Urgently seek the present situation of Lisu people's production and living customs in Dali! ! !

Lisu people first lived in Jinsha River valley at the junction of Sichuan and Yunnan, and then gradually moved to Nujiang area in western Yunnan due to war and other reasons. They mainly live in Nujiang Lisu Autonomous Prefecture and Weixi Lisu Autonomous County in Yunnan Province, and the rest are scattered in Lijiang, Baoshan, Diqing, Dehong, Dali and Chuxiong in Yunnan and Xichang, Yanyuan, Muli and Dechang in Sichuan. The population is 574856. Language, culture

Lisu people have their own language, and Lisu language belongs to Yi branch of Tibeto-Burman language family of Sino-Tibetan language family. The original manuscript was not perfect, but a new manuscript based on Latin alphabet was born in 1957. Lisu folk literature is rich and colorful. Myths and legends such as Genesis and Our Ancestors are valuable materials for studying the ancient history of Lisu people, and are also treasures in the treasure house of Chinese folk literature. His poems pay more attention to rhythm and neat antithesis. In some pun poems, there are often clever metaphors with fresh artistic conception, which is the most prominent feature of Lisu poetry.

Lisu people love to play the devil's advocate, and there is "salt, you can't eat it;" Song, you can't say it if you don't sing it. Folk songs are simple and touching, with rich tunes, which can be divided into production tune, escape tune, hunting tune, building tune, lawsuit tune, etc. 10, and most of them are improvised in the form of narrative poems. Traditional dances are mostly group dances, imitating animal movements and expressing production and life. Traditional musical instruments include pipa, oral string, silk string and lusheng.

Lisu people use the natural calendar to divide a year into 10 season months, such as flowering month, bird call month, mountain burning month, hunger month, harvest month, wine-making month, hunting month, Chinese New Year month, building month and so on.

traditional festival

The main festivals are Guangji (1February 20th, equivalent to the Spring Festival of Han nationality), Torch Festival (June), Harvest Festival (1October), Mid-Autumn Festival, Bath Party, Knife and Pole Festival (Knife and Pole Festival) and so on. The "Knife and Pole Festival" held every year on the eighth day of the second lunar month is exciting. It is said that the knife pole was set up to make Lisu people have the spirit of "dare to climb mountains and break the sea of fire".

Clothing, food, shelter and transportation

Lisu women have beautiful clothes, right-hand shorts, skirts, ornaments made of red beads and shells on their heads, and collars made of colored beads around their necks. Men usually wear a collarless double-breasted coat with trousers reaching to the knees. When you go out, you usually take a machete and hang an quiver.

The Lisu people's staple food is corn and buckwheat. Both men and women are good at drinking.

There are two kinds of houses: wood structure and bamboo structure.

"Crossing the rope" has always been a traditional means of transportation for Lisu people on both sides of the Nujiang River.

Lisu people are mainly engaged in agriculture, planting corn, rice, buckwheat and so on.

Religious belief

Lisu people believe in primitive religion and worship nature. Some people also believe in Christianity and Catholicism.

taboo

During childbirth, outsiders are not allowed to break into the room, especially those with knives and arrows. It is forbidden to trample or move the tripod on the fire pit at home, nor to splash your mouth and nose, nor to add firewood to the tripod with your feet instead of your hands; Avoid hurting spiders; During the funeral, relatives, friends and villagers of the deceased are forbidden to eat Chili, otherwise it will be regarded as disrespect for the deceased.

Lisu people usually have three meals a day. I'm still used to one-pot cooking, that is, when cooking, I put the rice in the pot and change the water twice. When the rice is almost cooked, I add vegetables and cabbage until the vegetables are rotten. Usually, I seldom cook alone. After a meal of porridge is cooked, the family eats around the fireplace. Rice used for porridge usually includes corn and buckwheat. Because less rice is planted, rice is used to make porridge only on festivals or when guests are received. When cooking porridge with corn, first soak the dry corn in water, then peel it with wood and pound it into petal-shaped particles. When making, most of them add some mung beans and burn them with firewood for 3-4 hours before eating. When you eat it, you can match it with seasonings such as lacquer oil, walnut kernel, pepper, water lobster sauce and salt according to your personal taste. Bacon or other game will be more delicious. In some areas, corn flakes are also used to make dried rice or corn flour rice as a staple food. Buckwheat is ground into powder and used to make buckwheat cakes. Lisu people living in Lijiang like to eat rice with steamed buns. The so-called cloudy corn refers to the corn package that has just matured in autumn. After the leaves are wrapped, blanch them with boiling water and keep them in the shade. When eating, grind off the corn kernels, remove the epidermis with wood, add green beans, pig heads or pork chops, and cook over low heat for a good meal. Most Lisu people like popcorn. The meat sources of Lisu people are pigs, cattle, sheep, chickens, muntjac, rock sheep, mountain donkeys, bison, rabbits, pheasants and fish in the river. Meat is mostly salted and barbecued in a fire pit. Common vegetables are green vegetables, Chinese cabbage, radish, taro and various melons and potatoes, supplemented by oranges, peaches, bonuses, pears, four seasons and other fruits. Because the local area is rich in lacquer oil, all the dishes are cooked with lacquer oil. Such as fried chicken with lacquer oil, stewed chicken with lacquer oil, boiled eggs with lacquer oil liqueur, etc. Among them, lacquer oil boiled sweet wine is considered to be the first-class food for pregnant women to tonify deficiency. Every Lisu family keeps bees, ranging from 4 to 5 groups to more than a dozen groups. Honey can be processed and eaten after flowering every year. In addition, wild rock honey is often collected, and there are many ways to eat bee pupae, such as dipping raw honey, boiling in salt water, frying bee pupae in oil and so on.

