What is the Siku Quanshu? What are orphaned and good books?

The Siku Quanshu (四库全书) is the largest official book and the largest collection of books in ancient China. According to the Wenzinge collection, the book *** includes 3,503 kinds of ancient books, 79,337 volumes." The name "four libraries" originated in the early Tang Dynasty, the official collection of books in the early Tang Dynasty was divided into four libraries of the classics, history, and the collection of books, known as the "four libraries of books", or "four libraries of books". The four parts of the book is the main method of classification of ancient books, which basically includes all the books of ancient times, so it is called "the whole book". In the early years of the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, the scholar Zhou Shui Nian put forward the "Confucian Collection", which advocated that Confucian writings should be centralized and made available for borrowing. This idea was widely accepted by the society, which was the social basis for compiling the Sikuquanshu.

Thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (1772) in November, the Anhui government Zhu Yun put forward the "Yongle Canon" of the series of anonymous problems, recognized by the Qianlong emperor, and then it will be ordered by imperial decree to the series of anonymous books and "provinces and all the official carving of all the books," compiled together, the name of the "Siku Quanshu". In this way, by the "Yongle Canon" of the anonymous will lead to the compilation of the "Siku Quanshu" of the vast project, the compilation of the "Siku Quanshu" of the direct cause. The compilation process of the Siku Quanshu *** divided into four steps: the first step is to collect books. The collection of books began in the thirty-seventh year of the Qianlong reign (1772) and ended in the forty-third year of the Qianlong reign (1778), lasting seven years. In order to recognize the book, the Qing court also formulated awards, the title, the name and other incentives: "Award" that is, where the book more than 500 kinds of people, give "Ancient and Modern Book Integration" one; into the book more than 100 kinds of people, give the "Peiwen Rhyme House" a. ". Inscription", that is, where the book more than 100 kinds of people, choose a refined book, by the Qianlong emperor inscription Jane end, in order to show favor." Name" that is, in the synopsis of the name of the collection or collector of the name of the collection. In the local government's great assistance and collectors of books under the positive response, the book collection work progress smoothly, *** collection of 12,237 kinds of books, of which 4,808 kinds of Jiangsu into the book, ranked first among the provinces; Zhejiang into the book 4,600 kinds of books, ranked second. Private collectors Ma Yu, Bao Shigong, Fan Maozhu, Wang Qishu, etc. also into a lot of books. The second step is to organize the books. Sikuquanshu" the base of the four sources: one is the internal collection of books, the second is the Qing court official revision of books, three from all over the collection of books, four from the "water music canon" in the anonymous books. Siku Pavilion Minister of the above books should be copied, should be engraved, should be stored in the specific comments. Should copy the book is considered qualified works, can be copied into the "Siku quanquan". The books that should be engraved are considered the best works, which are not only copied into the Siku Quanshu, but should also be engraved and printed to be widely circulated. Should be stored in the book is considered unqualified works, can not be copied into the "Siku Quanshu", but in the "Siku Quanshu General Catalog" in the name of only, included in the inventory, such works * * * 6,793 kinds of works, 93,551 volumes, than the income of the "Siku Quanshu" of the writings of nearly twice as much. For the writings that should be copied and engraved, it is necessary to compare the differences between the same book and the different books, and to choose the better book as the base. Once a book is designated as the base of the four libraries, but also a series of processing, fly sign, eyebrow approval is the product of processing. Flying sign is also called folder sign, is the school official to correct typos, write the first review of the paper strip. This note is often attached to the volume, sent to the Codifier review. Codifier approval, can be used to change the original text, otherwise no change. Then sent to the Chief Codifier for a third review, the Chief Codifier after analysis, may not agree with the Codifier's review, and the use of the first review of the school officer's opinion. After the third review, it was sent to the Imperial Court. The third step is to copy the base text. Transcription of the first by the bailiff, later, found that this method of bribery, bribery and other shortcomings, but also changed to the method of examination, the specific approach is: in the need to increase the number of transcription of personnel, the first notice, the conscripts enrollment, so that on the spot to write a number of lines of words, the character handwriting is correct or not, the merit of the recruitment. Although the examination method is superior to the law, but there are inconvenient, so finally changed to the selection from the countryside examination failed students, choose their examination paper handwriting uniformly clean to be recruited. In this way, has selected 3826 people as copying work, to ensure that the copying of the "Siku Quanshu" needs. In order to ensure the progress, but also provides a copying quota: each person copying 1,000 words per day, copying 330,000 words per year, 5 years to copy 1.8 million words. At the end of five years, those who had copied 2 million words were classified as first class; those who had copied 1.65 million words were classified as second class. According to the grade, they were awarded four official positions, such as the same as the state, the state judge, the county chancellor, and the main book. Found that the font is not neat, a demerit, the penalty for writing 10,000 more words. As a result of effective measures, rewards and penalties, so the copying of the "Siku Quanshu" is progressing smoothly, every day there are 600 people engaged in copying work, at least more than 600,000 words can be copied. The fourth step is proofreading. This is the last key process. In order to ensure the smooth progress of the proofreading work, the Sikuquanquan Museum formulated the "Regulations on Merits and Errors", which stipulated that: the wrong words, such as the original black and white, exempted from the record; such as the original black and white, really transcribed to the error, each wrong word once; if you can find out the original error, sign the corrections, each place to be credited with a. After each volume, all the books are listed in the "Proofreading" section. After each volume, the names of the proofreaders were listed to show their responsibilities. After a book had passed through the two levels of branch schools and re-schools, it was then sampled by the president and finally decorated for submission. Branch school, re-schooling, the president and other duties, to ensure that the quality of the "Siku Quanshu" does play an important role.

