How many basic types of risk coping strategies are there?

How many basic types of risk coping strategies are there? There are usually several basic types of risk coping strategies:

1 risk aversion. 2. Risk transfer 3. Risk mitigation 4. Risk acceptance

1 risk aversion

Risk avoidance is to change the project plan and eliminate the threat of specific risk events. Usually we can take various measures to avoid risks. For example, for the technical risks existing in the development process of software projects, mature technologies, technologies familiar to team members or iterative development processes can be used to avoid risks; For project management risks, mature project management methods and strategies can be adopted to avoid the risks brought by immature project management; For schedule risk, incremental development can be adopted to avoid the risk of delayed listing of projects or products. For the risk of uncertain software project requirements, we can use prototype method to avoid the risk.

2. Risk transfer

Risk transfer is to transfer the consequences of risk to a third party, which is guaranteed by a guarantee strategy or a supplier through a contract. Software projects can usually be outsourced to transfer the risk of software development. For example, a project in a completely unfamiliar field can be outsourced, and the employer must have a clear contract to ensure the contractor's guarantee of software quality, progress and maintenance. Otherwise, risk transfer will be difficult to succeed.

3. Risk mitigation

Risk mitigation is to reduce the consequences and possibilities of adverse risk events to an acceptable range. Usually, adopting risk mitigation strategy in the early stage of the project can get better results. For example, the brain drain in the process of software development has a serious impact on software projects. We can reduce the impact of brain drain by improving artifacts and providing backup personnel.

4. Risk acceptance

Be prepared to deal with risk events, including actively making emergency plans or passively accepting the consequences of risks. Unforeseen risks, such as force majeure; Or in the case that risk avoidance, risk transfer or risk mitigation are not feasible, or the execution cost of the above activities exceeds the acceptable level of risk.

How to choose risk coping strategies Enterprises should determine risk coping strategies based on risk analysis, combined with risk causes, overall risk tolerance of enterprises and acceptable risk levels at specific business levels.

(1) basic principles

(1) For risks beyond the overall risk tolerance and the acceptable risk level at specific business level, risk avoidance strategies should be implemented.

(2) For the risks within the overall risk tolerance range and the acceptable risk level at the specific business level, if there is no intention to take further control measures after weighing the costs and benefits, the risk tolerance strategy can be implemented.

(3) For the risks within the overall risk tolerance and the acceptable risk level at specific business level, after weighing the costs and benefits, if you are willing to take further control measures to reduce risks, improve benefits or reduce losses, you can implement risk reduction strategies.

(4) Regarding the risks within the overall risk tolerance and the acceptable risk level at the specific business level, whether they are willing to accept the strength of others after weighing the costs and benefits, and take further control measures including subcontracting and purchasing insurance. To reduce risks, improve profits or reduce losses, we can implement risk sharing strategy.

(2) Choose a risk response plan in combination with different businesses.

Risk coping strategies are related to the specific business or events of the enterprise. Different businesses or events can adopt different risk coping strategies, the same business or event can adopt different risk coping strategies at different times, and the same business or event can also use risk reduction and risk sharing coping strategies at the same time.

(1) Generally speaking, for strategic, financial, operational and legal risks, methods such as risk tolerance, risk avoidance and risk sharing can be adopted.

(2) In general, for risks that can be managed by financial means such as insurance, futures and hedging, methods such as risk sharing and risk reduction can be adopted.

(3) The choice of risk response should also be considered from the perspective of enterprise-wide integration. In some cases, the risk of a department is controlled within the risk tolerance, but as far as the whole enterprise is concerned, it is beyond the risk tolerance. In other cases, the risks of multiple departments in the enterprise can offset each other without taking too many risk response measures.

After conducting risk assessment according to the prescribed procedures and methods, an enterprise can establish a risk list and an enterprise risk database on the basis of analyzing possible risks and combining business processes, risk factors, importance and risk coping strategies, so as to provide sufficient and effective data support for the continuous development and continuous improvement of risk assessment.

Enterprises should pay attention to the sustainability of risk assessment, collect risks and all kinds of information related to risk changes in time, carry out risk assessment regularly or irregularly, and update and maintain the risk database in time.

