The customs of Daur nationality

The traditional houses of Daur nationality are mostly made of pine or birch beams, adobe or mud walls, yellow mud inside and outside, covered with grass, and have two rooms, three rooms and five rooms. Two rooms, one bedroom in Westinghouse and one kitchen in East Room; There are three or five rooms, with the kitchen in the middle and the living room on both sides. Houses generally face south and pay attention to lighting. Windows are a major feature of Daur houses. There are three connected big kang in the south, north and west of the living room or in the south, east and north, commonly known as "Man Zi Kang". Manzikang has good thermal insulation performance and is an indispensable heating facility for Daur people in winter. The living room of Daur people is more expensive than the west room. Westinghouse is located on the south kang, where most of the elders live. The son, daughter-in-law and their children live in the north kang or the east room, while the west kang is for guests' daily life. Most of the kang surfaces are covered with reed mats or felt. Nowadays, with the development of economy and the improvement of living conditions, there are more and more brick houses. However, living customs such as using kang are still deeply loved by Daur people. Ani Festival is the largest traditional festival of Daur nationality, which is equivalent to the Spring Festival of Han nationality. Since the twelfth lunar month, people have been busy preparing all kinds of food for the Spring Festival. Kumule Festival, Kumule is Artemisia bud, and wild vegetables can be eaten. Every May, groups of Daur people, men, women and children, with deep gratitude, happily collect Artemisia buds and sing and dance. It is interesting to hold traditional sports competitions. Defamation Festival (Kudege? Wudu Day), the 16th day of the first month is smear day, which is one of the traditional festivals of Daur people. Wuduri Day comes from the Daur Spring Festival and is regarded as the Spring Festival from New Year's Eve to the 15th day of the first month. The Daur people attach great importance to the marriage of men and women, forming a rich and unique traditional marriage custom. Monogamy marriage originated from Daur nationality very early and has been passed down to this day. Historically, the marriage of Daur nationality was not strict, and the scope of marriage was mainly within the nation, that is, members with different surnames were the objects of marriage. Later, due to living adjacent to Ewenki, Mongolian, Manchu, Oroqen and Han for a long time, marriage with other nationalities was also allowed. Clan exogamy is another basic system of Daur marriage custom. Men and women of the same Hala (clan) and Mokun (family) are forbidden to marry, because they are related by blood and are descendants of the same paternal ancestor. In order to maintain a stable ethical relationship between relatives, although the Daur people allow some people who are related to each other to marry, they require both sides to be of the same generation and strictly implement the same generation marriage. At the same time, it is more common to get married by adoption. After a man marries his wife through adoption, the children born to him still belong to his father's "Hala", and the son-in-law only works in his father's house and has no right to inherit her property. Before the founding of New China, the feudal ethics of Daur people were deeply rooted, so it was natural for parents to arrange marriages. Young people have no right to choose their spouses, nor can they engage in free premarital social activities. Its traditional marriage customs usually include procedures such as mate selection, engagement, ceremony and marriage. When choosing a spouse, people pay attention to age and appearance. In terms of age, men and women are required to be roughly similar, and the man is the same age as the woman or one to three years older than the woman. After the founding of New China, with the promulgation and implementation of the Marriage Law, the feudal arranged marriage in traditional marriage customs was completely abolished, and young men and women could choose their favorite spouses through free love. The main form of traditional Daur folk houses is called "Yazenggeri", which is a kind of thatched house with ridged civil structure. Most of Daur's grass main houses are two rooms, followed by three rooms, and few people live in five rooms. Daur people pay attention to the separation of housing and kitchen layout. If it is two rooms, the west room is the living room and the east room is the kitchen; If there are three rooms, the middle room is usually the kitchen, and the east and west rooms are occupied. There are connected fire kang on the north, south and northwest sides of the room, commonly known as "curved kang". Daur families generally don't have stoves, and they rely on fire kang to keep warm in autumn and winter. On the north wall of the kitchen, the Daur people have a pool-type kang called "Eluge" on the plate, which is used to dry food. The Daur thatched cottage is comfortable and exquisite, spacious and bright, durable, warm in winter and cool in summer, and is famous for its many windows. Westinghouse has three windows on the south wall, two windows on the west wall, one window on each side of the east door, and seven windows. If it is a thatched cottage with three rooms, there are usually eleven windows. Opening more windows not only expands the lighting area, but also helps to circulate the air and keep the indoor air fresh. The ceiling and walls are decorated with chicken, phoenix, quail, hunting and other patterns and paper-cuts, and some directly stick the feathers and fur of pheasants on the walls with filaments as decoration. Respect for the elderly, mutual assistance and hospitality are the principles ... >>

