Artistic Achievements, Cultural Achievements (Literary Writings), Architectural Achievements in Chinese History

Literary Achievements: The great Chinese nation is one of the ancient nations in the world with the earliest development of civilization. The glorious Chinese literature has a long history, a great variety and a richness of forms, all of which can be compared with the literature of any major literary country in the world. The first general collection of poetry, the Shijing, gathered poems from the 11th century BC to the 6th century BC. The breadth and profundity of its reflection of social life, and its artistic expression of fugue, bi and Xing are more praised by countless foreign scholars.

In the theater, as far back as the thirteenth century, there was the glory of Yuan miscellaneous dramas. One of its representatives, Guan Hanqing, wrote 70 plays in his lifetime. The astonishing "Sinus E Grievance", the light-hearted, bright, lively and humorous comedy "Saving the Wind and Dust", the public drama "Lu Zhailang", which celebrates justice and lashes out at evil, and the historical drama "Single Sword Club", which rolls over the winds and clouds of the times, and other plays in various styles and colors, not only demonstrated the richness, sophistication and heaviness of China's theatre, but also melted the virtues of Tang poems and Song lyrics into a single melting pot, and expanded the poetry and lyrics' function from general chanting to chanting with music, closely combining poetry and song.

The unique form of expression and artistic charm of Tang poetry and Song lyrics have brought the potential of language into full play. It is catchy, powerful, varied and yet strict and orderly, and the great man of the age, Mao Zedong, not only inherited its fine tradition, but also pushed the art to a new peak.

In terms of novels, still in the Song Dynasty more than a thousand years ago, there was a "symbol of the public literary style" of "Song dialect book". At the end of the Yuan and the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, there were two great masterpieces of novels, namely, Shi Nai-an's "Water Margin" and Luo Guanzhong's "Romance of the Three Kingdoms". These two long masterpieces with vast content, grandeur and over a hundred characters enjoy a worldwide reputation.

China's modern literature (from the new literature of the May Fourth period to the socialist literature since the founding of New China), which was born, developed, and gradually matured during the revolutionary storm, has been advancing in the forefront of the world's progressive literature today with its new and more advanced, more reasonable, and more beautiful attitude. Novels such as The True Story of Ah Q, A Son's Night, Home, Spring, Autumn, Stormy Weather, The Sun Shines on the Sanggan River, The First Record of the Wind and Clouds, Defending Yan'an, The Spectrum of the Red Flag, Red Rocks, The Orient, Li Zicheng, Eastward Flow of the Yellow River, The Second Sun, The Ordinary World, and Muslim Burials; novels such as Thunderstorm, Sunrise, The Teahouse, The Cai Wenji", "Wu Zetian", "Princess Wencheng" and other dramas; the poetry of Guo Moruo, Ai Qing, He Jingzhi, Guo Xiaochuan, Li Ji and other poets, all of them, with the unity of revolutionary political content and perfect artistic form, crossed into the hall of world literature, weaving a more brilliant and dazzling garland for the glorious Chinese literature.

Overall view of Chinese literature in its entirety for more than 3,000 years shows that its development has been characterized by the following five features:

I. In the long course of the development of Chinese literature, the tasks and functions of literature have traditionally been emphasized. Confucius (551 B.C. /FONT>479) first proposed that poetry (literature) "can rise, can be viewed, can be grouped, can be complained. To serve one's father in the near future, to serve one's ruler in the far future, and to be more acquainted with the names of birds, beasts, grasses and trees." Cao Pi, the Emperor of Wei in the Three Kingdoms, attached great importance to the writing of essays and believed that essays could be "the foundation of a nation", proposing: "The great cause of the foundation of a nation is written in essays, and it is a great event that will last forever. The life span of a man may end at some time, and the glory and happiness of his body may end at a time that is not as long as the endlessness of the writing of an article." Du Fu, a great poet of the Tang Dynasty, made a more straightforward explanation of the purpose of writing poetry: "To the king, Yao and Shun, and then to make the customs simple." Bai Juyi put it even more clearly: "Writings are written for the times, songs and poems are composed for the events." These discussions on the tasks and functions of literature by ancient poets, writers, and literary theorists have had a tremendous impact on later creative practice and literary development. Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping, on the basis of critically absorbing the reasonable elements in the claims of successive generations about the function of literature, put forward a clearer and more popular and resounding slogan: Literature and art serve the workers, peasants, and soldiers; Literature and art serve the people and socialism. Under the guidance of such ideas, literature in the liberated areas made indelible achievements, and literature in New China, especially in the new period, gained unprecedented development and prosperity.

Two, our literature has always been an open-ended one that has been courageous and progressive, constantly innovating or pushing the boundaries of form and genre. For example, poetry developed from quatrains to pentameter and heptameter, and from archaic to proximate, metrical and free verse. The development of prose is from pre-Qin prose to Han Fu, parallelism, and the "ancient language movement" in the ancient language, and in modern times, the types and forms of prose can be said to be varied and colorful. In the genre, from the Tang poetry, Song lyrics, Yuanqu and Ming and Qing long novels, short stories. In short, thousands of years of literary development shows that China's literature in the form of art and genre, always in constant motion, in constant innovation and renewal.

