Traditional Culture Encyclopedia - Traditional festivals - Blang Ethnic Minority Group

Blang ethnic minority group

Blang Ethnic Minority Group

Blang ethnic minority group

Ethnic Profile

Blang ethnic minority group

Blang ethnic minority group

Blang ethnic minority group partly call themselves "Blang", "Gang", partly call themselves "Awa", "Alwa", "Iwa", "Wa", and "Bao", partly call themselves "Ava", "Alva", "Iwa", "Wa", and "Bao". Some of them call themselves "Awa", "Alwa", "Iwa", "Wa" and "Ongkung". Some of them call themselves "Awa", "Alwa", "Iwa", "Wa" and "Wengkou". The Han or Dai call it "Pu Man", "Pu Man", "Meng" and so on.

Ethnic Profile

One of China's minority groups. Population 82,000 (1990). Mainly located in Xishuangbanna, Lincang and Simao areas of Yunnan Province. They are mainly engaged in agriculture. They speak their own language and also Dai. Mostly practicing Hinayana Buddhism.

The Browns in China are mainly distributed in Menghai and Jinghong of Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province, Shuangjiang, Yongde, Yunxian and Gengma of Lincang area, and Lancang and Mojiang counties of Simao area. According to the statistics of the fifth national census in 2000, the population of the Brown ethnic group was 91,882, and they use the Brown language, which belongs to the Wa Benglong branch of the Mon-Khmer language family of the South Asian language family, and is divided into two dialects: Brown and Arwa. Some speak Dai, Wa or Chinese. They do not have their own scripts, but some of them speak Chinese and Dai.

Editing Ethnic History

The Browns are an ancient ethnic group, and according to historical documents, the area around Yongchang was a region inhabited by the ancient Pu people, who had many tribes and were widely distributed, and were active in all parts of the Lancang and Nu River basins from the earliest times. "Pu people" in a likely is now the Brown ancestors. Since the Western Han Dynasty in Yunnan set up Yizhou County, under the jurisdiction of Shitang (Baoshan), Buwei (south of Baoshan) and other counties, Pu people activities in the area into the Western Han Dynasty's county range. In the Western Jin Dynasty, a part of the Yongchang Pu people migrated southward to the area of Zhenkang, Fengqing and Lincang. During the Tang Dynasty, they were called "Park Barbarians", and during the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, they were called "Pu Barbarians". After the Sui and Tang dynasties, there were so-called "Pu people", "Pu Zi", "Pu Zi", "Pu Zi" and "Pu" in the literature, "Pu Manchu", "Pu people" and other names, its distribution is more extensive, the Tang and Song dynasties, "Pu people" by the Nanzhao, Dali regime rule; Ming Dynasty set up Shunning Province, to Pu people headman act as the earth governor. In the Ming Dynasty, the Shunning Prefecture was set up, and the head of the Pu people served as the governor. Later, part of the original inhabitants of the south of Yunnan Pu people developed into the current Brown people.

After the founding of New China, according to the will of the people, collectively known as the Brown people. Before the liberation of the Brown Mountains living in the Brown people still retained varying degrees of primitive commune remnants; in the Pingba area living in the Brown people, due to the economic and cultural development of the faster Han, Dai influence, has entered the stage of economic development of feudal landlords. Brown people live in the area of mild climate, rich in produce. They are mainly engaged in agricultural production, good at planting tea trees, is the origin of the famous Pu'er tea. The Browns of the Brown Mountains practiced the mother-child tethered naming system. Children are born 3 days tethered line named, the mother's name will be attached to the child's name.