What are the customs and habits of Daur people? The Daur nationality has a long history and is one of the pioneers and defenders of the northern part of the motherland. According to historians' research, the Daur people nomadic Gonghe River and Enen River in Huel in their early years, belonging to the descendants of the Qidan people. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, they moved south to the south bank of Heilongjiang and Nenjiang Plain. Together with Ewenki and Oroqen, they defended the northern frontier with their blood and lives. The Daur people have their own language, but no writing. Language belongs to Altai Mongolian language family. Traditionally, literate Daur people mostly use Manchu. Daur's hockey is famous all over the country and is known as the "hometown of hockey". Shi Fang, a member of our reporting group, made a special report on this two years ago, so it is very meaningful to revisit the old place. Daur nationality has splendid traditional culture and unique national customs, and it is a wonderful flower in Chinese national culture. The museum's rich series of folk displays, such as "Da Le Car", "Huada" wedding banquet, deer flag lowering and headdress, let us have a deeper understanding of this loyal, hardworking, thrifty and creative minority.

What festivals and customs do Daur people have? Brief introduction of Daur nationality.

Daur nationality is one of the ethnic minorities in China, mainly distributed in Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner and Ewenki Autonomous Banner of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A few people live in Tacheng, Xinjiang. There are also Daur ethnic groups in Russia (along the Schleka River and Boli), and Russia calls the relevant area Daur, that is, Transbaikal.

Daur language belongs to Mongolian family of Altai language family. There are three dialects, Buzha, Qiqihar and Xinjiang. The Manchu language used in the Qing Dynasty is called Daur language, and now it is a new Daur language spelled with Latin letters.

Daour Festival

Agne Festival

Ani is a Daur language, which means New Year, a traditional Daur festival. It is held on the first day of the lunar calendar every year and lasts for fifteen days. On the first morning, people dressed up and worshipped gods, goddesses, kitchen gods and ancestors. Pray for blessings and good luck, then toast and kowtow to the elders and accept the New Year wishes of the old people. When cooking the first New Year's Eve dinner (jiaozi), or wrap a red line, thinking that people who eat it will live longer; Or wrap a coin, thinking that people who eat are not short of money. In Inner Mongolia and other places, the Daur people used to pack eight small pieces of dough or a handful of flour, respectively, symbolizing the full house of eight women and kindness. After breakfast, young men and women, led by their peers, went door to door to pay New Year greetings. If the elder died less than three years ago, the younger generation would kowtow to the coffin in Nankang for the New Year. Go out to pay New Year greetings from the second day to the fifth day. During the Ani period, women got together and liked to dance the folk dance "Rouge Ge Le", while girls played "hanika" (paper men) or "sacks" (ankle bones). Adult men hold horse racing and other activities, while young men are divided into two teams. In the evening, they hold a "Polje" competition and a fireball competition.

Defamation Festival

On the fifteenth day of the first month, the Lantern Festival is held, which is a happy and lively day for the whole country. For the Daur compatriots, there is a more joyful and interesting "Incense Festival" on the 16th day of the first month-the Daur traditional festival. According to legend, every year on the 16th day of the first lunar month, the "God of Grains" visits the earth, and people wipe their faces on each other, in order to pray that the "God of Grains" will not spread smut to the world, so that the wheat will be harvested and the people will be safe. According to the custom of Daur nationality, the elders in skyclan must get up early and put a black spot on the foreheads of all ethnic groups. Young people oil the black ash on the bottom of the pot, scrambling to rub it on each other's faces and making fun of each other. Therefore, this morning, the faces of boys and girls are often painted black. Daur people believe that this smear entertainment symbolizes auspiciousness and kindness.