There are several basic types of chemical reactions * * * There are several basic types of chemical reactions * * * Basic reaction types: combination, decomposition, metathesis and substitution.

Redox reaction, non-redox reaction;

Exothermic reaction, endothermic reaction;

Substitution, addition, polymerization, oxidation, reduction and combustion.

Briefly describe the main coping strategies of construction project risks; 1. Risk avoidance of construction projects-Risk avoidance strategies should be considered in the following situations.

(1) Projects with high probability of occurrence of risk events and great consequences;

(2) The probability of loss is small, but when the risk point event occurs, the loss is catastrophic and irreversible.

2. Construction project risk retention

1) The fundamental difference between risk retention and other risk countermeasures is that it does not change the objective nature of project risks, that is, it does not change the probability of project risks and the seriousness of potential losses of project risks.

2) Risk retention is divided into unplanned risk retention and planned risk retention.

The main reasons leading to unplanned risk retention are: lack of risk awareness, mistakes in risk identification, mistakes in risk analysis and evaluation, delays in risk decision-making and delays in risk decision-making.

3. Risk control of construction projects

Risk control can be divided into loss prevention and loss reduction, and the risk control scheme should be an organic combination of the two measures.

4. Risk transfer of construction projects

1) non-insurance transfer; Also known as contract transfer, the most common non-insurance transfer of project risk has three situations:

(1) The owner transfers the contractual responsibilities and risks to the other party;

(2) the contractor subcontracts the project;

③ Third-party guarantee. Such as the contractor's performance guarantee.

2) Insurance transfer: usually called engineering insurance directly. But insurance cannot transfer all the risks of a project.

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* * * What are the risk coping strategies of relationship management * * * The process of risk management is the implementation mechanism adopted by the subject management object to achieve the goal. Through the risk management process, we should achieve three results:

1, risk identification, objective evaluation, and determination of risk attribution;

2. Internal risk control to minimize losses through standardized operation and maintenance;

3, risk external public relations, cultivate risk culture, the whole society * * * with governance, to maximize the satisfaction of the masses.

First, overall risk assessment: risk assessment, ownership.

Risk assessment is the premise and foundation of risk management, which includes two keys in practice: comprehensive risk assessment and risk attribution determination.

1. Social risk assessment in complex environment needs to scientifically identify risks and set tolerance.

Risk assessment is the first step in the management process, and the risk assessment at this stage is universal. For example, the national risk sources faced by * * * risk management mainly include natural disasters, accidents, important infrastructure, domestic crimes and foreign terrorist attacks. In China, the main risks of risk management are four kinds of public emergencies, namely natural disasters, accidents, public health incidents and social security incidents; In Britain, national risks include natural events, major accidents and malicious attacks; In the United States, * * * risk management focuses on homeland security risk management, and the main risk sources are 18 important infrastructure and key resources; In Canada, all risks faced by the country are divided into intentional risks and unintentional risks; In Australia, national risk involves both internal and external aspects of national institutions *** 17 risk areas; In Germany, national risks are divided into four categories: natural disasters, technical failures/human errors, infrastructure and terrorism.

On the basis of clear tolerance, more detailed risk assessment generally applies two dimensions of "possibility" and "impact", and usually adopts P (possibility or possibility) R (risk or consensus) matrix for intuitive evaluation and grading.

In practice, the focus of risk assessment is to set risk tolerance, that is, the number and types of risks that the subjects are willing to bear and tolerate. The determination and change of risk tolerance are influenced by the external environment such as culture, society, politics, law, technology, economy and natural environment, and the internal environment such as the subject's goals, resources and actual risk management ability. Once the environment changes, the risk tolerance of the subject will also change, and the standards and strategies for risk management identification, analysis, evaluation and response will also change. Therefore, * * * should scientifically set the risk tolerance according to the social mentality, and keep pace with the times and adjust it in time.

2. Determine the risk attribution and build a risk responsibility system.

From the international experience, it is clear that the risk attribution of * * * risk management is realized through the rational distribution of risk responsibilities, which makes all kinds of subjects at all levels not only have their own responsibilities, but also coordinate and do a good job in risk management.