Socio-economic

Before the founding of the People's Republic of China **** and the State, the social development of the Brown areas is very unbalanced, and can be roughly divided into two types of areas: Xishuangbanna Menghai Brown Mountain, Xiding and Bada retained varying degrees of primitive communal remnants of the area; Lincang and Simao area by the Han and other economic and cultural development of the faster nationalities have entered the stage of development of the feudal landlords of the economy. Most of the Brown villages in Xishuangbanna are characterized by rural communes, consisting of several to more than ten families of different bloodlines. The tools of production, houses and livestock are owned by individual families, and the land ownership system retains three types, namely, family communal ownership, village communal ownership and private ownership, to varying degrees. A few villages retain the characteristics of family communes. The family commune consists of a number of small families from the same ancestor (called "Jarl" in the Brown language, i.e., "clan or clan group"). In the family range of land, forests, pastureland belongs to all members of the "Jar Roll" public ownership. Every year before the spring sowing by the head of the family presided over the distribution of land by household once, the harvest is respectively owned by each household. This kind of land, whether family or individual only the right to use, can not be bought and sold. Farther away from the village community land, directly managed by the village community, where members of the village community are free to cultivate. Since modern times, within the family-owned and village-owned land, private ownership of land has emerged, and the cultivated land, residential land and tea gardens of individual villages have been transformed into the ownership of the headman and wealthy households through sale and purchase or looting in disguise. The chiefs of the villages and communities were generally elected; the chiefs above the villages and cottages, "Ba", were appointed by the Dai Toji, who regularly collected taxes and tribute for the Dai lords, and assigned laborers to do their work. The production level of the Brown people in this area is very low. In the Lincang and Simao areas, where the feudal landlord economy developed, the landlords and rich peasants cruelly exploited the poor peasants through usury, pawning, buying, selling, mortgaging and political privileges. The Kuomintang government implemented the reactionary Baojia system and colluded with the local landlords and bullies to impose exorbitant levies and Latin payments, deepening the suffering of the Brown people. The Brown people are mainly engaged in agriculture, planting dry rice, corn and beans, but also more commonly planted tea, planting cotton.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Brown people realized their right to be masters under the leadership of the Communist Party of China (CPC). The Party and the government started from the actual situation of the Brown areas, differentiated between different situations, and systematically carried out land reform in the Brown areas. 1953 spring completed the land reform in the more economically developed areas, the backward areas of economic development, in the fall of 1956 to take a peaceful way to carry out the land reform; for the areas still retaining the remnants of the original commune, it is through helping to vigorously develop production, carry out mutual aid and cooperation, and gradually eliminating the The areas that still retain remnants of the primitive communes are being gradually eliminated by helping to vigorously develop production and to carry out mutual aid and cooperation. With the help of the Party and the fraternal peoples, they have gradually reclaimed paddy fields, constructed water conservancies, changed slash-and-burn cultivation to intensive cultivation, and changed reclamation of the new and abandonment of the old to a fixed rotation of crops, and agricultural production has been rapidly developed. The tea production in the area of Brown Mountain in Menghai increased greatly and became one of the main bases for exporting "Pu'er Tea" in China. Commercial trade in the Brown areas has developed rapidly, with ethnic trading companies being established in all areas, and some villages and hamlets setting up buying and selling stores, with the total value of merchandise sales increasing year by year. The cultural, educational and health undertakings in the Brown areas have also developed greatly, with the establishment of elementary school, health centers and medical groups, and the control of dysentery and malaria, which were prevalent in the past, and the health of the masses have been greatly improved.

Culture and art

The culture and art of the Brown people are rich and colorful, and there is a wealth of oral literature in the folklore, with many beautiful and touching stories and poems and lyrical narrative poems, and a wide range of subjects. Songs and dances are influenced by Dai songs and dances, accompanied by elephant foot drums, cymbals and small three-stringed musical instruments. The Brown people around the Brown Mountain area are good at dancing the "Knife Dance", which is a vigorous and powerful dance. Young boys and girls love to dance the "Circle Dance". Mojiang Brown people on New Year's Day or wedding season, the prevalence of "jumping song".

National Marriage Customs

The Brown people's marriage is carried out outside the clan and monogamous, pure love of young boys and girls in love and marriage are relatively free, but there is also the phenomenon of parental interference.

