What is the main content of the outlook on life?

First, the concept of public and private The concept of public and private is people's views on the relationship between individuals and collectives, individuals and society. Individuals living in society are always associated with social organizations such as collectives and countries in some way. How an individual views his position in society and how to deal with the contradiction between public and private is an important issue in the philosophy of life.

Public, generally refers to the collective, the society, the cause and the public interest or public concept, that is, the public interest is above everything else; Selfishness refers to the sum of material objects and spiritual objects that individuals need for their survival and development, and refers to personal interests or private ideas, that is, selfishness. Ego-centered individualism is a feature of bourgeois morality, which is also the essential feature of morality determined by capitalist economic relations.

Under socialist conditions, although there are still contradictions between public and private, generally speaking, this contradiction is non-antagonistic because the fundamental interests of individuals, collectives and society are the same. As long as it is handled properly, harmony can be achieved. Every member of society should consciously unify personal interests with social interests. Since individuals always work and live in a certain collective, the collective and the state are the fundamental conditions and guarantees for individual survival and development, and individual interests can be realized, then, regardless of individual abilities, we must always do something beneficial to the collective, the state and the society, that is, make contributions, and even sacrifice personal interests or even life to safeguard the interests of the collective and the state when necessary. Because the interests of the collective and the state have been lost and destroyed, that is, the interests of each member of the collective and the state, that is, individuals, have been lost and destroyed. Therefore, all open and selfless acts should be praised and affirmed by the whole society.

On the other hand, the collective and society should also protect and care about the reasonable personal rights and interests of each member of society, meet people's growing material and cultural needs as much as possible, and create good conditions for everyone to realize their ideal of free and all-round development. Because this is the ultimate goal of all activities of individuals and collectives, countries and society.

Second, the concept of honor and disgrace is people's subjective attitude towards society and the positive and negative evaluation of others, and it is also a reflection of the social consequences of their actions. Its objective basis and object is a positive and negative evaluation system composed of public opinion and other forms, that is, honor and shame.

Honor and disgrace itself contains a specific measure of social value and is a social and historical category. According to this standard, society makes a clear judgment on individual behavior, which constitutes the actual characteristics of individual honor and disgrace and the consciousness or concept of honor and disgrace concept, but this judgment is not always consistent with individual behavior and effect.

The concept of honor and disgrace is an important embodiment of the outlook on life. Among the members of society, not only the object and connotation of the concept of honor are different, but also the status and significance in people's ideas are different. The formation of the concept of honor and disgrace is a process in which individuals constantly accept and reflect on social evaluation, thus forming a stable subjective intention.

In class society, different classes have different views on honor and disgrace. The concept of honor and disgrace of the exploiting class is based on property and privilege. Whoever has wealth and privilege will have honor, and vice versa. The feudal landlord class regards aristocratic families and prominent official titles as the greatest honor, while the bourgeoisie regards having money and wealth as the greatest honor and physical labor and poverty as a shame.

The proletarian concept of honor and disgrace is the noblest concept of honor and disgrace of mankind. It is based on the social obligation to the people, the motherland and the cause of human progress, and on collectivism, and advocates the close combination of individual honor and collective honor. Collective honor includes personal honor, and only by caring and loving the collective can we get honor.

Third, the concept of justice and benefit refers to morality; Profit refers to interest and utility. The so-called view of justice and benefit is people's view on moral principles and the relationship between fame and fortune. As an important part of the outlook on life, it is mainly the understanding of the relationship between personal interests and social moral requirements and moral standards.

The metaphysical way of thinking is divorced from social history, and it is often contradictory to talk about justice and benefit in the abstract, so we can't see the consistency between the two. In the history of China's ethical thought, there has always been a dispute between righteousness and benefit. Both sides of the debate either emphasize the moral principle of super-utility, or overemphasize material interests and use "benefit" to interpret meaning. 18 ~ 19 th century, utilitarianism prevailing in Britain took utilitarian behavior as its moral standard. These are all one-sided.

As a code of human behavior, moral principles are not divorced from people's material interests, or even fundamentally opposed to them. On the contrary, the reason why moral principles are formulated is to safeguard people's legitimate rights and interests and utilitarianism, so we should affirm the rationality and morality of legitimate personal interests. Both material interests and spiritual sentiments are the needs of members of society. The noble moral spirit does not exclude any utility, but transcends the boundaries of personal interests to realize and safeguard the fundamental interests of the people.

Fourth, the concept of beauty and ugliness is people's aesthetic evaluation of objective things. It includes not only the perceptual aesthetic evaluation of things themselves in the aesthetic sense, but also the internal aesthetic evaluation of social and historical phenomena such as human behavior and morality in the ethical sense.

