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The main differences between Chinese and Western art

Abstract: Aesthetics and philosophy have a close relationship, Chinese aesthetics is y influenced by Confucianism and Taoism, and it can be said that Confucianism and Taoism are the basis of aesthetics on which Chinese art depends. The West, influenced by Christianity, believes that divine values exist outside of man and the world and need to be seen and heard. According to the understanding of Christian doctrine, the artist's accurate and perfect embodiment of external beauty is a way of trying to accomplish a close proximity to God, a contribution to Him. These aesthetic ideas are embodied in different areas of Western culture and have different aesthetic values. Chinese and Western aesthetics are two different peaks standing in the history of world art, there is no fundamental difference between them, only due to the difference in concepts caused by the difference in aesthetics, it is these differences that let us feel the shock and beauty of different styles of art to bring us the feeling. Through the differences between Chinese and Western art in painting, architecture and gardening, we can realize the charm of Chinese and Western art.

Keywords: art, differences, painting, architecture, gardening

Body

The difference between Chinese and Western art is that the philosophical concepts of China and the West are different, and the development of art is guided by philosophy, and the Westerners consider the problem more rationally, while the Chinese art people are guided by the idea of human beings. You can see that the pursuit of Western art works, to the most famous, we are most familiar with the Renaissance period, for example, the impressionist painters is to emphasize the performance of the light, is the painter of the light of this factor of subjective and objective scientific analysis. Monet to the late even gradually put aside the grasp of the shape of the crazy pursuit of light performance, such as his creation of his own garden as the theme of the & lt; Lotus & gt; series. On the contrary, in Chinese painting, we see this kind of analysis and dissection of objective things is not much. Chinese paintings emphasize the mood, and the mood is already purely in the painter's consciousness. It was not until the master of Chinese painting, Huang Binhong, that we can gradually see that he began to borrow some Western ideas in his paintings, and to combine them in some aspects. But it is not that Chinese art lagged behind Western ideas, it is that the underlying philosophies were different. Different philosophies produce different art.

Chinese and Western aesthetics are two different peaks standing in the history of world art, there is no fundamental difference between them, just because of the conceptual differences caused by the differences in aesthetics, but it is also better to give us a variety of choices. Once again, I have chosen three aspects. From painting, architecture, gardens, three aspects to talk about the differences between Chinese and Western art.

Differences in painting

The most important difference between Chinese and Western art lies in perspective, which is the most fundamental, Chinese paintings in the creation of the importance of conceptualization, the pursuit of the intention of the first and image of the pen and image of thought, pay attention to the subjective and objective unity of the image of art. Modeling is not confined to the surface of the likeness, but in

Like and not like between "and" not like the likeness "in perspective will be the focal point (one point) perspective and scattered (multi-point) perspective combination; and Western painting focuses on the focal point of perspective, a more objective and scientific embodiment of the appearance of the object, real Objectivity is its characteristic.

Painting styles have a great influence on society as a whole, and at the same time, the cultural heritage formed by society as a whole also feeds back to painting at the same time. For example, in terms of architecture, the humanities, weather and building materials and construction techniques have a great influence on it, the same baroque style, each place has some subtle changes.

Western humanities in the Renaissance, the idea of ups and downs, the sea formed a multitude of artistic styles, the merit is not how many styles, but lies in this ethos has driven people's thinking, and not a period of innovation; in contrast to ancient China, due to the ideological domination of the ruling class of the feudal society, forcing people to be in a certain frame of reference, not to the king, only to the green mountains and green water, the thousands of years of time to create the splendor of the Chinese painting , but also limited the development of a new era of Chinese painting. Of course in the Ming and Qing dynasties developed brush painting, in a certain sense, also favors the Western painting focus perspective (brush architecture to be slightly less).

Differences in the tools used for painting also contributed to the differences between Chinese and Western painting. Brushes, paper, and pigments are unique and reflect the ingenuity of the ancient Chinese people, but of course the level of craftsmanship of Western society as a whole was also very high at the time.

