Seek the important history of war in the Middle Ages.

The Middle Ages is the intermediate link between ancient history and modern history. Although there were some examples of wars in the Middle Ages, they were all taught.

Educational significance, but compared with some ancient or modern war cases, the historical materials describing these war cases are not sufficient.

Divided. In order to explore the truth of science and find out the cause and effect of some events, we must analyze them carefully.

Facts that have been confirmed in history, and based on this. But to select the most essential things from a large number of historical materials,

We should put aside some times in history and discard some even valuable examples. Yes, about the medieval army.

The debate on the history of events is often centered on its tactical characteristics, and there are few problems involving strategic characteristics. no

But since there is an argument, it will inevitably involve tactics and tactics. Therefore, everyone is inexperienced.

Ordinary people are always very skeptical about the conclusions drawn from studying this history. This book has no intention of describing the Middle Ages.

Ji's war, only briefly describe some noteworthy events in these wars.

In medieval western Europe, the so-called chivalry of feudalism once hindered the development of military art, however,

In this whole historical period, in the dark environment, there are also some flash moments. If in proportion,

Generally speaking, the number of these bright moments may be no less than that of any other historical period.

The normans were the first to appear. Their descendants also continue to carry forward the wars of the Middle Ages with valuable examples.

Contending glory. They cherish Norman blood very much and always try to win with wisdom and avoid bloodshed.

And it is very successful in this respect.

1066 is a year that all British primary school students remember. This year, the Normans skillfully adopted a strategy.

And tactics, not only for the situation at that time, but also for the whole process of historical development.

Due to an attractive strategic action, William the Conqueror of Normandy made great progress when he invaded England.

Great achievements have been made. From the beginning, he benefited from the indirect route. At that time, King Harold was there.

The rebel brother Tostig and his ally King Hal Rada of Norway are on the Yorkshire coast.

Okay, tempting landing. Although the threat caused by this landing is less than that caused by William's direct invasion,

Because it happened before William's invasion, even though the army on land was quickly annihilated, the incident itself was very important to William.

William's plan still increased its effectiveness. Two days after the Norwegians landed in Stamford, William was in Susek.

The Kansas coast has landed.

After William landed, he did not immediately push north, but first swept Kent and Sussex.

This induced King Harold to rush south with only a small number of troops, which made Harold go south.

The farther you go, the more you want to meet the enemy, and the farther you are from the reinforcements. This is William's attempt, and then.

The process of a piece proves that William's calculation is completely correct. He took Harold to Hastings near the English Channel.

Shore, began to fight with Harold, and then take a circuitous route in tactics to achieve self-advantage.

The end of the battle. At that time, he ordered some troops to pretend to be defeated and flee, causing the enemy to chase after them.

And the enemy himself disrupted the battle formation. Then in the final stage of the battle, William used archers to carry out it from a height.

The shooting led to Harold's death. This can also be regarded as a way of indirect route.

William's strategy after this victory is also worthy of attention. Since then, he has not directly

London set out, but first occupied Dover, thus ensuring the safety of its maritime traffic line. Then I arrived.

After the suburbs of London, he did not attack the city directly, but began to clear the suburbs of London. be faced with hunger

Danger, when William arrived in belk, the capital finally surrendered voluntarily.

In the next century, there will be another most amazing battle in history, which is enough to prove Norman Military Day.

Only. This is the achievement of the Duke of Strong Bow and his hundreds of knights from the Welsh border. he

Scientists conquered most of Ireland and repelled the invasion of the powerful Norwegian army. Their victory is so special.

Don't be surprised, because its strength is extremely small, and it is obtained under the unfavorable conditions of forests and swamps. The conqueror happens to be

It was in this situation that he showed his wisdom. In order to adapt to the special environment, they changed and reformed the feudal system.

Contemporary traditional combat methods. This group of conquerors used tricks many times to lure the enemy into open terrain so that they could

There, the impact of your cavalry can be more effectively exerted. They sometimes cheat and fail, feint and attack suddenly from behind.

Strike method, destroy the enemy's battle formation. When the enemy is not deceived and refuses to leave the defensive position, it is hostility.

Foreign strategic actions, such as night raids and "bow and arrow shooting", are used to destroy the enemy's resistance.

/kloc-there are also many examples of superb strategic art in the 0/3rd century. The first such example occurred in 12 16. hero

China's King John, after almost losing the throne, once again stopped playing, purely by strategy.

War saved his country. The means he took at that time were: first, mobility; Second,

Strong defensive ability of the fortress; Third, psychological factors, that is, the use of "Ors" by urban residents.

The traditional aversion of our foreign ally, King Louis of France. Louis followed immediately after landing in eastern Kenya.