It should be pointed out that the Chinese nation is a highly rationalized nation, capable of comprehensively, dialectically, and maturely treating innovations and revolutions in literary forms and genres. After the emergence of a new art form and genre, it does not negate the previous art form and genre, but allows various art forms and genres to compete freely. For example, while the seven-line stanza and the seven-line stanza dominated the field of poetry, the five-line stanza and the four-line stanza did not die out, and they still exist even today. For example, today we advocate new poetry, but the old style of poetry is still thriving, and it is thought-provoking to see how poetry and lyrics have become more and more popular, and how they have become more and more popular. In the Song Dynasty, words dominated the field of poetry, but Song poems were also very distinctive. Even today, they go hand in hand as brothers or sisters.

Cultural and artistic achievements combined here

Architectural achievement: Li Chun, a bridge builder of the Sui Dynasty. He is now a native of Lincheng, Xingtai, Hebei. He built the Zhaozhou Bridge (Anji Bridge) from the 15th year of Kaihuang to the beginning of Daye (595-605). In the "Anji Bridge Inscription" written by Zhang Jiazhen, a Tang dynasty official, it is written, "The stone bridge over the Jiaohe River in Zhaozhou is the work of Li Chun, a Sui craftsman, who made it in such a strange way that people do not know what he did for it." But the Zhaozhou Bridge has survived for more than 1,400 years, making it one of the wonders of Chinese architectural history.

Li Chun was a famous bridge craftsman in China's Sui Dynasty, who built the world-famous Zhaozhou Bridge, creating a brand-new situation in China's bridge construction and making great contributions to the development of China's bridge technology. Li Chun statue

Zhaozhou Bridge has a beautiful legend, according to legend, Zhaozhou Bridge was built by Lu Ban, after the completion of this bridge, one of the Eight Immortals, Zhang Guolao rode a donkey upside down, with Chai Rong, but also rushed to catch the fun. They came to the bridge, just happened to run into Lu Ban, so they asked: whether the bridge can withstand the two of them to go. Lu Ban thought: this bridge, mules and horses can cross the big car, two people is nothing, so he invited them to go on the bridge. However, Zhang Guolao was carrying a pouch containing the sun and the moon, and Chai Rong was pushing a cart containing the "Five Famous Mountains", so when they got on the bridge, the bridge was actually shaken by the pressure. Lu Ban saw bad, hastily jumped into the water, with his hands to hold the east side of the bridge. Because Lu Ban make too much effort, the bridge under the east arch ring left his handprints; bridge also left a donkey hoof prints, driveway ditch, Chai Rong fell left a knee mark and Zhang Guolao hat fell on the bridge when hit the round pit. Of course, this is just a mythological story made up by people to honor the ancient skilled craftsmen.

Also the Yuanmingyuan, (situated in the western suburbs of Beijing, adjacent to the Summer Palace, consists of the Yuanmingyuan, the Changchunyuan and the Qichunyuan, so it is also called the Yuanming Three Gardens. In addition, there are many small gardens, distributed in the east, west and south of the Yuanmingyuan, the stars like a moon around the Yuanmingyuan. [1] Yuanmingyuan is one of the famous royal gardens of the Qing Dynasty, covering an area of more than 5,200 acres and more than 150 scenes. The building area of 160,000 square meters, "the garden of ten thousand gardens". [2] The Emperor of the Qing Dynasty came here in the height of summer to avoid the summer heat, listen to politics, and deal with military and political affairs, so it is also known as the "Summer Palace". Yuanmingyuan was built in 1708 (Kangxi 46 years), was initially the Kangxi emperor to the fourth son of Yin Zhen. 1723 Yongzheng became the throne, expanding the original garden, and in the garden south of the additional Hall of Great Light and Hall of Diligence and the Cabinet, the Ministry of the six, the Office of military affairs of the value of the room, the Royal to "avoid the clamor to listen to the government". During the reign of the Qianlong emperor in addition to the Yuanmingyuan local additions, alterations, but also in the immediate east of the new Changchunyuan, in the southeast of the neighboring merged into the Wanchunyuan. [3] The pattern of Yuanmingyuan's three gardens was basically formed. Jiaqing dynasty, mainly on qi chunyuan repair and expansion, make it become one of the main garden living place. Daoguang dynasty, the national affairs of the decline, insufficient financial resources, but would rather withdraw Wanshou, Xiangshan, Yuquan "three mountains" furnishings, strike hot summer and Mulan hunting, still do not give up the Yuanming three gardens of the reconstruction and decoration. 1860 British and French allied forces ransacked the Yuanmingyuan, the cultural relics were looted, with the emperor wanted to restore the Yuanmingyuan, and then because of financial difficulties, was forced to stop, and reconstruction of other buildings. Other buildings. After the Eight-Power Allied Forces, and by bureaucrats, warlords tricky destruction blow, finally turned into a ruin. [4]

The Yuanmingyuan inherited China's excellent gardening tradition of more than 3,000 years, both the elegance and splendor of the palace buildings, but also the elegance and colorfulness of the Jiangnan gardens, and at the same time drew on the essence of the European gardens, the different styles of garden architecture into a single entity, was hailed as a "paradigm of ideals and art" by the French writer Victor Hugo). Summer Palace (the Summer Palace, a World Heritage Site, AAAAA level tourist attraction, a national key cultural relics protection unit, the first batch of national civilized scenic tourist area demonstration sites, is China's largest and best-preserved royal garden, one of the four great gardens in China (the other three are Chengde Summer Resort, Suzhou Humble Administrator's Garden, and Suzhou Liouyuan)). , Tiananmen Square (the world's largest square), the Oriental Pearl TV Tower, the Great Wall, Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes are famous buildings.