Overall, Chinese painting is concerned about the mood, the composition of the picture can be north of the mountains, south of the river, the water, into the mind, the mountains, forests and water buildings, people, flowers and birds, increase or decrease in the matter, while the Western painting modeling rigorous, focus on perspective determines the composition of its limitations, but also reflects the Western painting between the square inches of the fine craftsmanship, with the present meaning is that the Chinese painting lies in the fine taste, Western painting is more durable, and the details are more durable to see. In today's sense, Chinese painting is about savoring, while Western painting is more enduring in its details.

Other differences in painting:

1. Different materials and tools

Classical Western painting uses oil paints, oil brushes, and oil canvas on wood

Traditional Chinese paintings use ink, vegetable and mineral colors, and brushes, and Xuan paper and silk as the carriers

2. Different emphasis on themes

Classical Western paintings emphasize human beings. Emphasis on people, figure painting is very prosperous

Traditional Chinese painting emphasizes the unity of heaven and man, figure painting from the Tang Dynasty onwards into a supporting role, landscape painting is very prosperous.

3, different ways of observation

Western classical painting from the Renaissance, and the close integration of science, emphasizing perspective proportionality, the painter's way of looking at the use of focal point perspective.

Traditional Chinese paintings use scattered perspective, there is no Western kind of perfect and detailed art theory writings, only a few painting theories have been passed down, such as the "three far method", "six" and so on

Differences in architecture

Differences in construction

1. 1. The differences in building materials reflect the differences in material culture and philosophical concepts between China and the West.

From the point of view of building materials, before the creation of modern architecture, all of the world's mature architectural systems, including Indian architecture, which belongs to the Oriental architecture, basically, are created with masonry as the main building material, belonging to the masonry structure system. Such as the Egyptian pyramids, temples in ancient Greece, the Colosseum in ancient Rome, the aqueduct, the medieval European churches ...... are not built of stone, is not a "stone history book" left in the history of the witness. Only China's classical architecture (including neighboring Japan, Korea and other regions) is to do with wood to the main frame of the house, belonging to the wood structure system, and therefore known as the "wood of the history of the book". Chinese and Western architecture for the choice of materials, in addition to different natural factors, but more importantly by different cultures, different concepts lead to the results, is a general reflection of the different nature of the heart in the building. The primitive economy of the West, which is mainly based on the hunting method, creates the primitive mentality of heavy materials. From the affirmation of the westerners on the stone, can be seen in the westerners seek wisdom and truth of the rational spirit, in the relationship between man and nature, emphasizing that man is the master of the world, human strength and wisdom can overcome all. China's primitive agriculture-based economy has created a primitive civilization that emphasizes choice, collection and storage. The traditional Chinese philosophy, which was developed from this, advocates the cosmology of "the unity of heaven and mankind". The "unity of man and nature" is the revelation of the relationship between man and nature, nature and man are closely linked to the whole, man is a link in nature, the Chinese will be selected as the basic building materials wood, it is the importance of its relationship with the affinity of life, the importance of the relationship between its traits and the life of the results.

2. The layout of architectural space is different, reflecting the difference between Chinese and Western institutional culture and character traits.

From the point of view of the spatial layout of the building, Chinese architecture is the spatial pattern of closed groups, spread out on the ground plane. No matter what kind of building in China, from houses to palaces, almost all of them are in a pattern, similar to the "courtyard" pattern. The beauty of Chinese architecture is also a "collective" beauty. For example; Beijing Ming and Qing palaces, the Ming Tombs, the Confucius Temple in Qufu, that is, to heavy courtyard sets and constitute a large-scale complex, a variety of buildings before and after the left and right have a master and a guest arranged in a regular manner, reflecting the ancient social structure of China's ancient inward-looking features of the structure of the form of patriarchal thought and rituals and religious systems. In contrast to China, Western architecture is an open and monolithic spatial pattern that develops into a high altitude. To similar years of construction, expansion of the Forbidden City in Beijing and the Louvre in Paris, the former is composed of thousands of individual houses of the magnificent, imposing architectural groups, around the axis to form a series of courtyards, the plane spread unusually large; the latter is the use of the "volume" of the upward expansion and vertical superposition of the huge and varied The latter uses "volume" upward expansion and vertical stacking, by the huge and rich in changes in the form, forming a towering, majestic and spectacular whole. Moreover, from the beginning of the ancient Greek and Roman city states, the extensive use of colonnades, doors and windows, increase information exchange and transparency, to the external space to surround the building, in order to highlight the physical image of the building. This is related to the fact that Westerners often interacted with each other through sea travel and practiced slave democracy within their societies at a very early stage. The outward-looking character of ancient Greece and the spirit of science and democracy influenced not only ancient Rome, but also the whole Western world. At the same time, if the Chinese architecture occupies the ground, then the Western architecture occupies the space, such as the Colosseum in Rome can be 48 meters high, "Pantheon" is 43.5 meters high, the medieval cathedral of St. Sophia, the central hall of the dome up to 60 meters above the ground. Renaissance architecture in the most brilliant works of St. Peter's Basilica, 137 meters high. This solemn and majestic buildings certainly reflect the fervor of the Western worship of God, more is the use of advanced scientific and technological achievements to give people a kind of upward spiritual force.

