Summary of geography knowledge points in the second book of seventh grade

(1) Territorial composition: consists of four large islands, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu, thousands of small islands and their surrounding waters. The largest island: Honshu. (Grasp the location on the map)

(2) Location:

Latitudinal location: Northern Hemisphere, Eastern Hemisphere, North Temperate Zone.

Land and sea location: Japan is an island country in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, bordered by the Pacific Ocean in the east and the Sea of Japan in the west. It is separated from Asia and Europe by the sea.

(3) The reason for many volcanic earthquakes: located in the Pacific Rim Volcanic Seismic Belt, the junction of the Pacific Plate and the Asia-Europe Plate, the crust is active, and there are many volcanic earthquakes.

(4) Characteristics of the coastline and its impact on economic development: the coastline is winding, with many good harbors and bays, which is very favorable to Japan's fisheries, shipbuilding, maritime transportation and foreign economic ties.

2. Natural environment:

(1) Terrain: mountainous, hilly, narrow plains, and mostly distributed along the coast. (The largest plain is the Kanto Plain. The highest mountain, Mount Fuji, is the symbol of Japan and a famous active volcano.)

(2) Climate: subtropical monsoon climate, temperate monsoon climate (oceanic monsoon climate)

(3) Characteristics of rivers: short and fast rivers.

II. Industries with close links to the world

1. Resource characteristics: two more and one less, rich in hydroelectric resources and forest resources, and poor in mineral resources, is a small resource country.

2. Industrial development model: "import-processing-export" type of economy, the formation of a processing trade-based economy. (This means that Japan is resource-poor, has a small domestic market, and has a strong economic dependence on foreign countries.)

3. Favorable and unfavorable conditions for the development of Japan's economy: favorable conditions - zigzag coastline, more good harbors, developed maritime industry; sufficient labor resources; advanced science and technology. Unfavorable conditions: resource poverty, small domestic market.

4. Industrial distribution: Japan's industry is mainly distributed in the Pacific coast and the Seto Inland Sea coast.

Reasons: excellent conditions of coastal ports, easy to dock huge ships; easy to import raw materials, fuel, export industrial products; coastal cities and population concentration, is the largest domestic consumer.

5. The main industrial zones and their distribution: Kyushu Island - Keihin Industrial Zone (Tokyo, Yokohama), Nagoya Industrial Zone (Nagoya), Hanshin Industrial Zone (Osaka, Kobe); Seto Inland Sea coast - Setouchi Industrial Zone; Kyushu Island -Kita-Kyushu Industrial Zone (Kitakyushu)p18

6. Foreign investment objects: Japan invested in the establishment of factories in the United States, Western Europe, East Asia and Southeast Asia

Three, East-West compatible culture

1. Cultural characteristics: East-West compatible culture, combination of tradition and modernity.

2. Ethnic and traditional clothing: Yamato ethnicity is absolutely dominant, traditional clothing: Kimono.

Section II Southeast Asia

I. Location of the Crossroads

Location and Scope:

(1) Scope: the Central and South China Peninsula and the Malay Archipelago (the Central and South China Peninsula is so called because of being in the southern part of China.)

(2) Location:

Latitude location: tropical;

Land and sea location: geographic location is extremely important; Southeast Asia is located in Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean between the "crossroads. (Located in the Malay Peninsula and Sumatra Island between the Strait of Malacca, from Europe, Africa to the east sailing to Southeast Asia, East Asia, the shortest route to the ports of the necessary place, is connected to the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean is an important sea passage. It is called the "lifeline of the sea" by the Japanese. Reason: Japan from the Persian Gulf oil imports, exports of industrial products to Western Europe and other countries, have to pass through the strait, so Japan called it a "lifeline at sea". p23

(3) countries: landlocked countries: Laos. The sea countries: Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar. Island countries: Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Indonesia, Brunei, Timor-Leste.

II. Tropical Climate and Agricultural Production

1. Terrain: Central and Southern Peninsula: mountains and rivers, longitudinal distribution.

Malay Archipelago: rugged terrain, short rivers, and many volcanoes.

2. Climate:

Climate type Tropical monsoon climate Tropical rainforest climate.

