Causal analysis of classical Chinese

1. How to Analyze Causality and Meaning Causality Analysis Combined with High School Chinese Argumentative Writing Examples-Application in High School Students' Argumentative Writing Many high school students have a writing habit. Give me an opinion, and I'll have an example and two examples right away ... that's all, there's no reason to give examples.

This is superficial and the argument is unconvincing. The strict logic of argumentative writing can not be ignored. Whether it is the layout of the full text, the internal arrangement of paragraphs, or the relationship between sentences, it should reflect a careful reasoning and argumentation process.

Then, how to use examples to discuss the point of view and push the argument deeper? This paper expounds the application of "Causality Analysis" to guide students to write expository writing. 1 explanation of "causal analysis" What is "causal analysis" in writing? Causal analysis is a basic operation mode in general thinking.

The so-called "causal analysis" is the thinking operation process of dissecting and questioning the mutual restriction, mutual generation and mutual decision of the internal relations between things. Attention should be paid when writing: First, try to find out all possible reasons for a particular result.

Secondly, analyze the listed possibilities one by one, whether they are direct or indirect, inevitable or accidental, primary or secondary. What do these reasons have to do with the results, whether one fruit is fierce or one fruit is multi-cause, or one cause is multi-effect.

Finally, select the most important and direct inevitable reason to form a certain result, and then carry out the next analysis or demonstration. 2. The concrete implementation of the writing teaching strategy of "Causal Analysis" 2. 1 Carefully design the whole training topic and guide it correctly. 1 Write a self-propositional composition on the topic "Spring comes and grass grows". The topic is self-made, except poetry, and the style is not limited, about 800 words.

Causal analysis leads to the proposition that bamboo is sensitive, which can be understood in this way: first of all, we must grasp the causal relationship between "spring is coming" and "grass is green" It is precisely because of the arrival of spring that everything recovers and the grass turns green.

After a cold winter, the grass has experienced hardships and may be unrecognizable, but spring has come and the grass is greener. Second, we should find a suitable ontology.

"Spring" and "grass" are obviously metaphorical. Writing purely about spring grass will be too superficial and lack depth. "Spring" represents a kind of hope and opportunity, "coming" represents the coming of opportunity, "grass" is weak on the surface, but "self" has the meaning of tenacious pursuit. The last "green" describes a result, which can be understood as success or goal realization.

In the selection of materials, according to the relationship between "spring" and "grass", we can find a suitable ontology, which can reflect the causal relationship between them, and then we can write better articles. From the specific writing point of view, the angle of this composition can be large or small, and the younger one can write his own feelings, which can be lyrical, argumentative and narrative; Great men can write about the changes of a nation and even mankind and think about the significance of historical events that have caused major historical changes.

In short, it is very important to emphasize the causal relationship between the two. Topic design 2 read the following text and write as required.

(60 points) Recently, a book named "I am mediocre, I am happy" was put on the desk by many people. In the book, the author describes many interesting trifles in the process of her daughter's growth, and sincerely expresses her hope that her daughter can have an ordinary and happy life-the author calls it a "new ideal of educating people", and therefore thinks: "Pursuit is the source of pain, and mediocrity is the foundation of happiness."

Do you agree with the above view? What do you think of the relationship between mediocrity and happiness? Please write an article on the topic of "mediocrity and happiness". The key sentence of the material given by causal analysis is "Pursuit is the source of pain, and mediocrity is the foundation of happiness."

The cause is mediocrity, and the result is happiness. However, the author asks to write an article on the topic of "mediocrity and happiness", so this article can be written from various angles, both for and against the views in the material.

No matter how you write, the argument should be clear and accurate, and find out the relationship between "cause" and "effect" according to the given materials, so that the reasoning is reasonable and convincing. The training focus of this composition is to make students clear that this "causal" topic focuses on analyzing "why", and the implementation of this article is to find out why mediocre people are "happy" or "unhappy".

2.2 In daily writing, it is often more effective to carefully design the topic of segment exercises, guide senior high school students to write and train segment compositions (that is, the main part of the composition). This requires the teacher to carefully design the topic of the segmented exercise.

Fragment training design1a. Write a title: Extract a distinct point of view (argument or theme) from a written topic. B. Tell the case (collect arguments).

C. evaluate the case (using causal analysis). Example exercises: (Viewpoint Title) Knowledge is power (1) In the early 1950s, Qian Xuesen broke through many obstacles and finally returned to the embrace of new China.

When US Deputy Navy Secretary kimball learned that he was going back to China, he immediately wrote to the US immigration authorities, claiming that "I would rather shoot this guy than let L, J .. Xie Xunzhong. ，，I，，∥4mⅲL...m，‰ⅶo ' =?2iⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸ' f | " 1jl+" " ' | EJ .

