Knowledge points of geography and human geography in senior high school

It is easy to learn knowledge, but difficult to turn it into ability; It is easy to ask questions, but difficult to get satisfactory answers; It is easier to comment on others than to do it on the spot; It is easy to blame colleagues, but difficult to evaluate yourself correctly. Below I will share with you some knowledge of high school geography and human geography, hoping to help you. Welcome to read!

High school geography and human geography knowledge 1

Population and city

1. Population changes in a region include mechanical population growth (population migration) and natural population growth.

2. Factors affecting natural population growth: natural growth rate, birth rate, mortality rate and productivity level (fundamental factors).

3. Population development model:

Primitive type ("high and low"): extremely high mortality, short life expectancy, extremely low natural growth rate and slow population growth.

Traditional type ("high and low"): high birth rate, low mortality rate and high natural growth rate (representative: Nigeria)

The transitional mortality rate is low, the birth rate is high but begins to decline, and the population pressure is high (representative: Brazil)

Modern type ("three lows"): low birth rate, low mortality rate, low natural growth rate and aging population (representative: Germany)

4. Regional distribution of population development patterns:

All over the world: it belongs to "transitional type" and is in the stage of transformation to "modern type"

Developed countries: "modern" Germany, Hungary and other countries have negative growth, while the natural growth rate of the United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and other countries is slightly higher, and the natural growth rate of most developed countries such as Japan is close to zero.

Developing countries: Most of them are "transitional", but South Korea, Singapore, Cuba, Uruguay and China have entered or will soon enter "modernization".

Countries with population over 1 100 million: China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil, Russia, Japan, Bangladesh, Nigeria and Pakistan.

5. Population growth pattern and corresponding population problems.

① Population problems in the stage of population growth

Developing countries-slow growth stage-transition mode-transition type-huge population pressure

Developed countries-low growth stage-"low-low" mode-modern type-population aging and labor shortage

(2) The country with the greatest economic pressure on population is the country with a large proportion of children and the elderly.

③ The reason why the mortality rate of urban population is higher than that of rural areas: The problem of population aging is more prominent.

6. Population migration areas: developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, central and western China, rural and urban centers in developed countries.

Population migration areas: Western Europe, North America, West Asia (Middle East) in developed countries, and coastal areas and cities in eastern China.

7. Environmental population capacity: that is, environmental carrying capacity, the largest population that the environment can accommodate.

Factors affecting the environmental population capacity-resources, population consumption level, scientific and technological development level and regional openness.

8. Reasonable population capacity-the moderate population size is generally smaller than the environmental population capacity.

9. Urbanization

① The most important indicator to measure the level of urbanization is: the percentage of urban population to the total population.

② Different countries have different urbanization processes:

Characteristics of developed countries: early start; High level of urbanization (above 70%); Development slows down, and there is a phenomenon of anti-urbanization (why? )

Characteristics of developing countries: late start and rapid development; Low level of urbanization (below 50%); Unreasonable urban development (abnormal development of individual big cities)

③ Problems in the process of urbanization: (The root cause: the infinite expansion of urban scale and the excessive concentration of urban population)

④ Solutions to urbanization problems: (Measures to protect and improve urban environment)

A. establishing satellite cities and developing new areas; B. improving urban traffic and living conditions; C. protecting and managing the urban environment;

10, Regional Industrialization and Urbanization: ① Industrialization is the driving force of urbanization.

② The typical models of regional urbanization in China are: Pearl River Delta model ―― opening to the outside world → attracting foreign investment → industrialization and urbanization;

Wenzhou model ―― small commodity management → private enterprises → industrialization and urbanization;

Southern Jiangsu model ―― the diffusion of big cities → the development of township enterprises → industrialization and urbanization;

Yunnan Dehong model of border trade development: Northeast model of promoting urbanization with resource development.

1 1, urban regional structure

Distribution characteristics of functional areas

Business district: It occupies a small area and is mostly distributed in the city center, on both sides of main traffic lines or at street intersections. This is the busiest place for urban economic activities, with large population difference between day and night and tall and dense buildings.

Industrial Zone: It covers a large area and is distributed in the upwind direction of the minimum wind frequency and the downstream of the river, constantly moving to the outer edge of the urban area and tending to be distributed along the main traffic trunk lines.

Residential area: it covers the widest area and is distributed in the upwind direction of the maximum wind frequency and the upper reaches of the river. High-rise residential areas and low-rise residential areas are facing each other.

12, different levels of cities provide different types and ranges of services.

City level, service scope, function category, service level, number of cities, mutual distance.

How big, how high and how far is the advanced city?