Aobaowobei

North of Aobaowo, Daur language is Aobaoji. Traditional festivals of Daur nationality. It is held once a year in spring and autumn, and the Daur people in Qiqihar, Heilongjiang choose to hold it on August 18 every year for one day. Aobao, that is, a conical altar made of stones in Gaogang or on the mountain, symbolizes the national protector or mountain god in the eyes of Daur people. At that time, people gathered around Aobao wearing dresses and holding offerings. One is to insert branches of willow or birch with green branches on Aobao, symbolizing the prosperity of five grains and six livestock. At the time of sacrifice, cooked beef, sheep and pork were used as offerings, white wine and cheese were offered to Aobao, and colorful flags and cloth strips were hung. Later, incense was lit around Aobao, and the chief priest Baqi (the shaman's assistant) read a eulogy. Shaman sang prayer songs and danced auspicious dances around Aobao, and worshippers all bowed down to Aobao, praying for good weather and safe livestock. After the festival, people eat sacrifices and engage in wrestling, horse racing, archery, singing and dancing and other recreational activities.

Dragon Boat Festival

The Daur Dragon Boat Festival is also called the May Festival. Every year on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, people get up early, take a bath in the river, or wipe their faces with dew outside, and put mugwort leaves in their ears and clothes in order to be disease-free for a year. At noon on this day, every family will eat pie, jiaozi or buckwheat noodles. Later, women flocked to the banks of the river, carrying boxes and baskets, to collect their favorite "Kun Pierer" (a delicious wild vegetable). I Teenagers hold "Polje" (hockey) games.

The second day of the second lunar month

Daur people eat pig's head meat on the second day of the second lunar month every year, and in some places they eat pies, so needlework is forbidden, which will lead to joint diseases on this day.

Laba Festival

The Daur Laba Festival falls on the eighth day of the twelfth lunar month every year. People stop working and use "Nicky" (that is, the granular part of buckwheat rice ground into powder and left on reeds) to make yogurt sticky porridge, and then mix it with milk (or cream) to eat. ......& gt& gt

What are the customs and habits of Daur people? Traditional houses of Daur nationality are mostly pine or birch beams, adobe or mud walls, yellow mud inside and outside, covered with grass, with two rooms, three rooms and five rooms. Two rooms, one bedroom in Westinghouse and one kitchen in East Room; There are three or five rooms, with the kitchen in the middle and the living room on both sides. Houses generally face south and pay attention to lighting. Windows are a major feature of Daur houses. There are three connected big kang in the south, north and west of the living room or in the south, east and north, commonly known as "Man Zi Kang". Manzikang has good thermal insulation performance and is an indispensable heating facility for Daur people in winter.

The living room of Daur people is more expensive than the west room. Westinghouse is located on the south kang, where most of the elders live. The son, daughter-in-law and their children live in the north kang or the east room, while the west kang is for guests' daily life. Most of the kang surfaces are covered with reed mats or felt. Nowadays, with the development of economy and the improvement of living conditions, there are more and more brick houses. However, living customs such as using kang are still deeply loved by Daur people.

What are the customs and habits of Daur people? The Daur nationality has a long history and is one of the pioneers and defenders of the northern part of the motherland. According to historians' research, the Daur people nomadic Gonghe River and Enen River in Huel in their early years, belonging to the descendants of the Qidan people. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, they moved south to the south bank of Heilongjiang and Nenjiang Plain. Together with Ewenki and Oroqen, they defended the northern frontier with their blood and lives. The Daur people have their own language, but no writing. Language belongs to Altai Mongolian language family. Traditionally, literate Daur people mostly use Manchu. Daur's hockey is famous all over the country and is known as the "hometown of hockey". Shi Fang, a member of our reporting group, made a special report on this two years ago, so it is very meaningful to revisit the old place. Daur nationality has splendid traditional culture and unique national customs, and it is a wonderful flower in Chinese national culture. The museum's rich series of folk displays, such as "Da Le Car", "Huada" wedding banquet, deer flag lowering and headdress, let us have a deeper understanding of this loyal, hardworking, thrifty and creative minority.