…+20 1 1。 04 enzyme K- shake %‰K- pick ‰% m4k- plunge m i4 "pregnant alkali m∞ Sichuan? Sichuan ... I (in the middle of Xun's publication) was written as "Historical Records", and history flooded; Li Ning, a generation of Prince of gymnastics, shed tears after Seoul, which not only revealed the reasons why the characters made extraordinary achievements in hardships, but also opened up a new world, making the series of sporting goods of "Li Ning brand" more rational and full of momentum, thus making the argument of this sentence logical and inevitable in the sporting goods market.

Suffering can lead people through darkness. That's great.

This is chapter 2. You can experience the hardships of life.

Beethoven is deaf in both ears, but it is worth noting that when we add causal analysis, it is best to create an immortal symphony in suffering, which will be shocking. That's because the plastic silk is unyielding, and it uses guiding words such as "why", "because" and "why", which can not only carry the golden luck! Choose the best way to build a castle! The stem spectrum is different! Some processes are embarrassing; Division plays a leading role in thinking and can also make reasoning clear. Ma Qian suffers from corruption, but he can be humiliated in this way.

2. How to analyze causal relationship and meaning causal relationship analysis combined with high school Chinese argumentative writing examples-application in high school students' argumentative writing Many high school students have a writing habit. Give me an opinion, and I'll have an example and two examples right away ... that's all, there's no reason to give examples.

This is superficial and the argument is unconvincing. The strict logic of argumentative writing can not be ignored. Whether it is the layout of the full text, the internal arrangement of paragraphs, or the relationship between sentences, it should reflect a careful reasoning and argumentation process.

Then, how to use examples to discuss the point of view and push the argument deeper? This paper expounds the application of "Causality Analysis" to guide students to write expository writing. 1 explanation of "causal analysis" What is "causal analysis" in writing? Causal analysis is a basic operation mode in general thinking.

The so-called "causal analysis" is the thinking operation process of dissecting and questioning the mutual restriction, mutual generation and mutual decision of the internal relations between things. Attention should be paid when writing: First, try to find out all possible reasons for a particular result.

Secondly, analyze the listed possibilities one by one, whether they are direct or indirect, inevitable or accidental, primary or secondary. What do these reasons have to do with the results, whether one fruit is fierce or one fruit is multi-cause, or one cause is multi-effect.

Finally, select the most important and direct inevitable reason to form a certain result, and then carry out the next analysis or demonstration. 2. The concrete implementation of the writing teaching strategy of "Causal Analysis" 2. 1 Carefully design the whole training topic and guide it correctly. 1 Write a self-propositional composition on the topic "Spring comes and grass grows". The topic is self-made, except poetry, and the style is not limited, about 800 words.

Causal analysis leads to the proposition that bamboo is sensitive, which can be understood in this way: first of all, we must grasp the causal relationship between "spring is coming" and "grass is green" It is precisely because of the arrival of spring that everything recovers and the grass turns green.

After a cold winter, the grass has experienced hardships and may be unrecognizable, but spring has come and the grass is greener. Second, we should find a suitable ontology.

"Spring" and "grass" are obviously metaphorical. Writing purely about spring grass will be too superficial and lack depth. "Spring" represents a kind of hope and opportunity, "coming" represents the coming of opportunity, "grass" is weak on the surface, but "self" has the meaning of tenacious pursuit. The last "green" describes a result, which can be understood as success or goal realization.

In the selection of materials, according to the relationship between "spring" and "grass", we can find a suitable ontology, which can reflect the causal relationship between them, and then we can write better articles. From the specific writing point of view, the angle of this composition can be large or small, and the younger one can write his own feelings, which can be lyrical, argumentative and narrative; Great men can write about the changes of a nation and even mankind and think about the significance of historical events that have caused major historical changes.

In short, it is very important to emphasize the causal relationship between the two. Topic design 2 read the following text and write as required.

(60 points) Recently, a book named "I am mediocre, I am happy" was put on the desk by many people. In the book, the author describes many interesting trifles in the process of her daughter's growth, and sincerely expresses her hope that her daughter can have an ordinary and happy life-the author calls it a "new ideal of educating people", and therefore thinks: "Pursuit is the source of pain, and mediocrity is the foundation of happiness."

Do you agree with the above view? What do you think of the relationship between mediocrity and happiness? Please write an article on the topic of "mediocrity and happiness". The key sentence of the material given by causal analysis is "Pursuit is the source of pain, and mediocrity is the foundation of happiness."

The cause is mediocrity, and the result is happiness. However, the author asks to write an article on the topic of "mediocrity and happiness", so this article can be written from various angles, both for and against the views in the material.

No matter how you write, the argument should be clear and accurate, and find out the relationship between "cause" and "effect" according to the given materials, so that the reasoning is reasonable and convincing. The training focus of this composition is to make students clear that this "causal" topic focuses on analyzing "why", and the implementation of this article is to find out why mediocre people are "happy" or "unhappy".