Low-level cities are small, low and close.

High school geography and human geography II

Human production activities and geographical environment

1. Classification of agriculture: ① Classification by production object: planting, animal husbandry, forestry, fishery and sideline.

(2) Classification by investment: extensive agriculture (depending on the weather); Intensive agriculture (labor-intensive and capital-intensive)

③ Classification by product use: subsistence agriculture; Commodity agriculture (considering market demand, mainly in some areas of developed and developing countries)

2. Main agricultural location: Natural location factors include climate, topography, soil and water sources.

Socio-economic location factors are: market, traffic and policy.

3. Types of agricultural geography: ① Rice planting (subsistence agriculture, low mechanization level, low commodity rate, low scientific and technological level, large amount of water conservancy projects and high output per unit area) ② Commodity grain agriculture (commodity agriculture, large production scale, high mechanization level and high commodity rate).

(3) Ranch animal husbandry (vast territory and sparsely populated, convenient transportation) (4) Dairy industry (close to the market) (5) Mixed agriculture (adaptability and flexibility to the market)

4. Constraints and advantages of agricultural development in China:

South China: soil erosion (sufficient water and heat) North China: land salinization, drought in spring and waterlogging in summer (sufficient sunshine)

Northeast China: insufficient heat (fertile soil, wide arable land) Northwest China: lack of water resources (sufficient sunlight).

5. Distribution of crops in China: ① Farming in the east and grazing in the west; ② South sugarcane and North vegetable;

③ Southern rice and northern wheat (winter wheat-autumn sowing and summer harvest-North China Plain, spring wheat-spring sowing and autumn harvest-Northeast Plain);

④ Tea acid soil with humid climate (hilly area in the south of the Yangtze River); ⑤ Temperate fruits-apples, pears and peaches.

⑥ Commodity grain production bases: Dongting Lake Plain, Poyang Lake Plain, Jianghan Plain, Northern Jiangsu Anhui Plain, Songnen Plain Sanjiang Plain, Hexi Corridor, Southern Xinjiang and Ningxia Plain (Taihu Plain, Chengdu Plain and Pearl River Delta are no longer commodity grain bases).

⑦ Commodity cotton bases (sufficient heat and strong light): Jianghan Plain, coastal plain in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, central and southern Hebei, northwestern Shandong and northern Henan Plain, Huanghuai Plain, southern Xinjiang, etc.

6.① Raw material industries: beet or sugarcane factories, aquatic products processing factories, fruit canneries and textile factories in Xinjiang.

② Market-oriented industries: breweries, furniture factories, printing houses, beverage factories, food factories, glass factories and chip factories (automobile factories) built by Europe and America in China.

③ Power-oriented industries: aluminum smelting, nonferrous metal smelting, thermal power plants and hydropower stations.

(4) Industries dominated by cheap labor: textile mills, ordinary garment factories, electronic assembly factories, belt wrapping, umbrella making and shoe-making factories.

⑤ Technology-oriented industries: integrated circuits (chips), satellites, aircraft factories and precision instruments.

7. Industrial enterprises with serious pollution should be arranged in the downwind direction of perennial prevailing wind or the upwind direction of minimum wind frequency wind; Layout in the lower reaches of the river.

8. Traditional industrial zones (rich in coal and iron resources): Ruhr, Northeast Industrial Zone of the United States and Northeast Industrial Zone of China.

9. Emerging industrial zones (small enterprises or high-tech level): emerging industrial zones in Italy, "Silicon Valley" in the United States, Kitakyushu in Japan, etc.

10, the reason of industrial transfer-choose the best location (resource and raw material supply, labor quality, wage level, market demand, environmental capacity, national policy), reduce production costs and expand the sales market. The wage level in developed countries is constantly improving, and the environmental pressure in traditional industrial areas is increasingly heavy. Wages in developing countries are low, and infrastructure and investment environment have improved significantly.

1 1. Industrial transfer direction: Britain-Germany-America-Japan-Southeast Asia, Latin America and China coastal areas (further inland).

12, the impact of industrial transfer: industrial transfer promotes the international division of labor and cooperation of industries, and promotes the adjustment of regional industrial structure and economic development.

① For the transferring countries, industrial upgrading can be achieved, but it may also lead to an increase in the number of unemployed people;

② For recipient countries, it can promote economic development, but it may also bring serious environmental pollution.

13. The reasons that prompt developed countries to set up branches in developing countries are: cheap labor, vast market and low land price. For example, multinational companies set up chip factories and automobile factories in China because China has a huge market (not because of China's cheap labor and land).