A brief introduction to the customs and habits of Achang nationality

Social customs and habits

Achang Su Achang men wear blue, white or black double-breasted shirts, black trousers and some even wear left-handed shirts. Women's clothing varies slightly from place to place, and they like to wear all kinds of silver ornaments during festivals. Married women generally wear skirts, narrow long-sleeved double-breasted clothes and blue cloth; Unmarried women wear trousers, light-colored double-breasted clothes and pigtails. The food is mainly rice, as well as potatoes, vegetables and meat. , acidophilic food. In the past, young men and women had the habit of chewing betel nut, and their teeth were often dyed black. Houses are mostly quadrangle buildings with brick, wood and stone structures, with people living in the main house, food and other living materials piled up on the upper floors of the wings on both sides, and pigsty and cowshed downstairs. The houses in the village are relatively tidy. The main roads between villages are generally stone roads or gravel roads, which is convenient for communication. The man took a bag and a long knife with him when he went out. Men and women are used to carrying goods on their shoulders, and mules and horses are used for long-distance transportation. Achang people are generally monogamous families, free to fall in love before marriage, and "string girls" prevail, but marriage is arranged by parents. In the past, people with the same surname were generally unmarried, but for a long time, it was common to intermarry with Han, Dai and other ethnic groups. The transfer system of husband-brother marriage is prevalent. Widows can remarry, but they can't take away their husbands' property, and their children are also raised by their in-laws People are usually buried after death, and those who die abnormally must be cremated.

Achang people are cheerful and hospitable. Tea altar is a popular pottery utensil for cooking tea in their hospitality etiquette. When visiting Achang's house, the host will first take out the hip flask and pour a small glass of wine to welcome the guests, then take out the tea jar, put tea leaves on it, pour boiling water, cook it on a charcoal fire for a while, and then pour it into a teacup. The host and the guests will have a tea conversation together.

Bai (BA)

Social customs and habits

Bai people basically practice monogamy. The son separated immediately after marriage, and parents usually lived with their youngest son. Some of the landlords are big families with four generations living under one roof. People of the same family and surname don't marry, but they will marry their uncles and aunts as usual. Marriage is usually arranged by parents, so it should be appropriate. A childless woman can be adopted by her husband's wife, and a childless woman can also adopt her brother's children (adoption) or adopted children. Son-in-law and adopted son had to change their names and surnames in order to obtain the right to inherit property.

Before the Yuan Dynasty, the Bai people generally practiced cremation. After the Yuan Dynasty, due to the influence of the Han nationality, it was changed to burial. Funerals are usually grand.

Rice and wheat are the staple foods of Bai people in Pingba area, while corn and adopted children are the main foods in mountainous areas. Bai people like to eat sour, cold and spicy flavors. They are good at curing ham, bow fish, fried chicken brown, pork liver and other dishes. They also like to eat a unique "raw meat" or "raw skin", that is, roast pork half-cooked, cut into shredded pork, and served with ginger, garlic, vinegar and so on. Bai people also like to drink roasted tea.

Bai costumes vary from place to place. In Dali and other central areas, men wear white or blue baotou, white double-breasted clothes and black collars, white trousers and bags embroidered with beautiful patterns on their shoulders. Dali women usually wear white coats, black or purple velvet collars, blue wide pants, short waistcoats with embroidered ribbons, embroidered "knotted shoes", silver bracelets with enamel and silver rings on their arms, and silver earrings with three whiskers and five whiskers on the right. Married people tie their hair in a bun, while unmarried people hang it on their backs or braid it on their heads, all of which are wrapped in embroidery, printing or colored towels.

In the housing form of Bai people, the dam area is mostly "three long houses", with huts with kitchens, barns and yards, or tile houses with "one front and two ears", "three sides and one wall" and "four entrances and five patios", with bedrooms, kitchens and barns separated. Most of the mountainous areas are straw houses, "flash houses", bamboo baskets or "wooden cribs" with stables upstairs and downstairs, and cooking and sleeping places are often connected.

Bonan i.

Social customs and habits

The customs and habits of Baoan people are obviously bound by the canon of * * *. At the same time, due to the long-term coexistence with neighboring nationalities in history, it is influenced by foreign cultures, especially Hui and Han cultures.

In the past, most Baoan families were patriarchal. Now, it has been completely replaced by monogamous families. Parents are the absolute authority in the family, and parents arrange their children's marriage. Before liberation, Bao 'an people did not intermarry with non-ethnic groups, and there were few intermarriages between different sects. Accustomed to early marriage. And get the permission of the leader. However, this situation has changed now. The man must give a bride price at least twice from marriage to marriage, and the gift money is very heavy. The first time you say goodbye, you call it "tea"; The second time before the wedding is called "dry ceremony". The wedding was held on "Main Anesthesia Day". After the bride enters the door, she won't eat her husband's meal for three days, but ... >>

Daur people in folk customs The Daur people in the north have the habit of visiting the New Year. During the Spring Festival, people put on holiday clothes, visit each other and congratulate each other. Every family has steamed cakes, and as soon as New Year's greetings come in, the host treats them with steamed cakes. "Gao" is homophonic with "Gao" in Chinese, and treats each other like cakes, which means that the living standard in the new year will be further improved. During the festival, Daur people also held songs and dances and sports activities, which lasted for half a month.

