentax introduced the Pentax SP camera, which pioneered the TTL automatic metering technology of the camera.

197 1 year, Pentax applied for the patent of SMC coating technology, and used SMC technology to develop and produce SMC lens, which greatly improved the color reproduction and brightness of the lens, eliminated glare and ghost, and significantly improved the quality of the lens.

Thanks to SMC technology, the optical quality of Pentax lenses has been greatly improved since then. Many Pentax lenses have been highly praised by professional photographers, even surpassing the top German lens Zeiss lenses, which made Pentax cameras brilliant for some time.

Although almost all camera lenses produced by manufacturers claim to adopt SMC technology, the actual measurement proves that Pentax lens is the best in this respect.

From 65438 to 0969, CCD chip was used as the photographic sensitive material in the camera carried on the Apollo moon landing spacecraft in the United States, which laid a technical foundation for the electronization of photographic sensitive materials.

198 1 year, after years of research, Sony made the world's first camera with CCD electronic sensor as photosensitive material, which laid the foundation for electronic sensor to replace film.

Followed by Panasonic, Copa, Fuji, and some electronic chip manufacturers in the United States and Europe have invested in the technical research and development of CCD chips, laying a technical foundation for the development of digital cameras. 1987, Casio company gave birth to a camera with CMOS chip as photosensitive material. ?

2065438+September 2008, the 62nd meeting of the Harmonized System Committee of the World Customs Organization made a favorable decision for Chinese UAV products, and classified UAVs as "flying cameras".

Extended data:

People who have contributed to the development of cameras:

1, Daguerre

Daguerre (1 787165438+1October18-18565438+July 01) is a French artist and chemist, who is famous for inventing silver photography. Daguerre was born in Valle de Voize, ile-de-france.

I have studied architecture, drama design and panoramic painting, and I am especially good at stage fantasy production, so I have a good reputation. 185 1 year, he died in Bury-on-Marne, which is 0/2km away from Paris/kloc-0. There is a monument on his grave.

2. Jerolamo cardano

Gerolamo Cardano (1501September 24th ~1576 September 2nd1) was an encyclopedic scholar, mathematician, physicist, astrologer, philosopher and gambler in the Italian Renaissance.

The founder of classical probability theory established binomial theorem and the determination of binomial coefficient in his book New Theory of Proportion. He wrote more than 200 books in his life, covering medicine, mathematics, physics, philosophy, religion and music.

3. Joseph Nissefer Niepce

Joseph Nicephore Niepce (French: Joseph Nicéphore Nieps,1March 7, 765-1July 5, 833), and "Niepce" was also translated as "Nieps", a French inventor.

The first photo recognized in the world was taken by Nipps in 1827, but now it is recognized that the inventor of photography in the world is louis Daguerre. Niepce, the inventor of photography, has never been noticed by the public.

At that time, there were many problems to be solved in the production of photography. As early as Aristotle and China Mozi's time, people discovered the mystery of pinhole imaging. Until today, the principle of pinhole imaging is still applicable to photography, but the important reason that hindered photography production at that time was that a method of saving images had not been invented.

1825, Nipsy entrusted French optical instrument businessman Charles Chevalier to make optical lenses for his camera box.

1824 (it is said to be 1826), the photosensitive material he invented was put into a cassette, and the first photographic work "Dining Table" in history was photographed and recorded. The work was shot in his home in Burgundy, France, and shot through the window in his attic for more than 8 hours. ?

1829 partnered with louis Daguerre to learn photography together. ? 1On July 5, 833, Niepce died unexpectedly. ? 1839, the French Academy of Science and Art announced that louis Daguerre had obtained a patent for photography.

4. oskar barnack

Oskar barnack (1879-1936), a German camera designer, was born in Renoir, Brandenburg, Germany. 19 1 1 was hired as a camera designer by Ernst Leeds Optical Factory.

19 12 years, Barnes studied the design of a small camera using 35mm film. 19 13 successfully produced a 24×36 mm Leica camera prototype (UR- Leica), the originator of a 35 mm camera.

1925 Leica camera type I was officially produced in the optical factory in Ernst Leeds, Wezlar, Germany. Oskar barnack himself was the earliest Lycra photographer. 1920, a flood disaster occurred in Vezla. He took a series of photos of the flood in Vezlar with the prototype Leica camera.

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