14. The reasons for the rapid development of industrialization in the Pearl River Delta region are: ① opportunities for industrial transfer in developed countries and regions;

(2) Preferential policies for opening to the outside world; (3) the superior position along the southeast coast, adjacent to Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, and close to Southeast Asia;

(4) the advantage of abundant and cheap labor; ⑤ Hometown of Overseas Chinese

15. Problems existing in the process of industrialization in the Pearl River Delta region: the attraction to foreign investment is declining, industrial upgrading is facing difficulties, and the development potential is insufficient.

① The industrial base (mainly light industry) in the Pearl River Delta region is congenitally deficient; ② The scientific research strength is inferior to that of the Yangtze River Delta;

③ The hinterland of the market is not broad enough; (4) Wages and land prices have improved;

⑤ The urban infrastructure construction is relatively backward, and the ecological environment problems are becoming more and more serious.

16, Measures in the process of industrialization in the Pearl River Delta:

① Adjust the industrial structure and develop heavy industry and equipment manufacturing; Labor-intensive industries are upgrading to electronic information industry.

(2) Strengthen the division of labor and cooperation among cities, and build a greater Pearl River Delta urban agglomeration;

③ Promote regional cooperation in Pan-Pearl River Delta to realize complementary advantages and coordinated development;

④ Strengthen planning and management to improve the investment environment and ecological environment.

17, the characteristics of five modern modes of transportation

Railway: large capacity, high speed, low freight rate and good continuity;

Highway: good flexibility, but less traffic, suitable for short-distance transportation;

Water transport: large volume, low freight rate, slow speed, poor flexibility and continuity;

Pipeline: good continuity, large transmission capacity, large investment and poor flexibility.

Air transport: fast, but small in size and high in freight;

18. Port location: ① The river port should be selected at the place with wide river width and deep water depth (eroded bank side);

(2) The sea outlet should be arranged in a place with water depth (dense contour lines), less sediment deposition, small wind and waves and flat terrain.

19. Location of commercial center: ① The principle of market optimization requires it to be located in the geometric center of the city;

(2) The principle of traffic optimization requires the expressway located at the edge of urban loop or along the edge of urban area.

High school geography and human geography knowledge 3

Special topic of regional sustainable development

I. Important geographical boundaries of China:

1, Qinling-Huaihe River: 1 month 0℃ isotherm, 800mm precipitation line, humid area and semi-humid area, subtropical and warm temperate zone, north and south, paddy field and dry land boundary.

2. Daxinganling: 400mm precipitation line, semi-humid and semi-arid, agricultural and pastoral areas, monsoon and non-monsoon areas.

Third, the main regional characteristics

1, plateau basin-① Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (glacier freezing and thawing landform, strong light is not enough to heat, valley agriculture);

② Inner Mongolia Plateau (wind landform, desertification); ③ Loess Plateau (aeolian deposit, flowing water erosion landform, soil erosion)

④ Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau (karst landform with flowing water, multi-peak forest caves, earthquake, landslide, debris flow and other geological disasters).

⑤ Tarim Basin (wind landform, strong light, large temperature difference, insufficient water, oasis agriculture, desertification)

⑥ Sichuan Basin (flowing water landform, weak light and full heat, purple soil)

2, plain hills-① Northeast Plain (flat and open terrain, fertile fields and thousands of miles); (2) North China Plain (drought and flood, saline-alkali and sandstorm),

③ Plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (lake siltation, ecological vegetation restoration, returning farmland to lakes); ④ Hilly areas in the south of the Yangtze River (soil erosion, red soil and red desert)

3. Distribution of resources in China: ① South: hydropower, nonferrous metals and iron; ② North: coal, oil and iron;

③ Northwest: oil and gas; ④ Qinghai-Tibet: solar energy, geothermal energy and hydropower.

Fourth, allocate resources across regions.

① Reasons: imbalance of natural resources distribution and regional differences of social resources distribution.

② Cross-basin allocation of water resources-South-to-North water transfer: ③ Cross-regional allocation of energy resources-West-East gas transmission, West-East power transmission and North-to-South coal transportation.

④ Natural belts that the West-East Gas Pipeline passes through: temperate desert belt, temperate grassland belt, temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest and subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest.

Climatic zones: temperate continental climate, temperate monsoon climate and subtropical monsoon climate.

Subtropical Evergreen Broad-leaved Forest Belt —— Natural Zone of Sichuan-East Gas Transmission

⑤ Power transmission from west to east: a north road (mainly thermal power) supplies Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan and North China; B middle road (mainly hydropower) supplies Central China, East China and Yangtze River Delta; C South Road (mainly hydropower) supplies South China and the Pearl River Delta.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) river development

① River basin management-dam repair-flood control and water storage-seasonal variation of flow in the middle and lower reaches decreases, and sediment deposition decreases-wave erosion increases.