The Brown people have the habit of living from their wives, and the Brown boys and girls have to hold the rite of passage ceremony of "Lacquer Teeth" when they are 14 or 15 years old. At that time, male and female teenagers get together, with iron pots and pans to burn the black smoke of the red hair tree, each other for the opposite sex to dye teeth. Dyeing the teeth means entering adulthood, can openly participate in social activities in the village.

"String girls" is the traditional Brown love. The love and marriage of the Brown youth is very free and supported by the family and society. Whenever the moon rises, the young men change into new clothes, holding the three strings, and come to the girl's bamboo building, competing with the witty language and enthusiastic singing to impress the heart of the girl. Dressing up the girls also early fire, open the door to the room, invited the boys in, with songs, handing cigarettes, tea and other clever ways to express their love for the sweetheart. Brown mountain string of girls can be a group visit, can also be alone night visit. It is a common form of ideological, cultural and emotional exchange between young men and women.

Men and women in love with deep feelings, the man will propose marriage to the woman. Brown mountainous areas in many places to propose marriage to the flower as a matchmaker. The young man from the mountains back to the flowers offered to the girl, when the girl confirmed that the young man is truly love her, in the bouquet of flowers to choose the most beautiful one to wear on the head, thereby indicating consent to marriage.

The Brown wedding is also unusual in that the ceremony is repeated two or three times for a couple. The first time after the betrothal, the girl was received at the man's home to perform the tethering ceremony. Thereafter, the bride and groom go back to their respective homes, and although the groom must stay at his father-in-law's house every night, he still returns to his own home during the day to work and live. It is not until the second wedding ceremony that the bride is formally married off to her husband's family as a daughter-in-law. The third wedding ceremony is often held after the birth of a baby, and this time, pigs and cows must be slaughtered to drink wine and entertain friends and relatives from all over the village.

National Costume

The Browns wear simple, Brown clothing, similar to each other. Men wear a short jacket with a lapel and collarless neck and wide black pants, and wrap their heads in black or white cloth. Women's dress is similar to that of the Dai, with a tight-fitting collarless short jacket, a red, green or black skirt, a bun and a big head wrap. Jindong Brown women's dress has been basically the same as the local Han Chinese. In the past, Brown men had the custom of tattooing their limbs, chests and bellies with various patterns. Women like to wear large earrings, silver bracelets and other decorations. Girls love to wear wildflowers or self-made colorful flowers and dye their cheeks red. Men generally wear black or green wide pants and lapel collarless tops wrapped in a turban. Both men and women like to drink alcohol, dye their teeth and smoke.

Ethnic Diet

Rice is the main food, supplemented by corn, wheat, soybeans, peas and other grains. Their diet is sour and spicy, and they are addicted to tobacco and alcohol. Women have the habit of chewing betel nut, and their teeth are stained black for beauty. They like to use gong pots or earthen pots to simmer rice into rice. Especially good at cooking bamboo rice, cooking a section of fresh bamboo, loaded with rice and the right amount of water, cooked over a fire, cut open the bamboo tube a person end half of the bamboo tube as a bowl. The rice is stained with bamboo flesh, and the aroma of fresh bamboo and the flavor of charcoal baking are delicious.

Meat is most commonly eaten by cows, goats, pigs, and chickens, and wild game and insects are also commonly caught. The cooking techniques of the dishes are mostly boiled and cold. Many of the game, fish, shrimp, crab, cicadas, insects and other food is generally also pounded, fried, steamed and other methods of cooking. Such as: pounded crab, fried flower spider, cicada sauce. Also often pickled sour food, such as sour bamboo shoots, sour meat, sour fish, etc., the production method with other local ethnic groups such as the Dai are largely the same, but the Brown people often pickled pickles when the top layer of rice.

Like to drink wine, and most of the home brewing. One of the most famous to the jade wine. This kind of wine in the wine with a plant called "hanging hooks" leaves filtered green, very much like the color of emerald, and therefore named, the Brown people character bold, between friends have "wine must drink, drink must be drunk" custom.