In December of the forty-sixth year of the Qianlong reign (1781), the first "Siku Quanshu" was finally copied and decorated for submission. Then it took nearly three years to copy the second, third and fourth, stored in the Wen Yuan Ge, Wen Su Ge, Wen Yuan Ge, Wen Jin Ge collection, which is known as the "Northern Four Pavilions". From the forty-seventh year of the Qianlong (1782) in July to the fifty-second year of the Qianlong (1787) and copied three, stored in the Jiangnan Wenzongge, Wenhuige and Wenlange collection, which is known as the "South Three Pavilions". Each Siku Quanshu is bound in 36,300 books and 6,752 letters. The books of the Seven Pavilions are inscribed with seals, such as "Wen Yuan Ge Bao", a square seal in vermilion, at the beginning of the book, and "Qianlong Imperial Treasure", a square seal in vermilion, at the end of the volume.

The content of the Siku Quanshu is very rich. It is categorized according to its contents, including 4 parts, 44 categories and 66 genera. The Department of Economics, including Yi class, books, poetry, rituals, Spring and Autumn, filial piety class, the general meaning of the Classics, the four books, music, elementary school class 10 categories, including rituals and divided into weekly rituals, rituals, rituals, three rituals of the general meaning of the general rites, general rites, miscellaneous rites of passage book 6 genera, elementary school class and divided into the exegesis, the word book, rhyme book 3 genera; history, including the history of the class, the class of the Chronicle, Chronicles class, the class of the History, the class of miscellaneous history, history class, the class of the Imperial Edicts, the class, the class of the Biographies, Historical notes, records, seasonal orders, geography, official class, political books, directories, history, such as 15 categories, of which the edicts are divided into edicts, 2 genera, biographies are divided into sages, celebrities, general records, miscellaneous records, alibi 5 genera, geography is divided into palaces and sparsity, total records, metropolitan counties, rivers and canals, borders, mountains, rivers, monuments, miscellany, travel, outside the record of the 10 genera, the official class is divided into the official system, 2 genera of the Official Record The political books are divided into 6 genera: general system, ceremony, state plan, military affairs, decree, and examination, and the directory is divided into 2 genera: scripture and gold stone; the sub-division includes 14 categories: Confucianism, military, legal, agricultural, medical, astronomical and algorithmic, mathematical, artistic, genealogical, miscellaneous, analogical, fictional, interpretive, and Taoism, among which astronomical and algorithmic category is divided into 2 genera: push-steps and counting, and the category of mathematics, occupancy, and phase house is divided into 2 genera: mathematics, occupancy, and phase house. Mathematics, Zhanhou, Xiangzhu Xiangtomb, divination, life book, yin and yang five elements, miscellaneous technology 7 genera, art class is divided into painting and calligraphy, zither, seal carving, acrobatics 4 genera, genealogical record class is divided into artifacts, recipes, plants and trees, birds and animals, insects and fish 3 genera, miscellaneous class is divided into miscellaneous learning, miscellaneous examination, miscellaneous sayings, miscellaneous products, miscellaneous codification, miscellaneous compilations of 6 genera, the novelist class is divided into miscellaneous, anecdote, trivia 3 genera; the collection of the Department of the Chu River, including Chu speech, other sets, the collection of the General Collection, poems and commentaries, the word and song The collection includes 5 major categories, including lyrics and songs, which are divided into 5 genera, including lyrics collection, lyrics selection, lyrics, lyrics and rhymes, and north-south songs. In addition to chapter and verse novels and dramatic works, the above categories basically include all kinds of books circulating in the society. As far as the authors are concerned, they include women, monks, Taoists, eunuchs, soldiers, emperors and foreigners.