② The core of Tennessee Valley development is cascade development (water level control, river dredging and flood control).

Answer: → Flood control, irrigation and aquaculture-the level of primary industries such as agriculture, forestry and fishery has improved.

Shipping and tourism-the development of the tertiary industry.

C: → Power generation (thermal power, hydropower and nuclear power) → Developing aluminum smelting and chemical industry with high energy consumption → Forming industrial corridor.

Six, the comprehensive development of Shanxi coal resources:

① Shanxi is rich in coal resources, with excellent quality and convenient mining. It is located in the east and is an important coal base in China.

② Problem: Shanxi's industrial structure is dominated by coal industry, which is very single; As the country optimizes the energy consumption structure, it will change the situation of excessive dependence on coal; In the process of coal mining and utilization, the surface is destroyed, soil erosion is intensified, and serious air pollution and water pollution are formed.

③ Measures: Improve the comprehensive utilization technology of coal, vigorously develop clean coal technology and establish a clean energy production system; Adjust industrial structure and develop heavy chemical industry (energy, metallurgy, chemical industry, building materials, etc.). Develop in the direction of deep processing and high added value, and vigorously develop agriculture, textile industry, high-tech industry and tourism; Do a good job in reclamation and greening in mining areas and control environmental pollution.

Seven. Combat desertification

① The essence of desertification-land degradation; Performance → degradation of cultivated land, grassland and forest land → land desertification, rocky desertification and secondary salinization.

② Causes of desertification in China: natural causes-drought and abnormal climate.

Human factors-excessive logging, overgrazing and excessive reclamation

③ Prevention measures: a, rational utilization of water resources; B, using biological measures and engineering measures to build a shelter forest system;

C, adjust the relationship between agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry; D, solving energy problems in agricultural and pastoral areas in multiple ways; Control population growth.

Eight, the loess plateau soil erosion

① Main causes of soil erosion:

Natural causes-climate (concentrated precipitation, heavy rain); Soil (loose soil with vertical joints); Vegetation (sparse)

Man-made reasons-unreasonable utilization of resources by human beings, excessive logging, overgrazing and excessive reclamation have seriously damaged the surface vegetation.

(2) Harm of soil erosion: (1) Soil erosion (running water \ running fertilizer \ running soil), agricultural production reduction; (2) The siltation of rivers and lakes has intensified; (3) Drought and flood disasters have increased.

③ Prevention and control measures: biological measures-planting trees and grass-returning farmland to forests and grasslands-developing diversified management-restoring vegetation.

Engineering measures-building reservoirs, terraces, dams and silt-storing water and preserving soil.

Agricultural technical measures-deep tillage, soil improvement, seed selection, plastic film mulching, crop rotation and interplanting-water storage and soil conservation

Nine, the development and protection of tropical rain forest:

① Vulnerability of the rainforest ecosystem: the rainforest has a vigorous biological cycle and low soil fertility.

(2) Rainforest plays an important role in regulating global climate and protecting biodiversity. The destruction of rainforests will aggravate global warming and lead to the disappearance of many species in rainforests, which is a great loss to human beings all over the world.

At present, the biggest damage to the rainforest comes from agricultural activities (immigrant agriculture, over-cultivation, grazing) and commercial timber harvesting (often led by multinational companies).

④ Another ecosystem worthy of attention: wetlands (including rivers, lakes, beaches, swamps, coral reefs, mangroves, paddy fields, reservoirs, etc. )

X. Geographic information technology

1. Remote sensing technology (RS): use certain technical equipment to sense ground objects on aviation or spacecraft. Technical equipment: remote sensing platform, sensor, remote sensing information transmission and processing system. Application: 1. Resource survey: 2. Disaster monitoring and environmental monitoring: (water pollution, forest diseases and insect pests, atmospheric monitoring and weather forecast, drought and flood disaster monitoring, marine environmental monitoring, forest fire monitoring, etc.). )

2. Geographic Information System (GIS): A computer system specialized in processing geospatial data. Technical equipment: computer software and hardware. Application: Statistics, analysis, evaluation, prediction, expression and application of various information such as resources, environment and social development.

3. Global Positioning System (GPS): A system that uses satellites to conduct timely navigation and positioning on a global scale. Technical equipment: GPS satellite constellation (space part), ground monitoring system (ground part), GPS signal receiver (user equipment). Application: Navigation and positioning for military and traffic travel.

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