Distribution South Central Peninsula and the northern Philippine Peninsula Most of the Malay Archipelago and the southern Malay Peninsula

Characteristics Year-round high temperatures, divided into dry and rainy seasons Year-round high temperatures and heavy rains

Impacts on agriculture Rainy season planting, dry season harvesting Planting any time at any time to harvest

3. Main food crop: rice, the main cash crops: the world's largest rubber, oil palm, coconut and plantain hemp The main cash crops: the world's largest rubber, oil palm, coconut and plantain hemp p24

Third, the mountains and rivers and the distribution of urban

1. The distribution of mountains and rivers on the Central and Southern Peninsula is characterized by: mountain ranges, the large rivers extend from north to south, with the mountains and rivers, the distribution of the characteristics of the longitudinal column. The upper reaches of the rivers flow through the mountainous areas, rich in hydroelectric resources, the lower reaches of the formation of alluvial plains. These plains and estuarine deltas have fertile soil, low terrain, easy irrigation, convenient transportation, and have become densely populated, agriculturally developed areas in Southeast Asia.

2. Major rivers: Ayeyarwaddy, Salween (Nujiang) into the Indian Ocean, Chao Phraya, Mekong (Lancang) Red River (Yuanjiang) into the South China Sea (Pacific Ocean) p26

3. Major cities and their distribution characteristics: Hanoi (the capital of Vietnam) Phnom Penh (Cambodia's capital), Vientiane (the capital of Laos), Bangkok (Thailand's capital), Rangoon (the big city of Myanmar, the original capital). former capital of Myanmar). The major cities of the Central and Southern Peninsula are mainly located along the rivers and estuarine deltas. p27 "activities"

4. Ethnicity: the vast majority of Southeast Asian residents are yellow.

5. Southeast Asia is the world's most concentrated distribution of Chinese and overseas Chinese. Singapore has the largest proportion.

6. Southeast Asia is very rich in tourism resources, New Malaysia and Thailand is an important tourist route. The main tourist resources are: the Great Pagoda in Yangon, Myanmar; Borobudur, Indonesia; Angkor Wat, Cambodia; the floating market in Bangkok, Thailand; Halong Bay, Vietnam; and the garden city of Singapore (Figure P28).

Note: Read the map to master the main islands of Southeast Asia, the peninsula, the coastal waters, neighboring countries and the main countries on the Central and South China Peninsula, rivers and cities; the location of the Strait of Malacca.

Section III India (capital: New Delhi)

First, the world's second most populous country

1. geographic location

(1) latitudinal location: the tropics, subtropical

(2) sea and land location: the Arabian Sea in the west, east of the Indian Ocean. Bay of Bengal, south of the Indian Ocean. Located in the southwest of China, belonging to South Asia, is also the largest country in South Asia.

2. Natural environment:

(1) terrain: north: mountainous - the south side of the Himalayas, the middle: plains - the Ganges Plain, south: plateau - Deccan Plateau. (Impact on agriculture: the terrain is relatively flat, fertile soil, is the most extensive area of arable land in Asia.)

(2) Climate: tropical monsoon climate (high temperature throughout the year, divided into dry and rainy seasons). Dry season (October to May) northeast monsoon, rainy season (June to September) southwest monsoon → frequent floods and droughts. (Figure 7.38, 7.39)

(3) Rivers: The Ganges River - from the Ganges Delta in Bangladesh into the Bay of Bengal, by the Indians known as the "holy river" and "mother of India".

3. Human Environment

(1) Ethnicity: mainly white and black

(2) Population: the world's second most populous country, with a rapid rate of population growth. (A large number of people on India's resources, environment and economic development has generated a lot of pressure) (3) Official language: English

Second, frequent drought and flooding

1. Most of India is located in the tropics and subtropics, to the tropical monsoon climate (high temperatures throughout the year, divided into the dry and rainy seasons, the rainy season for the June to September, the dry season for the October to May). June to September, the rainy season, the dry season is October to May of the following year) is dominated by the influence of the southwest monsoon, the annual precipitation is extremely unstable, frequent drought and flooding. Kilapunzi is the place with the highest precipitation in the world.

2. Main food crops: rice and wheat. Main cash crops: jute, cotton and tea.

The distribution of rice and wheat in relation to natural conditions: rice is mainly distributed in the northeastern plains and coastal plains on both sides of the peninsula, areas of abundant precipitation; wheat is mainly distributed in the northwestern part of the Deccan Plateau and the upper reaches of the Ganges River, less precipitation plateau mountainous areas.

