Who can tell me the origin and history of "stone mill", or the creation related to stone mill?

Circular stone mill is a great invention of working people in grain processing machinery in ancient China. But for a long time, its origin and history have not been recognized by people. Many experts who study the development history of agricultural machinery in China avoid talking about this issue. So far, no one has published an article about the origin history of circular stone mill in academic circles. In order to reveal this invention and creation of China ancient working people in science and technology, the author discussed this issue according to the materials and documents provided by archaeology.

Upper limit of time for circular stone mill to appear.

Mill, originally called? The Han dynasty was called grinding. When was it born? Few people can answer this question at present. According to "Shiben" and other documents, "If lost?" It is inferred that the use of circular stone mills in China began in the early Warring States period. Because Gongbo means Luban, and Luban and Mozi are contemporaries (475-376 BC). But for a long time, people have been skeptical about the correctness of the records in Shiben. Professor Liu Xianzhou, a famous expert in the history of construction machinery in China, only cautiously concluded that the stone mill should have been used at least two thousand years ago? ①。

Before the demonstration, we must first understand the production technical conditions needed before the birth of the circular stone mill. That is to say, before the birth of the circular stone mill, what kind of production technology level could it reach at that time, and what were the social factors that prompted its birth? As we all know, the so-called circular stone mill is divided into upper and lower fans, both of which are carved into flat cylinders with large stones of a certain thickness. There is a short vertical shaft in the middle of the lower fan, which is made of iron, and a corresponding hollow sleeve in the middle of the upper fan. The two fans are combined, and the lower fan is fixed, so that the upper fan can rotate around the shaft. At the same time, there is a cavity on the contact surface of the two fans, which is called "grinding chamber". There are grinding teeth around the inner hole and grinding eyes on the upper hole. It can be seen that there are many processes to make a stone mill and it is difficult to carve. In the era when iron tools have not yet appeared, it is impossible to have a stone mill.

According to the research of relevant experts, the invention of iron smelting technology in China was at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period. An iron block unearthed from Chengqiao Bridge in Liuhe, Jiangsu Province in the late Spring and Autumn Period, after scientific analysis, is white iron. This is the earliest pig iron unearthed in China and scientifically analyzed, and it is also the earliest pig iron in the world. Casting tools with pig iron began in the early Warring States period, and by the middle and late Warring States period, iron tools were widely used in China. At present, there are as many as 16 kinds of ironware unearthed in this period. ② However, does this mean that "World Book" records "public works?" Must it be correct? Judging from the time of the invention of iron smelting technology, there will be no problem in the era of stone grinding. But the problem is not that simple. It was not invented by Lu Ban, or it may not have been invented in Lu Ban's time. It should be created by the working people collectively. It may have been invented by Lu Ban before or after. Below we can look at the information provided by archaeology in this regard.

As far as I know, the archaeological discovery of stone mill belongs to the Warring States period, and there is only one case in Handan City, Hebei Province. And the report is too simple, with no pictures and no dimensions. Just behind the unearthed relic stone tools, it reads: "There are large and small stone mills, stone mortar, stone hammer, slate, column base, etc." ? (3) can't provide reliable materials for us to study this problem. Now it can be regarded as the archaeological discovery of stone mill, and the earliest age should be the stone mill unearthed from the site of Qin stone processing factory in Lintong, Shaanxi Province. The mill "has a diameter of 54 cm and a thickness of 7 cm. There is a square shaft hole of 5×5 cm in the middle of the mill, a plane with a diameter of 20 cm near the inner ring, and grinding grooves separated by four circles of spiral grooves from the outside"? This is the next fan. Secondly, the complete stone mill unearthed from the Han tomb in Hebei Province. The mill is divided into upper and lower fans. The center of the surface of the upper fan is a circular groove with a protruding periphery, and there is a beam in it. There are rectangular holes on both sides. The bottom is covered with round nested grinding teeth, and the center is slightly concave. The grinding teeth of the lower fan are also round and nested, and the surface is slightly convex. The center has a cylindrical iron shaft with a grinding height of 18 and a diameter of 54 cm. The upper part of the copper funnel has a big mouth and lower abdomen, and a wide band pattern is applied outside the waist. The upper caliber is 94? 5. The lower caliber is 29, and the height is 34 cm. From the upper mouth down to 16 cm, the inner wall of the funnel extends horizontally outward, facing each other, and its span exceeds the diameter of the stone mill, indicating that the four claws were originally equipped with wooden devices to support the stone mill. ⑤ In addition, there is a stone mill unearthed in Liyang, Qin Dou, which was identified as a relic of Qin Dynasty in the original report. In fact, judging from the size and shape of the mill (only the upper fan), it is very similar to the stone mill in Mancheng. Especially grinding teeth, round and nest, some people think it may be Han Mo? 6. Now let's not talk about whether the stone mill of Qin Dynasty unearthed in Lintong, Zheng Zhuang and the stone mill unearthed in Mancheng Han Tomb are in the same strain. Only from the above materials, the use time of circular stone mill in China can be traced back to the Qin Dynasty at the earliest. Considering that the Qin Dynasty existed for a very short time in the history of China, it is still valid to set the time when China's circular stone mill began to be used in the late Warring States period. Of course, the book World Book says, "Like losing?" It is legendary, and it is not enough to rely on it. So why was the round stone mill born in the middle of the Warring States period when iron farm tools were widely cast? Engels once said, "Once there is a demand for technology in society, this demand will push science forward more than ten universities"? ⑦ The author thinks that the birth of circular stone mill in China is the need of soybean and wheat in grain processing technology. As early as before the Warring States Period, although soybeans and wheat had been planted in northern China, these two crops did not occupy the primary position in the whole crop. By the Warring States period, soybean, in particular, had become the main food crop in northern China. In the literature of this period, it is often mentioned that "rice and millet are not enough, and people will be hungry." ? ⑧ "Sages rule the city, fleas can't get out, and millet gathers, so there are many millet, and the people take food as security." ? Pet-name ruby "sages rule the world, making millet like fire and water, adding fire and water to millet, how can people be unkind?" 10? "Millet is hidden deep" 1 1? "Plowing trees and picking millet" 12? , "All people who eat millet by embroidered clothes" 13? . So is soybean. It can be seen that soybean has surpassed any kind of food crops in the Warring States period, and soybean is easy to thresh, but how to process and eat it? At that time, grinding was a food processing tool that needed to be developed urgently. The birth of the mill not only changed the traditional way of eating soybeans and wheat, but also promoted the large-scale popularization and planting of wheat. Changing from "granular food" to "pasta" is a great progress in China's diet history. According to some experts' research, the circular stone mill was not originally born to process grains.

