Physical education teaching principles and methods

The principles of physical education teaching are:

The principle of self-consciousness and positivity refers to making students clear about the purpose of learning, so that they can actively and independently think, study hard and tenaciously, and take the mastery and improvement of physical education knowledge, technology and skills, develop their bodies and enhance their physical fitness as an active rather than a passive process. The cerebral cortex has the most appropriate excitability, a strong interest in learning and hobby, is the basis for good teaching results. This is the physiological and psychological basis for the principle of conscious activism. Therefore, teachers should be good at fully mobilizing the subjective initiative of students to learn, so that students can actively study and exercise.

Intuitive principle refers to the use of students' various sense organs and existing experience, through the vivid image of feeling, so as to master the sports knowledge, technology and skills learned. Teachers should give conditioned stimulation through accurate action demonstration and concise explanation, and strengthen it with repeated practice.

The principle of starting from the actual means that the task of physical education, content, organization and teaching method and the arrangement of the exercise load, should be in line with the age of the students, gender, physical education and physical development level, and take into account the site, equipment, equipment conditions and regional seasonal climate of the actual situation, so that the students, after a certain amount of effort, to be able to learn, to do.

The principle of gradual progress refers to the content of the teaching, method and arrangement of the exercise load, from easy to difficult, from simple to complex, from the known to the unknown, gradually deepen, and constantly improve. Physiological science experiments have proved that the human body's internal organs, systems of functional activities have a certain inertia, the organism from a relatively quiet state to enter the work state, the adaptation of the external environment and the improvement of work efficiency, there is a gradual process of change. Against this principle, it will bring difficulties to students' learning, affect the teaching effect, and even damage students' health. However, easy and difficult, simple and complicated, shallow and deep are all relative, depending on the object and conditions of a certain change.

The principle of comprehensive development of the body refers to the selection of comprehensive and varied content in physical education, the use of appropriate organization and teaching methods, so that the students of all parts of the body, the functions of the organ system, a variety of physical qualities and the basic activities of the ability to get a comprehensive and coordinated development. Scientific practice has proved that the human body is under the regulation of the cerebral cortex of the organic unity of the whole, each part, each organ system function, a variety of physical qualities and the basic activities of the ability to interconnect, mutual constraints. Well regulated, it can promote each other, coordinated development, so that the average development of the body, the body shape is well-proportioned, beautiful, and improve the ability to work. Otherwise, it will result in abnormal development and hinder the healthy growth of students.

Reasonable exercise load principle means that according to the teaching task, the characteristics of the teaching materials, the actual students and teaching conditions, so that the students' body to withstand a certain amount of exercise load, and to make it with rest reasonably alternating, in order to better master the technology, skills, and effective development of the body, enhance physical fitness. Exercise load refers to the physiological load that the human body can bear when carrying out physical activities. Exercise load is too small to achieve the purpose of teaching; exercise load is too large, it will damage the health, in turn, also affect the completion of the teaching task. The main factors that determine the size of the exercise load are "volume" and "intensity". "Volume" refers to the number of movements, times, groups, time, distance and weight. "Intensity" refers to the size of the force used to complete the exercise and the degree of tension in the body, including the speed of the movement, the density of the exercise, the length of the interval between exercises, the weight of the weight, the distance of the throw, the height of the high jump and so on. The "volume" and "intensity" should be handled appropriately. The greater the "intensity", the "amount" should be reduced, "intensity" moderate, the "amount" can be increased. To the extent that students can afford and have a certain degree of fatigue. The quality of the movement has a certain relationship with the size of the exercise load. In order to ensure that the quality of action under the premise of a reasonable arrangement of appropriate exercise load.

The principle of consolidation and improvement refers to enabling students to firmly grasp sports knowledge, techniques and skills, and continuously develop their bodies and enhance their physical fitness. The formation of power stereotypes in the cerebral cortex is the physiological basis for the formation, consolidation and improvement of movement techniques and skills. If not consolidated and improved in a timely manner, the power stereotypes will fade, and the teaching effect will also have a negative impact. The consolidation and improvement of one kind of technology and skill can help the consolidation and improvement of other kinds of technology and skill, and can also create good conditions for learning new technology and new skills. The level of various physical qualities and the working capacity of the organism should also be constantly consolidated and improved. Long-term interruption of practice will lead to a decline in physical fitness and the body's working capacity.

Sports teaching methods The laws of epistemology, the laws of formation of movement skills and the laws of changes in the body's physiological and functional activity capacity are the scientific basis for determining various teaching methods. Commonly used sports teaching methods are: language method, visualization method, complete method, decomposition method, practice method, game method, competition method, as well as prevention and correction of errors. Some of them are general teaching methods in physical education.