3. In terms of architectural shape,

Chinese classical architecture of the roof are generally done with a clear curve, the roof of the upper part of the slope is steeper, the lower part of the more gentle, so that not only to facilitate the drainage of rainwater, but also conducive to sunlight and ventilation. In the hipped roof and hipped roof of the building, the eaves are intentionally made slightly to both sides of the rise, especially the corner of the roof part made obvious warping, the formation of wings such as the flying mood. Compared to the typical examples of Western classical architecture, the Parthenon, its eaves are made into the center of a slightly convex curve, just the opposite of the curve of the eaves of classical Chinese architecture. This convex curve in the West produces a kind of upright and flat artistic effect.

Western classical architectural columns have obvious closing points and the volume of kill, Greek classical architecture, the columns and the side foot and corner of the column thickening techniques; compared with Chinese classical architecture, especially the Tang and Song period of orthodox architecture columns of the volume of kill and side foot is also very common, which reflects the aesthetic approach to the **** the same, just columns due to the different materials and different proportions.

Another: East and West Architectural Differences New Example Analysis

1, Western Architecture

Western architecture is every so often characterized by huge volumes and transcendent scales to emphasize the timelessness and sublimity of the art of architecture. They have a strict geometry, often with a sense of tension of the dome and spire to render the vertical strength of the house, the formation of the appearance of standing proudly, and the appearance of nature against the characteristics. The representatives of ancient Egyptian architectural culture - pyramids and temples, will highlight this feature. Pyramid is the Egyptian pharaoh or the tomb of the nobility, the ancient Egyptians believe in the concept of immortality of the soul, that after the death of the permanent preservation of the physical body, you can seek eternal life in heaven. As a result, Egyptian pharaohs in their lifetime to build their own pyramids on behalf of the eternal faith. Pyramids and our ancient tombs are very different, it does not come with "into the ground for peace" of the feminine beauty, not in the deep underground palace to create a rich and magnificent life like the world of underground paradise, but the most concise and powerful geometric form, focusing on the expression of a kind of eternal theme with the world to live forever. From the concept of philosophy of art, is located on the west bank of the Nile River, near the suburbs of Cairo, Geelong pyramid group, it is its huge, simple, simple, stable shape, in the vast, primitive, pristine desert, the performance of a supernatural pure masculine beauty, and produce a strong monumental - sacred, eternal, solemn, sublime.

Ancient Egyptian temples are the same, such as the Temple of Amun in Karnak, the building is huge and heavy, majestic and mysterious, completely revealing a masculine sublime beauty. Amon Temple is the most famous hall, also known as the "many columns hall", its area of 5,000 square meters, densely arranged with sixteen rows of one hundred and thirty-four tall and sturdy stone columns. Their base diameter is larger than the distance between the columns. This treatment is obviously the pursuit of oppressive, supersensible artistic effect. Marx said in the Western religious architecture, said: "the huge image of shocking, so that people are surprised ...... these behemoths, as if naturally occurring volume, material impact on the human spirit, the spirit of the weight of the material under the feeling of repression, and the feeling of repression is the starting point of worship. " Amon temple architecture is exaggerated by this purely material weight, designed to cause people to be shocked and shocked by the view, where the beautiful, subtle feminine beauty has been completely rejected.