Drinking tea is another hobby of the Brown people, and good tea. Bamboo tea and sour tea is unique to the Brown people. Folk also often sour tea as gifts for friends and relatives.

The Brown women living in the Brown Mountains of Xishuangbanna, especially pregnant women are addicted to eating local red soil, which is said to have vomiting, in addition to fishy, refreshing effect.

Ethnic Architecture

The Brown people's housing buildings are dry-fence bamboo buildings, divided into two floors, with livestock downstairs and people living upstairs. Brown villages are usually inhabited by three, five to dozens of families of the same bloodline, and the housing is a two-storey tiled house with a bamboo and wooden structure, with a main hall, bedrooms and sunbeds on the upper floor, and the lower floor is generally used as a warehouse and a place for keeping livestock. Inside the center of the house set up a fire, the fire side is the family dinner, hospitality place, the night in the fire around the placement of beds.

Customs

The funeral customs of the Brown people are basically the same everywhere. After the death of a person, please Buddha or sorcerer chanting to drive away the ghosts, within three days of the funeral. Generally villages have public **** cemeteries, and divided by family or family name. The common soil burial, but the murder of the dead, some places line cremation.

The Brown people are a singing and dancing nation, they often sing and dance to celebrate grand festivals. They often sing and dance to celebrate grand festivals, accompanied by a variety of musical instruments, while there are martial arts, juggling to help.

The Brown youth have to learn to sing various tunes and play various musical instruments since childhood. The Brown music tunes are divided into four kinds: Dump, Zai, Suo, and Suffix. It is characterized by flinging lyrical; Zai tune cheerful and lively; Suo tune suitable for choral customary songs, accompanied by a small three-stringed accompaniment; embellish the tune of the national heroes, as well as the vigorous new life, for the grand singing in the song will be sung. The leader often improvises the lyrics according to the scene.

The Brown dance is a festive dance and a Buddhist ritual dance. Dance call different places, Xishuangbanna said "jumping pendulum", Shidian, Zhenkang said "playing songs", Yunxian, Jingdong, Mojiang said "jumping songs". "Jumping song" is the meaning of dancing and singing. As the Brown men prefer martial arts, therefore, martial arts and often songs and dances into one. Such as the long knife dance, stick dance, boxing dance, etc., the action is sharp, strong and healthy. Xishuangbanna Brown "Elephant Foot Drum Dance", "Clapping Dance", "Monkey Dance", "Tea Picking Dance" and so on more from the people's production, life practice, dance beautiful, cheerful, vivid and realistic.

The Brown dance is universal, gray-haired old people, children and teenagers will dance as long as they hear the bamboo flute. And young people especially like to dance "circle dance". The dance is led by a young man who can sing and dance well. Accompanied by the rhythms of point gongs and elephant foot drums, the girls and young men form a circle with their knees slightly undulating. The girls and boys form a circle with their knees slightly undulating, and their soft hands lightly dance on both sides of their shoulders, either in front of or behind them, moving their feet in an anti-clockwise direction as they dance. At the same time, a group of young men in the circle rhythmically making tiger steps jump. Sometimes dispersed to the front of the girl and the girl whispered to the song, and then gathered, as a tiger jumping. This cycle is repeated to express the joy of the heart.

Ethnic festivals

Many traditional festivals are related to religious activities. The most characteristic festivals are: the New Year Festival, the worship of the God of the village, and the washing of the feet of cattle.

The other festivals of the Brown people are similar to those of the Dai people, such as the "New Year", "into the puddle", "out of the puddle", etc. On the 15th day of the 1st month of the Dai calendar, the Brown people will celebrate the "New Year". In the Dai calendar January 15 this day, "fine Pa" (worship), August 15, "fine Tan". "Fine" for the Dai language, referring to secular beings to the monks or ancestors of the deceased dedication of goods, the Buddhist commonly known as "alms" or "fawning". Brown legend, they are brothers with the Dai, Brown is the older brother, living in the mountainous areas of the mountainous areas, the Dai is the younger brother, living in the dam planting paddy fields. Therefore, the Browns every "fine Buddha" to invite the Dai Buddha on the mountain, the Dai "fine Buddha" also invited the Brown Buddha down the mountain.