According to the sixth census in 20 10, the population of * * is 13 1992. According to the data of the census in 2000, the total population of Daur nationality was 132400, 10 years ago. Compared with Sipu, the Daur population has increased by 10900, with a growth rate of 9.00% and an average annual growth rate of 0.83%. Among the Daur population, the urban population is 69,200, accounting for 52.25% of the total population; The rural population is 63,200, accounting for 47.75% of the total population. Compared with 10 years ago, the proportion of Daur urban population decreased by 5.43 percentage points. According to the census data in 2000, among the Daur population aged 65,438+05 and above, 70.39% are married, 59.89% are newly married, 3.68% are remarried, 65,438+0.67% are divorced and 5./. During the periods of 1999, 165438+ 10, 1, 2000, 65438+ 10, 3 1, the national Daur population was/kloc. The birth sex ratio is 1 18.00, in which the birth sex ratio of one child is 145.95, that of two children is 18. 18, and that of three children is 150.00. During the period of1999165438+1October/-2000 65438+1October 3 1, the national Daur death toll was 8 13. The crude mortality rate is 6. 15‰, including 8.40‰ for males and 3.94‰ for females, the infant mortality rate is 14. 19‰, and the life expectancy is 66.80 years. According to the sixth population census of 20 10, the Daur population is mainly distributed in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang Province and Xinjiang * * * Er Autonomous Region, with a total of 122068 people. The Daur population in these three provinces (regions) accounts for 92.48% of the national Daur population and 365,438% of the Daur population in Chinese mainland. There are 4 1229 Daur people in Molidawa Daur Autonomous Banner and Meilisi Daur District in Hulunbeier City, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, and Daur people account for 90%. Daur in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region accounts for 45% 20 10 Qiqihar City, Heilongjiang Province 1982 Daur population in this city accounts for 70%. The Daur nationality accounts for 43% of the population of the whole province, while in Tacheng, Xinjiang, the Daur nationality accounts for 77%. 20 10 55% of Daur population. According to the census data in 2000, Daur people are distributed in 3/kloc-0 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, mainly in Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang, with 120800 people, accounting for 9 1.24% of the total population of Daur people. In addition, the Daur population exceeds 1000 in Liaoning and Xinjiang. Molidawa Banner is known as the "hometown of soybeans". 1978, the total grain output of the whole flag exceeded 1 100 million Jin. 1983 was identified as a commodity grain production base county by the Ministry of Commerce. From 65438 to 0989, it entered the ranks of the top 100 counties in grain production in China. In 2002, the total grain output of Molidawa Banner reached 65.438+0.242 billion Jin, 9.07 times of 654.38+0.978, 654.38+0.46 times, and 0.05% of 654.38+0.949 billion Jin. In 2005, Molidawa Banner produced 65.438+63 billion Jin of grain. In 2005, the total sown area of 36 Daur villages in Heilongjiang Province reached 36 107 hectares, of which 2,6881hectare was planted with grain crops, and the output was113,729 tons. Planting green characteristic cash crops 683 1 hectare with a yield of 8729 tons; Agricultural income reached170.62 million yuan, accounting for 396,438+06% of the total annual income. "Hala" is a clan organization of Daur nationality and a social group formed by paternal blood relationship. Every "Hala" has its own settlement. For example, "Guo Bole Hara" lives in the Budan River basin, a tributary of Gyeonggi Province in the lower reaches, and "Olahara" lives in the Tiraden River basin, a tributary of Gyeonggi Province in the middle reaches. People who belong to "Hala" are all related by blood, so it is forbidden to marry. Every "Hala" has an elected "Halada" (clan leader) who manages the internal affairs of the clan. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, Daur people carried out collective hunting activities with "Hala" as the unit, which was the remnant of the custom of clan organization sharing production equally. With the development of production and the increase of population, the scale of "Hala" is increasing >>