Difference between Guangfu, Chaoshan and Hakka cultures in Guangdong Province

Most of the genealogies of the various surnames in the Guangfu area record that their ancestors came from Zhugui Lane in Nanxiong, which was an important landing point for Han Chinese from the north who came to Guangdong. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, some Han Chinese crossed the Dayu Ridge into northern Guangdong. During the Tang and Five Dynasties period, after crossing the Dayu Ling, people mostly settled down in the Nanxiong Basin. After Zhang Jiuling was ordered to excavate the Dayu Ridge, it replaced the Xianggui Corridor and the Jietian Ridge, and became an important stagecoach route into Lingnan. During the two Song dynasties, there were two major migrations of immigrants, one at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty; the other at the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, and they all moved southward from Nanxiong into the Pearl River Basin.

Ancestor's former residence, Zhugui Lane

Many people in Guangdong, as long as the talk about ancestors, said from Nanxiong Zhugui Lane. Zhugui Lane, is a street in Nanxiong County, about 40 miles further north to Meiguan. The whole Zhu Gui Lane is about 1 mile long. There are Zhang, Lei, Zhou and He surnames in Zhu Gui Alley. The Zhang surname has been settled here for the longest time. It is said that the distant ancestor of the Zhang family, Zhang Zhe, settled here in the Tang Dynasty, when it was called Jingzong Lane. Zhang Rut's son Zhang Xing, Tang Jingzong to the Zhang family seven generations living together, and give Zhang Xing beads tapestry Tang Jingzong died, the Zhang clan because of Jingzong Lane this name and Tang Jingzong's temple number is the same, in order to avoid the taboo, it should be called beads tapestry lane.

Another theory: a large number of people moved south at the beginning of the Southern Song Dynasty,, especially to the end of the Song Dynasty, they passed through Jiangxi, across the Meiling, arrived in Nanxing, gathered in the countryside. There are many people from the Kaifeng Province of the detailed Fu place, the detailed Fu Zhu Gui Lane, they do not forget their homeland, so the village in the South Lane temporary residence is also known as Zhu Gui Lane. Thus, the Zhu Gui Lane has become the ancestral home of many ethnic names in Guangdong.

Guangfu people mainly by the early immigrants and the ancient Vietnamese mixed assimilation. Guangfu people's cultural characteristics to the Pearl River Delta is the most prominent, both ancient South Vietnam genetic, more by the Han culture of the Central Plains to feed, but also by the Western culture and colonial deformed economic factors, has a diversified level and composition of factors. Guangfu folk distribution of geographical Xijiang, Beijiang River Basin and the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong is the earliest development of feudal culture in the region. After the two Song Dynasty, the development of the Pearl River Delta has begun to take shape, to the Ming Dynasty, was then the famous Lingnan grain and a variety of cash crops production base, Shunde, Nanhai, Zhongshan, Panyu, and other places in the world of agriculture in the base pond. The multi-layered structure of the agricultural economy, backed by Guangzhou, the world's major trading port, resulted in a broad market for agricultural and handicraft products, and active production and marketing. In the late Ming Dynasty, the tendency of commercialization of agricultural production in the Pearl River Delta became more and more obvious, and it became the most active, most commodity-conscious, and thus the most antitraditional region in Lingnan. Guangdong's modern industries were emerging, mainly from the Pearl River Delta area from the late 19th century. Economic development has promoted the flourishing of culture, and the Pearl River Delta region has thrived in humanities since the Song Dynasty, and has always ranked among the province's most talented people. Guangzhou, the center city of Guangfu culture, has been the political, economic and cultural center of Guangdong and even Lingnan region since ancient times. In various cultural fields such as architecture, art, religion, theater, <a href='/?key=11655' target=_blank>music</a>, literature, painting, crafts, food, gardens, customs, etc., it shows everywhere a long historical origin and distinctive The personality, giving people a multi-layered, three-dimensional and rich feelings, so that the Canton culture in the Guangdong folk culture occupies a superior position.

Because of the continuous contact and exchange with overseas cultures since at least the Han Dynasty, the people of Guangfu are the most open-minded among the three major folk systems, and they are more open to accepting new things from outside, and they dare to absorb, imitate and learn from the Western material and spiritual civilization, and integrate their traditional culture with it. Guangfu people also have the courage to explore and try the spirit of hard work, a broader vision, more open-minded, commodity consciousness and strong values, smart and capable, good at calculating, creating a diversified agricultural commodity economy in the Pearl River Delta, with Guangfu people as the main "Guang Gang merchants" in the middle of the Qing Dynasty has been well-known throughout the country. At the same time, it also brought the negative effects of speculative, mercenary, as well as a strong sense of predestination, such as Canton merchants can generally be seen in the worship of Guan Gong as the God of Fortune, in Guangzhou, Hong Kong and Macao, and other places in the folk superstitious belief in destiny, respect for the gods and ghosts of the wind. Commodity consciousness not only pervades people's daily lives, but also tends to constrain people's values and behavioral goals, and people focus more on economic interests, and the internal cohesion in the folk system is relatively weak.