(Please refer to the notes on p34-35)

3. Green Revolution: After the 1960s, the Green Revolution was implemented, and food was not only self-sufficient, but there was also a certain amount of surplus food available for export

3. Rapidly Developing Service Outsourcing Industry

1. Outsourcing industry: master the characteristics of the service outsourcing industry, development conditions (reasons), results (P35); Indian software outsourcing industry originated in Bangalore, known as "India's Silicon Valley", software outsourcing business mainly from the United States.

2. India's industry: ① major mineral resources: coal, iron, manganese

② industrial distribution and the relationship between the origin of raw materials: the distribution of industrial centers close to the origin of raw materials, you can save freight costs, reduce costs. ③ Major industrial areas: Mumbai Industrial Area, Kolkata Industrial Area, Bangalore Industrial Area.

3. Major cities and characteristics: New Delhi - the capital; Kolkata - India's largest hemp textile center, the largest city - Mumbai (India's largest cotton textile industrial center, the largest port).

Section IV Russia (capital: Moscow)

I. Across the northern part of the Asian and European continents

1. Location and scope

(1) Scope: consisting of the plains of Eastern Europe and the North Asian region, the land is across the two continents of Asia, Europe and the United States, is a traditional European countries and is the largest country in the world by area.

(2) location: latitudinal position; eastern and western hemispheres; in the northern temperate zone and the northern cold zone.

Land and sea location: located in the northern part of the Eurasian continent, east of the Pacific Ocean, west of the Baltic Sea (Atlantic Ocean), north of the Arctic Ocean, south-west of the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, north-east of the Bering Strait and the United States (North America).

2. Natural environment - terrain, climate, rivers and lakes

(1) Terrain: plains, plateaus, mainly.

(Distribution of major terrain areas: East European Plain / Ural Mountains / West Siberian Plain / Yenisei River / Central Siberian Plateau / Lena River / East Siberian Mountains.) P37

(2) Terrain characteristics: high in the east and low in the west, high in the south and low in the north.

(3) Climate: temperate continental climate. The climate is characterized by long and cold winters, short and warm summers, less precipitation and more summers. Oymyakon is the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere. Subject to the latitudinal position, sea and land position and the impact of topography, Russia's east and west climate differences, the temperature is high in the south and low in the north, high in the west and low in the east; precipitation is more in the south and less in the north, more in the west and less in the east.

(4) rivers and lakes: Obi River, Yenisei River, Lena River are from south to north into the Arctic Ocean; Volga River from north to south into the Caspian Sea, known as the "Mother River" by the Russians (Europe's longest river).

Lake Baikal in the southern part of the Central Siberian Plateau is the largest and deepest lake in the world.

Second, rich in natural resources, developed heavy industry

1. Characteristics of Russia's natural resources: a full range of species, rich reserves but unbalanced distribution, more in the East and less in the West.

2. The main mineral resources distribution areas: iron ore - Kursk; oil - the second Baku oil field, Tyumen oil field. Coal: Kuzbass coal mine.

3. The main industrial zones and their characteristics: St. Petersburg Industrial Zone (the most developed region of Russia in the food and textile industry)

Moscow Industrial Zone (the most developed region of industry) Urals Industrial Zone, Novosibirsk Industrial Zone;

The main mineral resources: iron ore deposits in Kursk, the Second Baku Oil Field, the Tyumen Oil Field, the coal mines in Kuzbass.

4. Distribution of industrial zones is characterized by: more in the west and less in the east, industry is mainly distributed in the European part.

5. Characteristics of industry: heavy industry is developed, light industry is backward.

3. Developed transportation:

1. Characteristics of transportation: transportation sector is complete, are very developed, but unbalanced. The European part is very dense, radial to Moscow as the center, the Asian part is relatively sparse, but there is a continental bridge between Asia and Europe (the Great Siberian Railway: Vladivostok-Moscow)

2. The main modes of transport: railroads and pipeline transport. (1) the main modes of passenger transportation: railroads and highways; (2) the main modes of freight transportation: railroads and pipelines.