First of all, in view of the characteristics of complex management projects, vague boundaries and increasing responsibilities, the usual practices of * * * risk management are:

① Clarify the overall responsibilities of risk management and the roles and responsibilities of each department;

(2) Actively cooperate and realize risk responsibility through risk management organization.

For example, in Britain, * * * first made it clear that the main risk responsibility lies with the * * * department. On this basis, these * * * departments, according to the nature and scale of risks, firstly transfer some responsibilities to subordinate institutions, and secondly sign contracts with other relevant units to share risks together.

Secondly, according to the characteristics of compartmentalization of management subjects, the main practices of * * * risk management are as follows:

(1) establish a leading organization for risk management;

② Set up corresponding institutions for classified management and hierarchical management.

For example, Britain * * * takes ensuring public safety as one of its core tasks, so * * * undertakes three responsibilities in risk management, namely, making laws and regulations, taking care of services and implementing management. On this basis, the United Kingdom has clearly divided three types of risk management units: organization and implementation units, implementation support units and specific implementation business departments.

In the practice of emergency management in China, the subject of risk responsibility is determined on the basis of clear risk responsibility, and the responsibility system is constructed by combining classified management, graded responsibility and territorial management, relying on unified leadership and comprehensive coordination.

Second, risk internal control: standardize operation and maintenance, and solidify the legal system.

* * * Risk internal control of risk management refers to the implementation design of minimizing risks in the internal implementation process of the management subject, which is solidified mainly by standardized operation and maintenance and the formulation of laws and regulations.

1. Formulate risk management standards and standardize risk internal control.

Establishing management standards is conducive to avoiding common risks and standardizing organizational behavior, which is a typical risk internal control practice. Starting from Australia and New Zealand, western countries have formulated national risk management standards to guide and promote the development of risk management. The national standards that have great influence and are recognized by ISO include ANZ risk management standard (AS/NZS 4360: 1995), Canadian risk management standard (CAN/CSA-Q850-97), British risk management standard (BS-6079-3: 2000) and Japanese risk management standard (JISQ 20065435). The specific content of the standard can be determined according to the national conditions. Taking ANZ risk standard as an example, the risk management standard mainly includes: application scope and concept, risk management requirements, risk management introduction, risk management steps, risk management records and files; The annex provides a set of methods and procedures suitable for risk management of various organizations for practical operation, and meets the needs of comprehensive risk management.

2. Implement internal control of systemic risk and solidify it through legal system.

Internal control of the system is the key. Only by establishing a unified leadership and efficient risk management network can the value of risk internal control be realized to the greatest extent. Take the United Kingdom as an example, its * * * risk management institutions include leading institutions, supporting units and specific executive departments, which have different positions in the overall risk management system of the United Kingdom.

In the first category, the leading institutions are mainly responsible for formulating risk management policies, mainly including the Cabinet Office and the Ministry of Finance. The State Emergency Secretariat of the Cabinet Office shall, jointly with the Budget Implementation Team and the Risk Support Team of the Ministry of Finance, formulate relevant policies for internal risk management, design and master the evaluation procedures for risk management construction, and solve practical problems existing in comprehensive risk management construction.

Second, the supporting units mainly provide support for risk management decisions. Support units include national testing committees, joint intelligence committees, and civil service management committees. They evaluate the implementation of risk management in their own departments, provide corresponding research and consulting reports, provide risk management suggestions to the heads of administrative departments and senior officials, and provide information and technical support for risk management.

The third category, the specific implementation department is mainly responsible for the implementation of risk management policies. All functional departments implement risk management within their respective functions. * * * * There are 24 cabinet departments in the UK, including the Prime Minister's Office, the Department of Commerce, Innovation and Skills, the Department of Community and Local Affairs, the Department of Culture, Media and Sports, the Department of Education, the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs and the Department for International Development 14.