The Guangfu people were the first to be influenced by overseas, especially by the modern Western advanced culture and thought, and they were the first to get the trend, coupled with the toughness of the people, the adventurous, innovative temperament, and thus the resistance and struggle are particularly strong, and the elites came out after them in China's modern history, in the overthrow of the feudal empire, the establishment of a new China, as well as reform and opening up, and the development of the economy, there is a kind of "dare to be the first in the world," the most valuable character traits. character trait. (End)

Hakka culture: the world Hakka is a family

History clearly shows that most of the Hakka people's migration was from the densely populated, culturally and economically developed Central Plains to the sparsely populated, economically backward remote barbaric areas and the transfer of these people from the Han Chinese in the central plains to the sparsely populated, economically backward and barbaric areas. These Hakka forefathers from the Han Chinese in the Central Plains, in the process of hard work to create a new homeland, continued to integrate with the Baiyue ethnic groups in the south (mainly She, Li, Yao and other ethnic groups), not only formed a stable social group, but also created a unique Hakka culture. On the one hand, they retained the mainstream features of the Central Plains culture, always advocating the orthodox culture of China, advocating poetry and rituals, paying great attention to the complete preservation of traditions, culture, language, customs, and *** with the same style of life, customs, beliefs and concepts of their own close together; on the other hand, but also adept at the local ethnic minorities to draw sustenance, accommodating the cultural essence of the local ethnic groups. The most distinctive features of the Hakka culture are:

Honor the orthodox culture of China. If you have the opportunity to open the genealogy of the Hakka people, or view the door of the Hakka houses, you will find that each family has the county of the Central Plains. Such as the Chen surname out of Yingchuan, Li surname out of Longxi, Wang surname out of Taiyuan or Langxie, Xie surname out of Chen County or Chenliu, He surname out of Lujiang, Huang surname out of Jiangxia, Yang surname out of Hongnong, and so on. Some of these genealogical records do not stand up to scrutiny, but it shows that the Hakka people from the depths of their hearts to be proud to come from the Central Plains. In the process of migration and development, generation after generation of the Hakka people is relying on the "Chongzheng" spirit, overcoming all kinds of difficulties and hardships, built their new homes. Take Taiwan Hakka new immigrants as an example, on the one hand, they rely on and carry forward the original Hakka culture, such as "would rather sell the ancestral fields, not sell the ancestral words", tenacious use of dialect accent; and according to the original family and clan re-organization of the family and clan form, residential buildings are also modeled on the form of the original home. On the other hand, they abided by the rites and music of Chinese culture*** and promoted the fine tradition of loving the country and the nation. When Holland, France and Japan invaded Taiwan, they insisted on the national righteousness, raised the flag of patriotism, and fought against the invaders to the death, and a large number of people emerged, such as Liu Yongfu, Qiu Fengjia, Wu Tangxing, Xu Chang, Jiang Shaozu, and so on, which increased the light of the Hakka people, and added color to the Chinese nation! Now, many successful Hakka overseas Chinese, when summarizing their own success, also feel that it is thanks to the Hakka Chongzheng spirit. In order to allow future generations to always accept and carry forward the Hakka Chongzheng spirit, they time and again with their children and grandchildren back to the mainland ancestral home and even the birthplace of the Central Plains to find their roots, and initiated a public worship of the Hakka Mother River activities.

The Hakka people emphasize the importance of education, farming and reading. Hakka people especially valued the readers, there is a "thatched cottage out of the scholar" of the proverb. In the view of the Hakka people, in order to change the situation, the only way is to plow in the rain and read, the gold list, and take the road of civilization. Only through reading to realize the dream of "towards the field house Lang, twilight Tien Zi Tang", among the ranks of officials and eunuchs, in order to realize its cultivation, family, governance, and the world's ideals. Therefore, no matter how difficult the family's situation was, even if they were beggars, they still had to pay for their children's education. As a Hakka Zhu De in "Memories of my mother" wrote: "My family is a sharecropper, ancestral home in Guangdong Shaozhou, Hakka people ...... originally had no money to study ...... tuition east to west to borrow, the total **** with more than 200 dollars, until later I when the Protectorate Army Brigadier General before paying off." In order to look forward to the son, shining lintel, the Hakka people often focus on the whole family, the whole clan's strength to train their children to study. People who have been to the Hakka area will surely find that there are many stone flagpoles in front of their family ancestral halls, which is a clear evidence of the Hakka people's respect for literature and education. Those stone flagpoles are the symbols of the children of the family in the citation, in the jinshi, how many stone flagpoles, that is, how many people in the family to get the citation, the jinshi, and so on.