Flour, and it is more likely to process crops into liquid pulp? Such as wheat pulp, rice pulp, soybean milk, etc., and soybean is more conducive to this processing. The circular stone mill unearthed from the Han Tomb in Mancheng, Hebei Province, is used for pulp processing. Therefore, we say that the round stone mill was born in the late Warring States period, based on the mature production technology and social needs.

How is the development of circular stone mill?

According to Mr. Chen Wenhua, the circular stone mill was developed from the stone mill. . So what about the development of stone mill board? What is the development product of stone mill, a raw grain processing tool? What is the relationship among stone mill, circular stone mill and stone mill? This is a problem that must be clarified. Let's take a look at the information provided by archaeology.

If the circular stone mill really developed from the stone mill, then the discovery of the circular stone mill disc in archaeology should be earlier than the discovery of the circular stone mill in archaeology, but the fact is just the opposite. At present, there is no case of stone mill found in the public information. Among the funerary objects, there is only one stone mill model pottery mill, which was unearthed in Zhangsheng Tomb in Anyang, Henan Province, and dated Sui 16? It is about 700 years different from the actual age of the circular stone mill discovered by archaeology. Since the circular stone mill is not developed from the stone mill plate, what is its relationship with the stone mill plate? The author thinks that there is still a relationship of inheritance and development between them, but unlike what Mr. Chen Wenhua said, the circular stone mill is developed from the stone mill board. On the contrary, the stone mill is developed from the circular stone mill. This can be proved not only by their time sequence, but also by their differences in design principles. The lower part of the circular stone mill and the stone disc, namely the chassis, is a fixed circular plane stone disc. The lower fan of the mill has teeth and is convex, while the teeth of the stone grinding disc are flat or toothless, and both have a vertical shaft in the center of the chassis. When processing grain, the upper fan of the stone mill and the stone bowl of the stone mill rotate around the shaft. The difference is that the stone mill grinds through the contact between the upper and lower grinding teeth, and the stone mill grinds through the contact between the grinding plate and the stone curved surface. The grain processed by stone mill enters the grinding chamber through the grinding hole of the upper fan, and the grinding gap is ground by the rotation of the grinding fan. It belongs to closed processing. Stone mill is an open processing, in which the processed grain is directly spread on a stone mill plate, and is shelled after being crushed by the stone mill for many times. Here, we might as well regard the bottom fan and the grinding disc as bottom fans, because they are basically the same in shape except for their different sizes. What's more, before the birth of the round stone mill, there was a question of whether social production was urgently needed. Therefore, circular stone mill is not developed from stone mill. On the contrary, it can be considered that the stone mill is developed from the stone mill.

In front of us, we denied that the circular stone mill was developed from the stone mill plate. So what did the circular stone mill develop from? Archaeological materials show that the stone mill and the stone roller, as tools for grain processing, have withdrawn from the historical stage and been beaten by Chu Jiu instead. According to Mr. Ma's textual research: "It is probably gradually popularized after the middle period of Yangshao culture to replace the millstone and rod grinding method with the combined spring tamping method." In the patriarchal society, it is possible for Chu Jiu to cook rice.

Become one of the main housework for women and teenagers. This view can not only be proved from the stone pestles frequently found in Yangshao cultural relics after the middle period, but also be accurately recorded in ancient documents. According to legend, in the era of the Yellow Emperor and Yao Shun,' breaking wood is a pestle and digging the ground is a mortar; Chu Jiu's system, the whole people help ",we can see that in the late clan society, people have widely used Chu Jiu to process grain. " 17? From the era of "breaking wood is a pestle and digging the ground is a mortar" in the middle of Yangshao culture to a round stone mill? %