3. The large number of pipelines in Russia is related to the abundance of oil and gas reserves and production.

4. The southern part of Russia is mountainous, but the Great Siberian Railway was built along the southern mountainous areas of the reasons:

(1) there are rich mineral resources in the south; the south is warmer, the climate is more pleasant;

(2) there is a permafrost in the north, the construction of the difficult, low safety factor;

(3) closer to the neighboring neighboring countries, more convenient for the development of the economy.

5. five seas navigation: the Volga is the first longest river in Europe, the length of 3600 meters, is Russia's highest shipping value of the river, through the canal and the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, the Black Sea, the Sea of Azov, the Caspian Sea, known as the "Five Seas Navigation. P41

6. major cities and their characteristics: Moscow (Russia's capital) the largest city, the country's political, economic, cultural and transportation centers; St. Petersburg is the second largest city and an important port; the Arctic Ocean coast port of Murmansk for the year-round frozen port.

7. Russian culture: Russians have a special love for symphony and ballet and other arts.

(Note: Fill in the map of Russia's major coastal waters, near the country, topographic regions, mountains and rivers; the distribution of major mineral resources, the main industrial zones and major cities; the main railroads and the Volga River to communicate with the "five seas.

First, with a good map is the key to learning geography

It has been said that, "there is no geography without a map." Visible, the importance of maps for geography. A wide variety and a huge number of maps is a prominent feature of geography class differentiated from the curriculum of other subjects, therefore, learn to use maps is the key to improve geography performance. So how can we use maps well? We have to start from three aspects:

First of all, develop a good habit of reading and using maps. Many of the important knowledge of geography are "hidden" in the map, in geography learning, we have to do the left map, right book, the map is the skeleton of knowledge, knowledge of the veins, mastered the map, you can find the law, if the long-term persistence, not only to find the beauty of the subject of geography, but also to let the knowledge of the map and the combination of the formation of a virtuous cycle!

Secondly, to master the correct way to read and use the map. Learning geography is not just a habit without a method is not, read the map to pay attention to the order of precedence, what to observe first, and then what to observe, so that the complexity of the map layer by layer to separate, will not miss the details. Usually we read the map, use the map will go through: access to information, analyze the map, explain the principle of three steps.

Second, using a good geography textbook is the basis for learning geography

No matter what the subject of the textbook is fundamental, is an important way to obtain knowledge, therefore, learning geography textbook is to consolidate geography foundation, enhance geography performance premise, then we should start from what?

1, to be familiar with the basic concepts of geography textbooks

To understand the geographic knowledge learned, it is necessary to start from the basic concepts, if what is the terrain, what is the topography are not clear, and how to understand the subsequent knowledge? Therefore, it is important to clarify the concepts in order to learn geography.

2 , clear knowledge

In fact, geography is difficult in different places of the climate, environment, humanities are not the same, need to be treated differently by the students; and this is precisely the geography of the side of the simple, as long as we clear geographic elements of what, to find out the connection between them!

3, learn to summarize

① Find out the similarity and regularity of knowledge

Geography textbooks involved in the content of a wide range of information and other characteristics, but it is the same type of knowledge to describe the angle and method, has a great deal of similarity and regularity. For example, to describe the climate characteristics of a country or a region, often from the temperature and precipitation to explain two aspects. The temperature includes the average annual temperature, the annual temperature difference and temperature distribution, etc.; precipitation is mainly composed of annual precipitation, spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation.

② the more different geographical knowledge to compare and contrast comb

There are obvious differences or similarities between the geographic environment or geographic elements of different countries and regions. We can then use a comparative approach to learning based on this, for example: what are the differences between the north and the south because of the different dimensions; what are the similarities and what are the differences between the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta.

Three, the formation of geographic thinking ability

The formation of geographic thinking ability, help junior high school students better cognitive geography, faster mastery of geographic knowledge, the cultivation of geographic thinking ability is also an important goal of the junior high school geography course. The middle school geography is relatively simple, as long as we can find one or two key elements in a chapter can basically link the whole chapter content. And junior high school geography focuses mainly on regional geography, so think about the problem around the geographical location of this key factor, to analyze the characteristics of other geographic elements, so it will be very easy to learn.

To learn geography well, in addition to efficient learning methods, but also to correct the learning attitude. Learning geography is not only to cope with the examination, not only for the paper score, but also through geography to let us better recognize our survival of the earth and the living environment.