Every autumn, every family makes wine. In addition to corn and sorghum, barnyard grass is also a raw material, and barnyard grass wine is the best. When brewing wine, mash the raw materials, boil them, put them in the jar and seal them. After 10, they can be unsealed for drinking. It is not strong, light and mellow, and has the effect of quenching thirst and refreshing. Lisu people like to drink a kind of hemp seed tea. Hemp fan is a plant fruit, similar in color to mung bean, but smaller than mung bean. They can be used as snacks. Eating shells and cores after eating has the effect of moistening the lungs. When making hemp tea, first put hemp seed in a pot and bake it with low fire, then mash it, put it in boiling water for 6-7 minutes, take out the residue and cook it with salt or sugar. Hemp seed tea is white, and drinking more can be as intoxicating as drinking. Influenced by the local Tibetan lifestyle, Lisu people in Gongshan also have the habit of drinking butter tea.

Festivals, Sacrifices, Etiquette and Dietary Customs

In the past, animistic nature worship prevailed among Yi people, and all traditional festivals were closely related to religious ceremonies. Lisu people determine solar terms by observing phenological changes. The biggest folk festival is the annual Kuosh Festival. During the Chinese New Year holiday, we also ate new year's goods, ate them and brewed water wine. In order to pray for a bumper harvest, every household should hang a part of the first-ripe glutinous rice or waxy corn on a tree as a sacrifice, and give a small bowl to the dog to eat, because this is a folk legend that dogs bring grain to the world; In some places, cows should be fed at the first time to thank them for helping humans reclaim land. On New Year's Day, the whole family eats and drinks together, with one heart. Lisu people in Nujiang area have the habit of spring bath. At that time, most young men and women will take their luggage, food and tableware and go to the hot springs to bathe. Three days before and after the long summer, the Lanxiu River of Lijiang River will become turbid. It is said that it contains a lot of minerals and can treat stomach diseases. Cooking rice with Lan Xiu River will be red, fragrant and delicious. There will also be a steam bath, which can cure rheumatism. During the bath, everyone had a picnic together, which was a large-scale rural hunting picnic of Lisu people. Lisu people also celebrate the Harvest Festival, which is mostly held in September and October of the lunar calendar every year. The biggest activity of the Harvest Festival is to make wine and taste new things. Some people even go directly to the fields to make wine while harvesting, accompanied by singing and dancing, and often stay up all night and enjoy themselves.

Lisu people always slaughter sheep (or cows) and pigs for banquets at weddings and funerals. When young men and women hold a wedding, both men and women should hold a banquet. When the woman comes to the door of the man's house, the man will also hold a banquet at the door and invite the accompanying guests to drink. After the wedding, the bride and groom should exchange bowls and chopsticks to show mutual respect and love in the future. When entertaining guests, all pork, mutton (or beef) will be cooked in a pot. If there are VIPs, suckling pigs will be cooked for dinner, especially piglets that have just been weaned for two months. Guests should eat their own dishes. When eating, the host and guests sit on the floor, share the meat and take the rest away. Some Lisu people in Fugong often put walnuts, ginger, peppers, garlic and so on. Put it in a bamboo tube and put it in a wooden bowl with salt to entertain guests. The hospitality drinking of Lisu nationality is the most national characteristic. When drinking, two people * * * carry a bowl of wine, hug each other's neck and shoulders, and open their mouths together, so that the wine flows into the host and guest's mouth at the same time, which is called "concentric wine", which is often used when close relatives and close friends meet.