New Year's Day: the Brown people in Dai called "Jingbimai", is the most solemn festival of the Brown people, this day, every family to eat brown sugar sticky rice poop, but also with banana leaves wrapped into two, each inserted into a pair of wax strips, two flowers, off to the head of the family at home: a loaded into the family head of the couch hanging above the "tire ga roll", the family head of the "tire ga roll". One portion is put into the "tire-ga-ro" (the family god's seat) hanging above the head of the family's couch as an offering to the family god, and the other portion is offered to the "gao-ga-ro" (the head of the family). The male head of each family takes off his turban and bows his head to the head of the family, who is the representative of the entire "ga-roll" (family). The head of the family is symbolically washed from head to toe with water to congratulate the head of the family on his longevity and good fortune. The head of the family also blessed the people by saying, "Children of the whole family, come to pray for blessings on New Year's Day, which is an ancient rite passed down from our ancestors and must not be forgotten. The old years have passed, the new year has come, all the children and grandchildren come to say goodbye to the New Year, you are all blessed. I wish you lush crops and prosperous animals and people." After the blessing, the head of the family prayed and offered sacrifices for the "tire ga roll" (the family god) on behalf of the sock-ma-dai sock-nah god. The village community to the family as a unit, and then to the direction of the sunset, held a water ceremony.

Close the door festival: Brown people are also the same as the Dai called "Howa Sha". On this day, family members should send a flower to the head of the family, a pair of wax strips, to sacrifice "tire Ga roll", and run for the head of the family to hold a hand-washing, foot-washing ceremony, said blessings. The whole family, men, women and children, but also to the door, stairs and furniture and miscellaneous spirits "Suma" (kowtow), respectively, two pairs of wax strips as a sacrifice, praying for the safety of animals and people.

Religion

Most of the Brown people used to believe in Hinayana Buddhism and worship their ancestors. There are many Buddhist activities during the festival. In addition to the ceremony of welcoming the sun, people have to collectively go to the Buddhist temple to hold "Open Door Festival", "Close Door Festival", "Fine Buddha", "Pile of Sand", "Bathing", "Bathing", "Bathing", "Bathing", "Bathing", "Bathing" and "Bathing". "fine Buddha", "pile of sand", "bathing Buddha", "splashing water" and other activities.

Astronomy and Calendar

The ancestors of the Brown people have accumulated a lot of knowledge of astronomy, calendar, and the law of change of weather through years of production and struggle practice, and summarized the primitive methods of identifying directions, seasons, and climate.

The Brown people have their own names for the sun, moon and stars, and recognize the position according to the rise and fall of the sun, moon and stars, and the direction of the trees. Generally speaking, at night, the direction of the Big Dipper is used to recognize the direction and time. During the day, the orientation of the sunlight to recognize the direction. On cloudy days, the growth of plants to identify the direction of the situation, such as direct sunlight is smooth side of the bark is the East, back of the sun's trunk was light green, but also some of the side of the fresh moss is the West. What is more interesting is that the Brown people also retain some of the original method of identifying the seasons and climate change, such as agricultural proverbs: "the moon with an umbrella to rain, the sun with an umbrella to the sky is dry"; "long sunny suede call, rainy days to come, long rain suede call, the sky is going to clear up"; "River stream frogs cackle, the day is about to rain"; "flying ants fly up to the sky, the day will rain" and so on. There is a bird in the mountains, the Brown language called "about", rainy days when hiding in the forest, cloudy days, if you see this bird out of the forest dancing jumping, it is predicted that the day will be clear.

  • Related articles

copyright 2024 Traditional Culture Encyclopedia All rights reserved