The concept of beauty and ugliness contains a strong emotional tendency of appreciation and disgust. As a part of the outlook on life, beauty is endowed with the meaning of goodness, while ugliness inherently contains evil. All thoughts and behaviors that conform to the law of historical development, can promote social development and human progress, or have correct moral values are generally considered beautiful; On the contrary, it is ugly. This is the inherent consistency between beauty and goodness, ugliness and evil. The standards of beauty and ugliness are both objective and subjective. Although the judgment of beauty and ugliness often appears in the form of sensibility and intuition, it is actually a concrete embodiment of the view of beauty and ugliness formed on the basis of rational thinking about ideals, life and society. Therefore, the view of beauty and ugliness reflects people's moral level and cultural accomplishment from a specific angle.

People of different times, cultures and groups have different views on beauty and ugliness. The concept of beauty and ugliness has the characteristics of times, nationality and class in class society. Marxism holds that in class society, different classes have different or even fundamentally opposite views on beauty and ugliness, but at the same time, they admit that human beings have the same aesthetic view on certain things. Marxist view of beauty and ugliness emphasizes the functionality and practicality of aesthetics, while attaching importance to the strong emotional characteristics and rich personality characteristics of aesthetics.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) happiness is the satisfaction that people get because of the realization of goals and ideals, and it is a pleasant feeling for the whole life state. The concept of happiness is a rational understanding of the connotation, significance and position of this satisfaction and feeling, the relationship between personal happiness and social (collective) and other people's happiness, and the ways and methods to pursue happiness.

Happiness is not a temporary feeling caused by accidental factors, but a comprehensive evaluation of all aspects of life and a profound experience of life. Therefore, the understanding of the purpose, meaning and value of life directly restricts people's views on happiness. Asceticism thinkers use morality to resist happiness; On the contrary, hedonists advocate that "happiness is morality", and both of them are one-sided on this issue.

Marxist view of happiness holds that everyone is seeking happiness, and personal happiness and everyone's happiness are inseparable. Marxist concept of happiness has the following three characteristics:

1? It is believed that the category of happiness is the result of the whole historical development, and the concept of happiness of each class is determined by the mode of production that adapts to the economic form of each class. The category of happiness is constantly developing and perfecting with the development of society.

2? People think that the key to happiness lies in people's aspirations and life goals. True happiness lies in eradicating the exploitation system, changing unreasonable social relations and creating a new and reasonable socialist system.

3? It is believed that individual happiness and collective happiness are closely combined, and collective happiness is emphasized, but individual happiness is never denied, but integrated into the happiness of the collective, nation, class and human beings.

Sixth, the concept of friendship is people's general view of their friendly exchanges, feelings and thoughts with others formed in social life.

People's material and spiritual needs are not met in isolation. Interpersonal communication is an important part of life and one of the ways of human existence. Positive social communication is of great significance to the establishment of harmonious interpersonal relations and good social order; For individuals, it is helpful to realize the purpose of life and promote the health and perfection of personality.

The concept of friendship has always been valued by thinkers. For example, Aristotle once thought that friendship was the bond between members of society. How to treat friendship is also an important embodiment of outlook on life. Friendship is not the mutual utilization of narrow utilitarianism. Equality, respect and concern are the basic elements of friendship. Friendship is an important embodiment of human civilization.

Seven. The concept of freedom is a fundamental view on a series of issues such as the connotation and significance of freedom, the limit of freedom, the meaning of freedom to life, the responsibility of freedom and life, the conditions and ways to realize freedom, and the relationship between individual freedom and social human freedom.

On the issue of freedom, absolute libertarians believe that people are completely independent and have no external necessity. Therefore, individuals should be responsible for all their actions. On the contrary, mechanical determinists believe that man has no freedom, everything is decisive, and man is only a link in the chain of objective causality. These two views are one-sided, only seeing the opposite side of the problem. In fact, no one can completely get rid of the limitation of necessity, but people have the freedom to choose and decide within the possible scope provided by necessity.

Freedom is people's understanding of inevitability and positive transformation of the objective world. Only by correctly understanding the objective law of the development of things, and on this basis, correctly exerting the conscious initiative (including the autonomy, enthusiasm and creativity of the subject), and achieving the expected goal in the practice of transforming the objective world, can people obtain real freedom. The freedom that people have under certain conditions is based on the premise that people are responsible for their own actions and consequences. The degree of freedom realization depends on the degree of understanding and grasping the objective inevitability, and it is the display of people's conscious subjective strength.