Agricultural tools and irrigation tools in ancient China.

1, Lei: An ancient agricultural tool used for digging and ditching. It looks like a fork with a crank on the top and a plow on the bottom to loosen the soil. It can be regarded as the predecessor of the plow. The Book of Changes says that Shennong "grinds wood to thunder", while Shi Ben thinks that Huangdi "thunders".

We know that in the late Neolithic sites, traces of thunder have been found on loess. Oracle Bone Inscriptions used the word "lei" to describe the general image of Shang Dynasty.

There is a crossbar above the double teeth, which means that when used, the teeth are easy to dig into the soil, which is what the ancients said. Thunder is also common in the literature of the Warring States period. According to Kao Gong Ji, Tong Lei is 6 feet 6 inches tall, which is equivalent to 1.4 meters today. Bronze Lei was developed from wood Lei, then to iron Lei, and then to plough.

2. Plow: an agricultural tool with a crank, that is, a hand plow. Earthwork and bones have been unearthed everywhere, and bronze appeared in the late Shang Dynasty. In fact, all the unearthed objects are human heads. Shaped like a flat tip with a hairpin at the back, it is used to install on a thick long board.

The shoulder of the plate is connected with a long handle that bends forward and tilts. At the joint of the handle and the chisel head, there is a short piece of wood with a crossbar at the end. When in use, hold the crossbar with both hands and step on the short wood of the hoe so that the hoe can be buried.

3. Ray: Ray is the top half and shovel is the bottom half. Two farm tools are connected together, similar to the existing shovel, but the function is to turn the ground. Like double teeth.

4. Shovel: Agricultural tools for shoveling soil, raising seedlings, weeding and loosening soil are still in use.

5. Thulium: Agricultural tools for land reclamation are also used to cut down trees. It was originally made of stone. Bronze thulium is not only used in agriculture, but also the main tool for leveling soil. Later it was also used in carpentry. In ancient times, there were no planers. To make wood smooth, use a shovel instead of a plane.

6. Sickle: an agricultural tool for cutting crops or grass: it consists of blades and wooden handles. Some blades have small serrated sickles, that is, sickles, which are still in use today.

7. Hey: An ancient agricultural tool for weeding looks like a hoe. Lu Chunqiu: "People will suffer from drought, the land will be fat, and the soil will be slow."

8. Zhong: This is a spade, a tool for digging. "clock, insert it, insert it into the ground." It can be seen that it is the main agricultural production tools such as digging, penetrating and ridging.

9. pestle: like mortar, it is a threshing tool. Some say it was invented by Fuxi, and some say it was made by Yongfu, a courtier of the Yellow Emperor. The pestle has another important use. In China's traditional civil construction method "slab building", the wall or foundation is built by tamping the soil. The pestle is a tool to tamp the soil.

Extended data:

The history of human using tools is much earlier than the history of agricultural invention. In the primitive era of fishing, hunting and gathering, people invented wood and stone tools. The wooden stick originally used to dig plant tubers gradually evolved into "thunder" and became "truth" after improvement. This is the embryonic form of primitive farm tools.

The development of agricultural production tools in China has a strong continuity, and the continuity of the development and evolution of plows is even more obvious. From Reddy to stone plow, to bronze plow, iron plow, straight plow and curved plow, it is a continuous development process. The occurrence and development of one form is accompanied by the existence of other forms, and the climax of development is gradually replaced by new forms.

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