Then he occupied London and Winchester. John's forces at that time were too thin to be resisted by fighting.

Yes Most villages in this country are still ruled by earl. However, John also controls South Latitude, Reading and Western Australia.

Forts like linford and Oxford. These forts monitor the Thames, separating Ors's troops from the north and south sides of the river.

Two sides. And Dover, the most important fortress after King Louis, is still in John's hands. this

At that time, John himself had retreated to Dorset, and when the situation became clear, he began to move north in July.

The army, marching towards Worcester, reached the Severn River, thus establishing a barrier that prevented the rebels from continuing to advance northwest.

And spread to the southwest. After that, he moved eastward from there and made a trip along the Thames.

Winsor's gesture cleared.

In order to deceive the enemy and convince the enemy who besieged Winsor, John sent a small team of Welsh archers.

They were ordered to shoot at the enemy camp in the dark, but they immediately turned northeast and marched in front of the French army.

To Cambridge. Now, he can cut off many roads to the north, because the main force of the French army has been besieged.

Fort fall, you can't escape. Although John himself died in 10, he successfully isolated some trouble areas.

, contributed to the failure of the rebels and their French allies. If John eats too many peaches and new ale.

And if he dies, then his enemies will be dragged down because they have seized too many important strategic positions.

The next rebellion in Ors, England took place in 1265. The rebellion was carried out by Prince Edward (later Edward I of England).

The strategy of adopting skills was suppressed. At that time, King Henry III of England was defeated in the Battle of Lewis, so Engel

The sovereignty of all parts of Ireland fell into the hands of the Earl except the border area of Wales. Simon Day Monk

Ford is preparing to start his victorious March from there, trying to cross the Severn River and walk all the way to Newport. Edward

By this time, the prince had fled the earl's army and assembled his army in the border area of Wales. He caught it.

He crossed the bridge over the Severn River and pushed to the rear of De montfort, thus breaking demont Ford's plan. Edward

They not only drove the enemy across the Wu Si River, but also formed a commando team with three large paddle boats and suddenly attacked New Zealand.

Porter's enemy ship broke demont Ford's plan to transport his troops back to England. In this way,

De Montfort had to travel long distances to the north. He had to cross this barren and desolate area of Wales.

Area. At this time, Edward has retreated to Worcester, guarding the Severn River, waiting for the arrival of demont Ford. contemporary era

Edward used himself when montfort's son led his troops from the east of England to rescue his father.

Taking advantage of the convenience of the central position, we have adopted a divide-and-conquer approach to the blindly progressive father and son. To this end,

He first marched forcefully, then marched in the opposite direction, maneuvered his troops back and forth, and took a surprise attack for the last two times.

Victory, first in Kennilworth, second in Yves Siam.

After Edward became king, fate decided that he had to fight many wars in Wales, and these wars

The struggle has made great contributions to military science. He not only improved the use of bows and arrows, but also made cavalry charge and bows and arrows.

Archery cooperated well and made a new strategic plan for conquest. His task at that time was

Conquer some savage and powerful mountain peoples. These mountain people can retreat to the mountains to avoid fighting, and then wait until.

In winter, when the conqueror stopped fighting, he immediately came out to reoccupy the valley. If, when will Edward.

If his troops and weapons are still limited, then he has another advantage, that is, his combat area.

It is also very limited. Edward combines mobility with the pillar role of an important strategic position. He's here.

Set bunkers in some strongholds, connected by roads, forcing the enemy to be in constant motion, thus making

It is impossible for the enemy to regain his strength and spirit all winter, nor can he return to the lost land.

Yes In this way, he gradually exhausted the enemy's strength and killed their resistance.

However, Edward I of England's strategic genius was not passed on to future generations. Therefore, during the Hundred Years' War, we learned from

There is nothing instructive in the strategies of his grandchildren and great-grandchildren. They collected it in France.

The aimless action taken has no practical effect at all. If several actions produce more or less one.

If it succeeds, it can't be attributed to them. In France, the battle between Crixus and poitiers is going on.

During the war, both Edward III and black prince (Edward) put themselves in extreme danger. However, the British

The difficult predicament faced at that time unexpectedly attracted those enemies who were not sinister enough to fall for it. They were actually treating themselves badly.

A reckless attack was launched under unfavorable conditions. As a result, on the contrary, the British people were able to take the opportunity to escape the disaster.

The reason is that the British use longbows for defensive warfare on the terrain they choose, which makes them

Tactically, it has obvious advantages over French knights.

Although the French suffered a crushing defeat, in the final analysis, it brought them benefits. After that, at

In the next stage of the war, they adhered to the Fabian strategy adopted by Duguchilin. This is to avoid being like the British Lord

Struggle hard, do our best to interfere with the enemy's mobilization, and gradually drive the British out of the occupied area. Zaijie

In the rapidity and suddenness of application, Du Guxi Linda has reached a very skilled level, which is better than previous generals.