Of course, the content of the Siku Quanshu also has deficiencies: first, the importance of Confucian writings, Confucian writings in a prominent position. The Confucian classics are placed at the head of the four sections, and the general Confucian writings are placed at the head of the subsections. Secondly, scientific and technological writings are slighted. The modern science and technology of the West is considered to be a "heresy of the particular", which can be "section of its skills, prohibit the transmission of its academic". In addition to agricultural, medical and astronomical algorithms included a few scientific and technological works, general scientific and technological works are not included. Thirdly, theater works and chapter books are not included. Fourth, the body of the book may be abridged or altered by digging. The process of compiling the Siku Quanshu is also the process of banning in the process of levy, that is, the process of the big word prison. According to statistics, in the long more than 10 years in the process of book repair, banned more than 3100 kinds of books, more than 150,000. In the income of the "Siku Quanshu" books, there are also a lot of abridgement or digging change. In the process of compiling the Siku Quanshu, also compiled the Siku Quanshu Aloe, Siku Quanshu General Catalog, Siku Quanshu Concise Catalog, Siku Quanshu Kaozheng, Wuyintengjuzhen version of the series of books, etc. These books can be regarded as the compilation of the Siku Quanshu. These books can be seen as by-products of compiling the Siku Quanshu. The Siku Quanshu Huiyao is the essence of the Siku Quanshu, containing 473 kinds of books and 19,931 volumes. The size of the book and the form of the binding are the same as that of the Siku Quanshu. In the forty-third year of Qianlong (1778) **** copied two parts: one in the Imperial Garden of the Palace of Wushaotang, one in the Yuanmingyuan east wall of the Changchunyuan in the flavor of the book house. The two hundred volumes of the Sikuquanshuanmu (General Catalog of the Siku Quanshu) are the general catalog of the books included in the Sikuquanshu and the books in the inventory. The catalog is preceded by the "general rules", and the general preface is given at the beginning of the four parts of the Sijing, Shi, Zi, and Ji, and there is a small preface before the major categories, and there is an introduction of the author, a summary of the contents, and the source of the edition of the book under the text of the testimonials. As these testimonials are written by famous scholars such as Ji Yun, Dai Zhen, Yao Ding, and Shao Jinhan, they have important academic value. The Siku Quanshu Brief Catalog (20 volumes) is a compendium of the Siku Quanshu General Catalog, which does not list the books in the catalog, but only the books included in the Siku Quanshu, and the synopsis of each book is also written in a relatively simple manner. Siku quanquan kaozheng" one hundred volumes is the Siku library ministers should copy, should be engraved by the book of the compilation of the records of the word proofing, the book for the proofreading of ancient books have a high reference value. Wuyingtianjuzhen version of the series of books is printed with wooden movable type. It includes "Siku Quanshu" in 138 kinds of "should be engraved" of the book. After 4 types of books were engraved and printed, the host of the series, Jin Jian, thought that wooden movable type was less costly and of high practical value through comparison, and changed to wooden movable type printing for publication. Jinjian wrote the process of wood-type printing into the book "Qin Ding Wuying Hall Polychrome Plate Program" and included it in the "Siku Quanshu", which is an important document in the history of printing in ancient times, and has been translated into German, English and so on, and circulated all over the world.