2. Chinese Architecture

The Chinese architectural system is an independent architectural art characterized by wooden structures, and has made brilliant achievements in urban planning, building groups, single buildings, as well as the artistic treatment of materials and structures. Various roof shapes, flying eaves and wings, colorful paintings of bucket offerings, vermilion pillars and golden roofs, inner and outer decorated doors and garden scenes in traditional buildings fully reflect the purity and infectious power of Chinese architectural art. The practice of mortise and tenon joinery and piling was introduced in the Hemudu culture 7,000 years ago. In the village of Hanpo, there was already a distinction between the front hall and the back room. Tall palaces appeared during the Shang and Yin Dynasties. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, bricks and tiles were used and there was a courtyard layout. There are even architectural drawings from the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods. The interior and exterior beams and pillars of the palace rooms in Jingyi Taisei were decorated, and the walls were decorated with murals. The Qin and Han Dynasties wooden architecture is maturing, the building is magnificent, richly decorated, stretching beautiful, appeared in the Afang Palace, Weiyang Palace and other large architectural groups. Wei Jin, North and South Dynasties period of Buddhist temples, pagodas rapid development, a variety of forms, the ridge appeared on the scops owl ornaments. Sui and Tang Dynasty buildings using glazed tiles, is even more magnificent, then built by the Nanchan Temple Hall, Buddha Temple Hall still exists, the world's attention. Five Dynasties, two Song Dynasty urban construction flourished, commercial prosperity, luxury restaurants, stores have a flying pavilion railings, beautiful style, the Ming and Qing dynasties of palaces and private gardens are still preserved today, the building is also more gorgeous than the Song Dynasty cumbersome and dignified in the. Modern Chinese architectural art in the inheritance of the excellent tradition of absorbing the strengths of the world's architectural art in the practice of continuous development, some innovation.

Differences in the garden

Taking an overview of the development of Chinese gardens and Western gardens, it is not difficult to see that there is a very clear difference between the two. The former emphasizes: natural, wild interest; the latter emphasizes the unity, pay attention to geometry, etc., the two are very different in style. Chinese landscape garden is the expression of natural beauty, the layout of the shape of nature, changes, twists and turns as the characteristics of the requirements of the scenery from nature, but also higher than nature, so that the artificial beauty and natural beauty into one, to achieve the "although there are people, just like the sky from the open", the Western garden is a greater degree of embodiment of the human conquest of nature, the transformation of nature's achievements. In their gardens, you will find artificially sculpted nature exudes another kind of beauty, a kind of idealized by human beauty. This beauty is expressed in a straightforward and very revealing way.

1, the historical origin of the differences between Chinese and Western gardens

To understand the Chinese and Western gardens, we first compare the East and West of the city layout: in Europe, the city is zigzagging, while the garden is square and neat; in China, the city is square and neat, on the contrary, the garden is zigzagging, and even winding paths. Why the East and West of the city layout and garden is just the opposite, we can trace the history of the development of the two urban history:

European geometric gardens, formed in the late feudalism. At that time, the emerging bourgeoisie and the king together, is seeking to get rid of hundreds of years of feudal separation and chaos, the establishment of a unified, centralized, orderly monarchy. And most of Europe's cities, most of them developed from medieval commerce, crafts and water and land transportation, the twists and turns of medieval cities, would have been the product of feudal separation and chaos.

China's naturalistic garden was formed under the rule of a centralized monarchical dictatorship. The political struggle and rigid ideology that served it suppressed all vitality. The intellectual class of society, which still had a spirit, wanted to find a hole for air in this rigid society, and thus they longed for nature and life in nature. The urban development of this Chinese history, in most of the years, were the administrative centers of the bureaucracy, the squareness of the city, are the product of those dictatorial regimes in history, this aspect in the emperor set the capital of the city is particularly obvious. For example, Beijing's urban layout: the entire city is a typical checkerboard layout, but the royal gardens Yuanmingyuan and Summer Palace reflect the natural interest of small bridges and flowing water. From the above comparison, it can be concluded that both geometric Western-style gardens and natural Chinese gardens, when they were formed, reflected the wishes of the people who had the greatest ideological and cultural influence at that time: what they wanted to get rid of and what they aspired to. The city at that time reflected what they wanted to get rid of, and the gardens at that time reflected what they wanted to pursue, so the gardens contrasted with the city and the style.