The Hakka people are very particular about the "righteousness" of the people. Hakka people pay attention to a "righteous" word, that is, to share the blessings and difficulties. They believe that in order to get a foothold in the new Hakkas, must face a lot of difficulties, solidarity and mutual help is particularly important. Therefore, they advocate that "all Hakka in the world are one family", and ask for the unity of people of the same tribe or clan living in other places. And believe in "a good man three help, a person worth ten people when", "help to help, stone into edamame". Because the Hakka people advocate unity, until today, in the Hakka people's wedding and funeral red and white posters still retained the ancient style of using the word "help". The Hakka people are very able to suffer, "a stretcher to go all over the world" is a true reflection of its tenacity and tenacious spirit. Hakka people also advocate the virtue of thrift. There is a proverb: "the corner of the mountain, the new shirt underneath," which says that the Hakka people put the old clothes over the new clothes to wear, to protect the new clothes with the old clothes. This shows how thrifty the Hakka people are.

Teochew culture: the Jews of China

The roots of the overseas Teochew people are in the Chaoshan area of Guangdong (centered on the present three cities of Shantou, Chaozhou and Jieyang in Guangdong). The Teochew people living in this region are a branch of the Han Chinese people with a unique cultural outlook. We call the culture created by the people of Teochew "Teochew culture" and define it as follows:

First of all, the Teochew culture is a regional subculture of the Han culture, which was gradually formed under the influence of the natural environmental conditions of the Teochew area during the long process of historical development.

Chaoshan is located in the southeast corner of mainland China, the easternmost part of Guangdong Province, adjacent to Fujian Province, with a total area of 10346 square kilometers. Topography, high in the northwest and low in the southeast, the northeast and northwest of the high hills, rolling, southeast of the sea even the sky, forming a relatively closed inland, but there is a long coastline of the geography of the small region. This kind of topography and geomorphological features play a considerable role in the formation of Chaoshan culture.

Secondly, the Chaoshan culture contains many cultural qualities, which form a system different from the She and Hakka cultures that exist in the same region, as well as different from the cultures of other neighboring regions. Among these cultural traits, language is the most distinctive one. Thus, we understand Chaoshan culture as a cultural ****similarity created by the Chaoshan-speaking folk.

Thirdly, Chaoshan culture is a dynamic and open system. Its formation is a process of gradual integration of local aboriginal and immigrant cultures through many mutual influences and mutual absorption. After forming its own system, due to the migration of the Chaoshan people, Chaoshan culture spread overseas, while absorbing the factors of other cultures and developing continuously.

The Chaoshan area is narrow and densely populated, and there is a great contradiction between the population and the resources and the environment. The fierce competitive environment has cultivated the creativity, pioneering and adventurous spirit of the Chaoshan people, and many of them have gone out to make a living overseas, forming a social culture of meticulous farming in agriculture, meticulous craftsmanship, and even more meticulous in business, extremely good at business, famous both at home and abroad, and known as the "Jews of China". In the middle of Qing Dynasty, the famous Guang Gang merchants were mainly composed of Guangzhou Gang and Teochew Gang merchants. Teochew Gang merchants did a lot of business along the southeast coast of the country and Jiangxi Province, and they were quite powerful in Thailand and Singapore. Strong sense of commodity is a kind of advantageous cultural potential of the Chaoshan people, so that they are particularly active in the reform and opening up period of footprints throughout the city and the countryside, penetrating all walks of life. After the Qin and Han Dynasties, Han culture expanded to the east of Lingdong. During the Jin and Tang dynasties, the influence of the mainstream culture of the Central Plains gradually expanded. Chen Yuguang's pacification of the barbarian rebellion between Quanchao and Han Yu's relegation to the post of assassin of Chaozhou were important events in this period. During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, a large number of immigrants came to Chaoshan, and the culture of Min came from the north, which led to the comprehensive development of the Chaoshan area and was an important link in the formation of Chaoshan culture. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Chaoshan folk culture with distinctive features was finally formed. Since the Song Dynasty, due to the rapid economic development of the Chaoshan area, the cultural and educational undertakings have also developed accordingly, and there are many talented people in the Chaoshan area.