What are the reasons for the success of the compilation of the Siku Quanshu? First, the stable social environment. During the period of book repair, just when the Kangxi and Qianlong period, the world is no trouble, no war interference. Four library ministers sitting in front of the book, a sit is 10 years, no worries. Second, the importance of the supreme ruler. The four libraries from the conception to repair, Qianlong Hongli always participate in its affairs, and by his careful planning. From the collection of books, choose the base, to copy the book, school books, Qianlong Hongli are one by one asked, personally arranged. Third, a strong source of funds. The four libraries of the encyclopedia" voluminous, difficult to count the funds required, the Qing court all down. Fourth, the strict organizational system. Siku quanquan museum's highest position is the president and vice president, mostly by the county king, the university professor and six ministers, the minister, responsible for the prime minister of all affairs in the museum, under the compilation, repair the book and supervise the manufacture of the office. Codification Division is responsible for proofreading and investigation of all the books, and part of the repair of the books written by the books of the work of the branch; repair of the book is responsible for all the books of the repair and proofreading; Supervision of the Department is responsible for the Wuying Hall engraving, printing, binding, organizing the book matters. Four libraries library ministers totaling 360 people, dismissal for cause, death, remove the name, call it appointments, not in this number. Fifth, the recruitment of talent. Siku quanquan library is known as a treasure trove of talent, focusing on a large number of outstanding talent, many of whom are used to break the rules, such as Shao Jin Han, Yu set, Zhou Yongnian, Dai Zhen, Yang Changlin and others, not only is not a Hanlin, and Dai Zhen, Yang Changlin and so on, not even a jinshi, is only the lifer. Talent collection, for the compilation of the "Siku Quanshu" created more favorable conditions.

From the "Siku Quanshu" repair has been more than 200 years. How has the Siku Quanshu been circulated? Among the seven, Wenyuange Ben, Wenzongge Ben and Wenhuige Ben have disappeared, only Wenyuange Ben, Wenjinge Ben, Wensuge Ben and Wenlange Ben have been handed down to this day. Wen Yuan Ge Ben is now hidden in Taiwan Province, Wen Jin Ge Ben is now hidden in Beijing Library, and Wen Su Ge Ben is now hidden in Gansu Provincial Library. Wenlange in the war in the many defects, and later handed by the supplementary copy, basically make up, now hidden in the Zhejiang Provincial Library. How to evaluate the "Sikuquan"? Although the "Siku quanquan" in the compilation process, there are deletions, digging and changing the content of the fault, but on the whole, should be more than fault. First, it preserved a large number of ancient books, a summary of ancient culture.

The compilation of the Siku Quanshu has made an important contribution to the promotion of national culture and the dissemination of ancient culture. 200 years after the war, without the Siku Quanshu, a large number of ancient books would have been lost, resulting in irreparable losses. Secondly, in the method of finishing ancient books, especially in the anonymous, collation, cataloging, repertoire engraved series of books and other aspects of the future generations left many useful insights: in the anonymous, Siku Pavilion Ministers from the "Yongle Canon" in the anonymous book and the income of the "Siku quanquan" * * * there are 385, not only to make a lot of lost for a long time of the rare ancient books back in the daylight, but also for the anonymous work for the future generation provides a good example; in the In the survey, the four libraries library ministers network of all the books, careful selection of the base and other practices, for future generations of the school survey set a good example; in cataloging, "the four libraries of the general catalog" of the scholarly value of any ancient official and private bibliography is unparalleled, the compilation method has had a far-reaching impact on the later generations; in the remittance engraved series, the Qing dynasty to the "four libraries of the quanquan" as a role model, set off a series of engraved books of the craze. In recent years, "Siku quanquanshu series" and "renewed Siku quanquanshu" publication, is to promote national culture, inherit and carry forward the "Siku quanquanshu" of the fine tradition and fruitful.

In short, the Sikuquanquan is a mega cultural project in the history of China and even in the history of the world in the 1870s and 1880s, which has written an important page in the history of human culture.

The good book: where the books are fine proofreading, fewer errors, known as the good book. Good book has three major nature: because of its age and have "historical documents", the content of the book has important reference value of the "academic information", engraved plate printing, illustrations and other exquisite "artistic representation". In the past, private book collectors, each get a rare book, that is, according to the same copy as a copy of the preservation of the book was copied is known as the original. Nowadays, the copies of intergovernmental documents and the officially signed copies of international documents are called duplicates, and they are regarded as general good books. Fine copies, fine proofs, manuscripts, ancient topography of tablets and posters, and old engravings of books are also usually called good copies.

Orphan copy: refers to the world only survives a book, information. Usually there is only one book in the world circulation of a carving (although such books have other carvings circulation), not engraved and printed manuscripts, only one of the old topography of the tablets and posters known as the lone book.