2, the specific difference between the two

In Europe, the architecture dominates the garden. In a way, this means that order and discipline rule everything. Not only the building in the layout of the dominant position, and it forces the garden to obey the architectural principles of composition, make it "architectural". Not only gardens, but even forests and trees were architecturalized, and paths, ponds and small buildings brought geometrical patterns into the garden. In the garden, people do not appreciate the natural beauty of the trees and plants themselves, they are just a variety of colors and surface quality of the material, used to pave a flat pattern, or pruned into a cone, rectangle, sphere, and so on the green collection. The beauty of the garden is the architectural beauty of such patterns and geometries. Therefore, the embroidered planting beds are made of colored sand and stones, which serve much the same purpose as flowers and plants. This kind of garden, only borrow artificial fountain to give him a breath of life, a vitality.

In China, the architectural rules do not govern the layout of the garden, but in the garden, it is the rules of the composition of the garden govern the building, forcing the building "gardening", with the high and low, break up the body shape, and open to nature. Nature itself also penetrates into the building with the rocks, bamboo trees, running water and so on. People appreciate the beauty of the trees and plants themselves, not only appreciate their form, but also appreciate their "life" and "personality". Years of cold does not wither the pine and cypress, out of the mud without staining the lotus, strong section of the bamboo, just and chaste stone, they and people have emotional ties. Even like the Jin Jianwendi, "birds, animals, fowl and fish, since the relatives". Thus, people will melt in nature, the rate of the appropriate feelings, temporarily forget the troubles of the world.

Chinese gardening art is therefore lyrical, out of the world, people in the natural landscape talk about retreat, even the emperor is to compare themselves to the world of woodcutters and fishermen. Contemplation, meditation, piano and poetry, feelings honed to a very sharp and delicate. The shadow of bamboo and flowers, the sound of wind and rain, the fluorescent light of dew, the aroma of tea and medicine can all cause the heart's ripples and imagination. A stone, a pool of water, not only can be phantom into a lake and gully, but also represents an ideal of life, a cultural essence. Therefore, from the name of the garden to the title of the building of the Union has become a thing of elegance. The introduction of literature into the art of gardening, the spiritual capacity of the garden is expanded. And this literature, mostly depicting the beauty of the natural scenery without earthly smoke, express contempt for the name and profit locks, etiquette and religion of the wild feelings. How many romantic stories have been performed in the garden, and the main character in the West Wing has to go to the garden to discover his youth.

The art of gardening in Western-style gardens is rational, worldly, in the building of the flat terrace pushed the balance, proportion, rhythm. He illustrates the power of the monarch, who still plays a supreme role here. Inside, people mingle, sing and dance, hold large-scale festivals, and even set off fireworks in a lively manner. Even the gardening elements are lively: a large number of fountains, water organs and other things with many mechanical elements. Many carvings of ancient myths into the garden, the subject matter is no more than the enjoyment of the senses. Never set the name of the garden, the title of this kind of elegant things happen. So the Western-style garden is not only in the layout of a glance, its mood is also relatively shallow, not much experience of the eternal taste of life.

3, the aesthetic difference between the East and the West garden

The aesthetic difference between the two we can make a figurative analogy: if the Chinese garden is like a cup of tea full of fragrance, we need to savor, and then to experience the words by heart. Then the Western garden is like a pot of coffee with a strong aroma, giving you direct enjoyment.

The highest state of Chinese garden art is "the unity of man and nature", pay attention to the natural, not showing traces of artificial axe chiseling. Ancient China has always regarded the garden as a poem or a painting, not just civil engineering. It skillfully blends the art of poetry and painting with the garden into a furnace. Poetry, painting and garden works not only praise the beauty of the form of nature itself, but also pay more attention to the inner beauty of nature, the natural "personality". Pine and cypress, lotus, clean, green bamboo, chaste cliffs, orchids, etc., which are all linked to human emotions. Therefore, the shadow of bamboo and flowers, the sound of the wind and rain, sunlight and moonlight, tea and flowers, can stimulate people's emotions and rich associations, the formation of the unique style of classical Chinese art garden art.

