Ancient production tools and labor

The ancient production tools and labor are as follows:

I. Changes in agricultural tools

1, farming tools and irrigation tools are particularly important in agricultural production tools. Agricultural production tools in different civilized areas have certain similarities.

2. Changes in agricultural farming tools

(1) Stone tools: The method of making stone tools in Paleolithic Age was mainly percussion, and polishing was added on the basis of percussion in Neolithic Age.

(2) Bronzes: Bronzes first appeared in West Asia and North Africa, and small pieces of bronzes appeared in China in the late New Era about 5,000 years ago. Bronzes were precious at that time and were rarely used to cast farm tools.

(3) Iron farm tools: In the 4th century BC 15- BC 14, Hittites in the east of Asia Minor took the lead in mastering iron smelting technology. During the Warring States Period in China, iron farm tools were gradually popularized in agricultural production. Agricultural tools made of cast steel appeared in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.

3. Development of irrigation tools

(1) At the end of primitive society, people could already make pottery and pump water for irrigation. In ancient Egypt and China, people have learned to use the lever principle for irrigation.

(2) The rollover occurred at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty in China, and was reformed by Ma Jun during the Three Kingdoms period.

(3) In the Tang Dynasty, pipe trucks appeared, relying on hydraulic irrigation.

4. The tools and facilities for raising and domesticating livestock are constantly improving.

Second, the progress of handicraft tools.

1, progress of textile tools

(1) One of the earliest handicrafts in ancient times was the manufacture of textile tools.

(2) About 30,000 years ago, cavemen in China had sewed hides with bone needles.

(3) In the late Neolithic period, ancient Chinese people used pottery spinning wheels as spinning tools.

(4) In the Han Dynasty stone reliefs, people used spinning wheels. At that time, people could already weave beautiful textiles with jacquard machines.

(5) After the Yuan Dynasty, the textile machine became an indispensable production tool for farming families.

2. Ceramic industry

(1) In the late Neolithic period, turning blanks was used to make blanks in many areas, which not only made the blanks round, but also controlled the thickness of the blanks.

(2) During the Southern Dynasties in China, in order to prevent gas and harmful substances from polluting the green body during firing, craftsmen put the green body in a sagger made of refractory mud.

(3) During the Tang and Song Dynasties, in order to prevent the vessels from sticking during firing, craftsmen put Zhi Ding at the bottom of the vessels.

3, metal smelting

(1) The ancients made small metal utensils by forging metal raw materials. The tools used are earthen stoves, hammers and files.

(2) The ancients made large metal vessels by casting, and the tools used were crucibles and molds.

(3) Du Fu, the prefect of Nanyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty, made clear the hydraulic bellows-water drain.

Third, the development of labor mode.

1, the Shang and Zhou Dynasties in China were dominated by collective labor. During the Warring States period, the rulers of various vassal States encouraged the development of family-style production methods of male farming and female weaving.

2. In the history of ancient Greece and Rome, after the disintegration of clans and tribes, family labor became more and more popular.

3. Agricultural manor labor.

(1) A large-scale slave manor appeared in the late Roman Republic.

(2) in medieval western Europe, a large number of serfs or farmers served in the manor of the Lord.

(3) In the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the dock fort in our country not only had military functions, but also had the color of manor economy.

4. Handicraft management mode

(1) cottage industry

(2) Private workshops

(3) government-run workshops