Few people have achieved this achievement. He intercepted the enemy's motorcade, destroyed its detachment and surrounded the enemy.

Isolate the defenders and try to capture them. When he attacks, it is always the hardest to choose the enemy.

The expected direction, and often implemented suddenly at night. In addition, he also incited the flame of anxiety everywhere to attract

The enemy's attention, and make the enemy occupied land gradually narrowed, and finally turned to their own.

In less than five years, Duguchilin finally reduced the huge territory occupied by the British in France.

They were squeezed in the narrow zone between Bordeaux and barone (south of the coast of the Bay of Biscay), and that's exactly what happened.

Some of them came from war. For the British, even a small force, as long as they have time to defend.

Royal deployment, he will not take the liberty of hard attack at any time. Ordinary officers, like loan sharks,

Stick to a creed: "Don't attack without a guarantee of victory." ("Don't borrow money if it's not safe." ) and Du

Gu Xilin has his own creed: "If there is no sudden attack as a guarantee, no attack will be launched."

The British attempt to further invade foreign territory has its own characteristics. They made a reservation before the battle started.

The purpose and the means to achieve it deserve careful analysis. Henry V was the first and most famous.

A battle is actually the stupidest one. In the "Edward VII era" 14 15 March, until in A Jin.

Cour (now Jean-Cour) fought a battle and reached the peak in March this year, as long as the French stopped them.

The road ahead is enough for the British army to collapse because of the threat of hunger. However, the military leaders forgot Koehler.

The lessons of the Western Front Campaign have forgotten the heritage of Dugu Xilin. They think that the French army has an advantage of four to one in strength.

Potential, and must take a direct attack. As a result, as in the battles of Clerides and Poitiers in the past,

On the contrary, it was a fiasco, which was even more humiliating. Henry V after a fluke victory, began to take a. ..

The method of "partition interception strategy" is to expand the territory in different areas, isolate it from other areas and attract local residents.

Support yourself to win. In terms of interest and importance, Henry V's subsequent battles,

They all went beyond the boundaries of strategy and focused on the scope of grand strategy.

The study of medieval strategy can end with Edward IV of England in March. He's here.

146 1 year ascended the throne and was exiled abroad. In 147 1, because he skillfully used mobile warfare, he finally

Reset. Edward IV of England's success in the first battle was mainly due to his quick judgment and mobilization.

The speed of the troops. He gained the enemy when he fought against the local forces that supported the Rangas dynasty in Wales.

The troops have approached London from the north. So he turned around and retreated and arrived in Gloucester on February 20 146 1.

There, he got another news that the army of York family led by Walwick arrived in Saint-Ala on February 65438, 2007.

Erbans was defeated by Langast's army. St Alban is only 32 kilometers from London, while Gloucester is from London.

Dunyou 160 km. In this way, Rangas's army had three days' priority to enter London, but by the 22nd,

Warwick led the remaining troops to Belford to join forces with Edward. Then Edward heard the legend that the city of London was still there.

Langas' army negotiated the terms of surrender, and the gate was still closed. So Edward left Belford the next day.

He entered the City of London on 26th and declared the throne. After Rangas's troops failed, they went at once.

Fall back to the north. Edward decided to pursue the enemy at once. Although the enemy has an advantage in number and occupied the early period of Downton.

With the prepared position, he still boldly took risks and attacked the enemy as usual. At that time, it suddenly snowed heavily, and the enemy was

Gave a white look. This gave him another advantage. His department, Fort Cumbo, just took advantage of this opportunity and succeeded.

Irritate the dazzling enemy with bows and arrows, induce them to fight back blindly, and make the enemy completely defeated.

147 1 year, the strategic feature of King Edward IV of England of England is quick maneuvering. Until then,

He once lost the throne. However, he borrowed fifty thousand crowns (five shillings per crown) from his brother-in-law.

Collected 1200 veteran cadres and began to try to recover. At this time, his old staff sent it all over England.

A guarantee of support. When he set sail from Flushing, his enemies had been carefully organized all over the British coast.

Defense, the purpose of which is to prevent him from leading troops to land. Edward decided at that time that he would suddenly enter the Humbil estuary.

Okay, land. He estimated that the residents in that area were extremely obedient to the Rangas dynasty, so maybe not.

In this way, he quickly completed the landing and then quickly advanced to York. From there, he went along the road.

The main road of London entered, bypassing a team used by the enemy to block the main road and heading for the Tadcast area.

After getting rid of the chasing team, Edward IV of England met another enemy, that is, defending Newark.