Western gardens reflect to a greater extent the achievements of mankind in conquering and transforming nature. In their gardens, you will find signs of artificial sculpture everywhere, everywhere is scattered with a collection of graphics, where the garden is no longer the natural beauty of the garden itself, he is part of the building.

From the comparison of the two it is not difficult to find that Westerners pay more attention to the full play of personality and the perfect combination of self-concept, but not want to stick to the smallest details, flamboyant and very atmospheric, but sometimes their gardens will give people a feeling of extreme incongruity with the environment, being in which there is a contradiction, the experience of conflict, which can give a person a feeling of exhilaration; and our Oriental gardens, the gardening of the embodiment of everywhere! "Harmony", focusing on the harmony of people and scenery, scenery and the harmony of the scenery, and "personality" is very difficult to show the word, many bold innovations because it will destroy this "harmony" and Difficult to realize. Because of the harmony, the Oriental garden is not inevitably a little petty, because of the harmony, to bring you peace and tranquility of mind, so the Chinese garden is a good place to cultivate the mind, especially as a paradise.

Like eating, radish, greens are good, garden construction may wish to Chinese and Western are, the combination of Chinese and Western is also a good choice. People have different personalities, different times and often have a different state of mind, different styles of gardens just with the corresponding.

Conclusion

Because of the Chinese traditional art system and the specific aesthetic consciousness of the Chinese nation, the Chinese art theory and Western art theory produced and developed under different historical conditions have certain differences. They are mainly manifested in the following aspects:

①From the perspective of theoretical form, traditional Chinese art theory is mostly empathetic and empirical, combining with the evaluation of specific works, which in turn involves the author's personality; Western art theory is more theoretical, focusing on the abstract analysis and interpretation of the form of the works.

②From the philosophical basis, the traditional Chinese art theory advocates harmony, justice, and its categories are mostly interaction, mutual constraints, the dialectical relationship of unity, such as shape and God, emotion and reason, virtual and real, rigid and soft, positive and strange, etc.; Western art theory, favoring from a scientific point of view to explore the basis of the beauty of the form of the plastic arts, and thus, the traditional theory has always been dominated by the theory of imitation, and the production of Perspective, artistic anatomy, color science and other disciplines. Modern Western art theory has a tendency to be polarized and absolutist because of its emphasis on individuality and freedom of will.

3 From the sociological point of view, Chinese art theory focuses on the harmonious relationship between art and nature and society, and on the social function of art; Western art theory emphasizes more on the freedom to view the formal beauty of works, and stresses the disinterested and non-utilitarian nature of art. Of course, this comparison is only relative to the overall situation. With the strengthening of Chinese and Western art exchanges and cultural interactions, Chinese and Western art theories have also influenced each other, and there is a certain degree of mutual absorption and integration. However, at the same time, the differences in the theories have increased and the tendency of diversification has become more obvious.

In the future development, with the awakening of art theory and the strengthening of its own value, art theory will see an unprecedented prosperity consisting of stronger and stronger uniqueness, scientificity, rigor and richness.

The comparison of Chinese and Western aesthetics should not only ask questions about our traditional aesthetics, but also about Western aesthetics. Not only to study their history, but also to contribute to solving the problems we need to solve now, thinking about the problems that exist in the work of aesthetic education. Beauty is the philosophy of discernment, the most subtle psychology, and the most emotional art. Beauty is the focal point of the essence of culture.

References:

[1] Gu Zheng, The Labyrinth of the Self, Shandong Painting Press, 2003 edition

[2] He Xilin, Compendium of the History of Chinese Art, 2003 edition, Beijing Higher Education Press, 2003

[3] Opportunity after Dusk--Postmodernism. Peking University Press 2004

[4] Lectures on Art Appreciation, Shanghai People's Fine Arts Publishing House 2004

[5] L. Stolovich, "Aesthetic Value" (《审美价值》) (《审美價值简编成》). Stolovich, The Nature of Aesthetic Value, China Social Science Press

[6] Thomas Monroe, Toward a Scientific Aesthetics. Monroe Toward a Scientific Aesthetics China Literature and Art Joint Publishing Company

[7] Yan Zengwu Introduction to the Principles of Aesthetics Huanghe Publishing House

[8] Zhang Zhang. Exploration of Transitional Space in Settlements [J]. Chinese Garden, 2002(3):19-22.