Legal system construction is the guarantee, and internal control of * * * risks must be solidified through legal system to be standardized and sustainable. Article 18 1 of the German Civil Defence and Disaster Relief Law revised in September 2009 clearly stipulates that "with the joint efforts of * * * states, the Federation will conduct nationwide risk analysis". Australia's risk management legal system is perfect and detailed. The archives that guide and standardize Victorian risk management mainly include Victorian Insurance Department Law, Financial Management Law and Victorian Management Innovation Project. Victoria's Insurance Sector Act pays more attention to national insurance and provides risk management consulting and training for relevant departments. The Financial Management Law, supervised by the Ministry of Finance, binds more than 300 departments, authoritative organizations and public departments. These departments are required by law to formulate and implement risk management strategies and maintain supervision over these processes. Sound laws have effectively controlled many risks faced by Australian management.

Third, external public relations risk: cultivating culture and social governance.

External public relations of * * * risk management, on the one hand, because the masses, as external judges, have the right to evaluate the performance of * * * risk management; On the other hand, * * * risk management also urgently needs the participation of all sectors of society to achieve long-term stability.

1. Cultivate risk culture and realize sustainable development.

* * * The sustainable development of risk management requires * * * to cultivate a risk management culture; Using risk culture to form a benign environment for risk management is conducive to the mobilization of reform, the implementation and implementation of management, and the innovation of measures.

In practice, Canada and Britain developed and applied risk culture in the process of reform. It is suggested to establish a learning and flexible risk management culture. Promote civil servants to form a correct understanding and cognition of risks, improve their awareness of risks and responsibilities, cultivate an organizational environment conducive to avoiding and handling risks, and support the development of an organizational culture that can effectively bear risks and change.

2. Advocate social coordination and risk management with full participation.

* * * Risk management is the protagonist and main force, but risk management in a risky society requires the joint efforts of the whole society. The masses are not only one of the subjects of social risk management, but also the most direct source of social risk. Therefore, * * * risk management needs social coordination and full participation, which is not only for all-round risk management, but also conducive to risk minimization.

(1) * * * Actively form a social order in a risky society, and advocate the masses to consciously resist social risks and not engage in or participate in activities that may lead to public security problems;

According to the relevance of their own interests, guide the masses to consciously carry out risk investigation and hidden danger cleaning;

(3) make good use of the advantages of the masses in quantity, organize the masses and social organizations to carry out orderly social supervision and timely early warning and disposal;

④ Cultivate the masses to be "first responders", carry out self-help and mutual rescue work on the premise of qualified skills, and increase the extensive guarantee of social security;

⑤ Organize and coordinate, encourage people to help each other in their neighborhoods, and form a social atmosphere conducive to public safety.

What are the basic types of reactions? Neutralization, decomposition, combination, double decomposition, hydrolysis, addition, substitution and so on.

The basic type of financing strategy financing strategy refers to the arrangement or planning of funds according to the overall development plan of enterprises. The problem to be solved is how to obtain the funds needed in the process of enterprise operation and development, including who, when and how much funds to raise. Financing is closely related to investment and dividend distribution. The amount of funds needed depends on the needs of investment, and at the same time, the surplus retained in profit distribution should be considered.

Financing refers to the behavior of enterprises to raise funds by issuing stocks, bonds, obtaining loans, buying on credit and leasing.

What risk coping strategies should enterprises comprehensively use to control risks? Enterprise safety management includes the following basic contents:

Planning-safety measures plan

Organization-safety activity organization

Inspection-Safety inspection on site and during operation.

Audit-Audit of safety scheme and effect

The safety management means of enterprises are: administrative means; Legal means; Economic means; Cultural means; Scientific means, etc. Safety production management is the need of the objective conditions of enterprise safety production and an important part of enterprise management. The purpose is to reduce accidents in the production process through reasonable organization of production, so that the products produced by enterprises have no hidden dangers when they are put into use in the future. This is an important content of adjusting the relationship between operators and workers, a guarantee of production and operation, and a necessary condition for enterprises to obtain economic benefits. Safety management runs through the whole process of enterprise management, and is integrated into all the work of the enterprise, involving all aspects of the enterprise. Therefore, safety production is an all-round and comprehensive management process of enterprises and a systematic project.