Language method Language is a unique human signal ─ 2nd signaling system, the human psyche and physiology has a unique stimulating effect. In physical education, the teacher's explanation, instructions, instructions, oral assessment of performance, students' oral report, "silent recitation", "self instruction", etc., are the use of language method. Among them, the teacher's explanation is the most important form. Whether the teacher's language is concise (logical, easy to understand), whether it is inspirational (in-depth, guided), whether the content is appropriate (to meet the level of students), is directly related to whether the students can understand and master the sports knowledge, technology and skills learned in the same class, whether it can improve learning enthusiasm, and also has an important impact on the development of students' thinking and language expression skills. Physical education teaching process is characterized by the need to make students repeatedly do exercises, oral commands and instructions is a method of commanding students to act, but also the performance of the teacher's organizational skills, requires clear and accurate, loud and clear, in order to facilitate the improvement of student's attention, and is conducive to the development of the ability of the students to act with agility.

Intuitive method is to make students through a variety of organs of feeling to learn the action of the appearance, the essentials and methods to obtain a distinct impression and direct feeling of a teaching method. In physical education commonly used intuitive methods are: the demonstration of action, teaching aids model demonstration, showing movies or TV videos; and give assistance or resistance method, so that students through the sense of touch and muscle proprioception, direct experience of the action, identify the relationship between space and time and its impact on the body, so as to form a complete and correct concept. There are also specific or figurative directional markers to indicate the direction of movement, amplitude, trajectory and point of exertion, etc. "directional intuition"; the use of some external factors to stimulate or guide students to complete a certain activity "leading intuition"; through the electronic instrumentation device, so that students get timely information about the movement, so that the students will be able to understand the movement, so that the students will be able to understand the movement. Electronic devices, so that students get timely access to a variety of information in the process of action, in order to correct or maintain the action of "emergency information intuition" and so on.

The complete method is to teach from the beginning to the end of the action, not divided into parts and paragraphs, complete. It facilitates the complete mastery of the movement, and is generally applicable to the teaching of simpler movements or movements that are not suitable for division.

The decomposition method is to reasonably divide the whole movement into several parts, according to the part of the sequential teaching, and finally achieve mastery of the whole movement. Generally, it is suitable for more complex, decomposable movements that are difficult to teach by the complete method.

The practice method is based on the teaching task, purposeful repetition of the practice method. The mastery, consolidation and improvement of sports knowledge, techniques and skills, the development of students' bodies, the enhancement of physical fitness, and the cultivation of noble moral qualities must be obtained and realized in the process of repeated practice. Due to the different teaching tasks, in the use of practice method, can be divided into: ① in relatively fixed conditions, according to the action specifications for repeated practice of the repetition of the practice method; ② in the change of conditions for repeated practice of the change of the practice method; ③ comprehensive use of the above methods of integrated practice method; ④ according to the teaching requirements, select a number of simple movements, set up a number of points of operation (or "station"). "station"), so that students in each point of operation to complete the required exercises, and then transferred to the next point of operation, do a round can be repeated after the next round of the cycle of practice method.

Game method and competition method Games generally have a certain competition factor and plot. Within the scope permitted by the rules, the initiative and creativity of the players can be given full play to achieve the goals set out in the game. The most important feature of the competition method is that there is a "competition" factor, which puts a higher demand on the physical function, and the factors affecting psychological tension are more than those of the game method, thus strengthening the role of physical activity on the organism.

The method of preventing and correcting errors refers to the method of taking effective measures to prevent and correct the main causes of students' wrong movements. Once the wrong movements form a power stereotype, it is very difficult to correct them, and easy to produce injuries. Physical education, the use of prevention and correction of errors method, can be divided into: ① strengthen education, prevention and elimination of errors due to unclear learning objectives, fear of pain, fear of tiredness, timidity and other reasons; ② improve the quality of explanation, demonstration, so that students are clear about the concept of movement, requirements, essentials and methods of completion, in order to prevent or eliminate the errors due to the lack of clarity in these areas; ③ development of physical fitness, improve body Functions, strengthen the teaching of basic techniques, in order to prevent and eliminate errors arising from the level of physical training or basic techniques can not keep up; ④ strengthen the preparation of lessons, improve the organization of the class and the level of teaching methods, in order to prevent and eliminate the content of the material does not meet the students' reality, the exercise load is too heavy and the organization of the teaching method of the errors arising from inappropriate and so on.