The team waiting for his arrival. So he led the enemy to the east again. Subsequently, Edward IV of England of England turned.

Southwest, arrived in Leicester, where many old troops were incorporated and expanded. After that, he went straight to Coventry.

The army. There, Vaarvik is assembling his troops. Vaarvik was originally his former ally and veteran.

Yes, but now it has become a major enemy. Lure pursuers to this area and expand their forces.

Later, Edward IV of England turned to the southeast and headed for London directly, but the garrison in London opened the door for him.

City gate. Now, he is strong enough to fight against the enemy. So he led the army.

He left London to meet the enemy who had been chasing him, and now he is exhausted. When the army approached Baal,

During Nite's time, there were several scuffles under the cover of dense fog, and finally Edward IV of England won again.

On the same day, An Jun Margaret, Queen of Rangast, led a French mercenary to Weimers.

Lu. After assembling her own army in the west of England, she immediately set off for Wales to be with the Duke of pembroke.

The assembled troops joined forces. This time, Edward IV of England of England benefited from quick action, and the Queen's army was there.

When he was traveling north on Bristol-Gloucester Avenue at the edge of the valley, he first arrived at Kurt.

Valcz. At that time, one army was under the valley and the other was on the mountain. Both sides were advancing all day.

Tired of walking, at dusk, Edward finally cut off the Queen's army in Joecks, making it impossible.

Cross the Severn River in Gloucester. In order to achieve this goal, Edward IV of England of England has booked Gloucester's place.

Officials closed the city gate. Throughout the day, his troops marched 65 kilometers. That night, he clung to the enemy.

Battalion, directly monitor them, so that they can't escape. The enemy occupied a fairly strong defensive position, but Edward

However, IV used his siege machine and crossbow to challenge and induce the enemy to attack. He achieved his goal by this, waiting.

At the meeting the next morning, we finally won a decisive victory.

The only advantage of King Edward IV of England's strategy is that he is good at using mobility, but the disadvantage is that he has no far-reaching strategy.

And this is a common problem of medieval strategy. In the Middle Ages, the goals pursued by strategies were usually simple and clear.

To put it bluntly, it is to take various methods to seek fighters. If the battle can't achieve a certain result, then eat.

The loser is often the first to attack. Unless they can be customer-oriented, seduce defenders tactically first.

Only by taking the offensive can we have extraordinary results.

In the Middle Ages, the best example of strategy came not from the West, but from the East. In the thirteenth century, for

For the development of western strategy, it is a fruitful era. It is brilliant because the Mongols gave it to Europe.

Our knights served as teachers, and they learned useful strategies. The war launched by the Mongols,

No matter in the scale and art of the battle, in the aspect of suddenness and maneuverability, or in the strategy and tactics, we all adopt circuitous tactics.

In action, the route will not only be inferior to any war in history, but even surpass them. Ji Cheng

When Hans conquered the Jin Dynasty in northern China, he took Datong Prefecture as bait and took a series of actions to lure the enemy.

This is exactly the same as Napoleon's use of Fort mantua. At that time, Genghis Khan divided his forces into three roads and took the longitudinal direction.

The deep circuitous movement finally completely destroyed the ruler mentally and militarily.

In 1220, Genghis Khan invaded the kingdom of Varamozi. The strength center of the thorn submodule is in today's Turkey.

Stan area. At that time, Genghis Khan took an army to attack Kashgar from the south to attract the attention of the enemy;

Its main force broke into the kingdom from the north; And under the cover of the main force, he led the general reserve team.

A profound detour. He once disappeared in the desert of Jizil-Khon, and then suddenly appeared in Bukhara.

In other words, we pushed behind the enemy and their defensive positions.

In A.D. 124 1 year, when Subutai, one of the military leaders after Genghis Khan, continued his Western Expedition, Europeans took it.

I learned a lesson with a double meaning. At that time, he sent an army as the main strategic cover team. army

Cover the main flank and attract the attention of Persians, Germans and Bohemians through Galicia, and

Then hit them in turn. The main disciplines are divided into three columns, which are far apart, but

Quickly cross Hungary and reach the Danube. In this March, two flanking columns cover and cover expectations.

The central column that completed the independent mission. After the Mongols reached the Danube along the pincer direction, they gathered in Hungary on the other side of the river.

The resistance of the tooth army once temporarily stayed in the grant area. However, they cleverly retreated and lured Hungary.

The army left the river bank and went to a place where the reserves could not give assistance. Speed is to use the night to move troops quickly,

The sudden attack on the Shayo River first divided the Hungarian army and then destroyed it. So fast

Butai became the master of the Central European Plain. A year later, he voluntarily gave up the conquered area. Before he quits

Before Europe, no one dared to touch him.