2.2 In daily writing, it is often more effective to carefully design the topic of segment exercises, guide senior high school students to write and train segment compositions (that is, the main part of the composition). This requires the teacher to carefully design the topic of the segmented exercise.

Fragment training design1a. Write a title: Extract a distinct point of view (argument or theme) from a written topic. B. Tell the case (collect arguments).

C. evaluate the case (using causal analysis). Example exercises: (Viewpoint Title) Knowledge is power (1) In the early 1950s, Qian Xuesen broke through many obstacles and finally returned to the embrace of new China.

When US Deputy Navy Secretary kimball learned that he was going back to China, he immediately wrote to the US immigration authorities, claiming that "I would rather shoot this guy than let L, J .. Xie Xunzhong. ，，I，，∥4mⅲL...m，‰ⅶo ' =?2iⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸⅸ' f | " 1jl+" " ' | EJ .

…+20 1 1。 04 enzyme K- shake %‰K- pick ‰% m4k- plunge m i4 "pregnant alkali m∞ Sichuan? Sichuan ... I (in the middle of Xun's publication) was written as "Historical Records", and history flooded; Li Ning, a generation of Prince of gymnastics, shed tears after Seoul, which not only revealed the reasons why the characters made extraordinary achievements in hardships, but also opened up a new world, making the series of sporting goods of "Li Ning brand" more rational and full of momentum, thus making the argument of this sentence logical and inevitable in the sporting goods market.

Suffering can lead people through darkness. That's great.

This is chapter 2. You can experience the hardships of life.

Beethoven is deaf in both ears, but it is worth noting that when we add causal analysis, it is best to create an immortal symphony in suffering, which will be shocking. That's because the plastic silk is unyielding, and it uses guiding words such as "why", "because" and "why", which can not only carry the golden luck! Choose the best way to build a castle! The stem spectrum is different! Some processes are embarrassing; Division plays a leading role in thinking and can also make reasoning clear. The horse began to rot.

3. China people can experience life through the hardships of revision and expression, and Beethoven's deafness can be analyzed in such hardships: This narrative paragraph? Adopt the total score structure. Three examples of Beethoven, Sima Qian and Li Ning are cited to prove this point. The problem is the lack of analytical language between examples and arguments. So what? How to start the discussion? Read this article? We found out? "The result of three words under hardship" has already told us? You didn't say why? So what? Can we add the analysis text of "cause inquiry"? In order to better build a bridge between the case and the conclusion? In order to achieve the purpose of "narrative" serving "discussion". Causal analysis: grasping the facts stated in the argument? On this basis, the cause analysis method is deduced. [method? State the reason directly] Revision: Sometimes it hurts? To experience life? That's great. Beethoven was deaf in both ears? But you can create an immortal symphony under such hardships? Shake people's hearts? Is that because he doesn't give in to the pressure of fate? Stubborn resistance to bad luck? Only by composing songs of human mind; Sima Qian took bribes? But you can write history in such a shame? Historical spillover? Is that because he has a firm belief? Strong-willed? Stick to your ambition in slander and ridicule? In this way, it broke through and became the "Shi Sheng"; After a generation of Prince of gymnastics, Li Ning suddenly withdrew from sports in tears in Seoul? But you started your own business in another world? Let Li Ning brand sporting goods be popular in China sporting goods market? Is that because he knows how to bear failure? Not intimidated by failure? In order to open up a new path in failure. Suffering? Is it a curse? Blessing again. Is it for people with strong will? Just a storm on the road of life? Just walk bravely, okay? There is a blue sky ahead.

4. Several methods to infer the meaning of function words in classical Chinese. Part of speech analysis Many function words have several parts of speech, and they have different parts of speech in different sentences. Different parts of speech often have different meanings and usages. This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower. (The story of Yueyang Tower) ② Therefore, when the rope is tied, the wood is straight and the gold tip is beneficial. (Encourage learning) ① The word "Ze" is an adverb. Second, context inference method 1. Distinguish function words according to the meaning of related sentences. "When I am chasing the sun, the river is in the boat." (Battle of Kans) After Duke Xiang of Jin released the prisoners of Qin, he was angered by the former and repented. It can be translated as "Ji" and "Daoji". 2. Distinguish function words according to their position in the sentence. The second strategy is equal, and it is better to lose Qin Le. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) The word "zhi" is used between the verb and the object to indicate the double reference to the object. The object is a pronoun, which is translated as "this". 3. Comparative inference method 1. The meaning of comparing true and false. ② The word "one" in college entrance examination is a preposition (function word), which means "use" and "take". 2. Compare the similarities and differences of usage and infer the meaning and usage. The same function word has different uses, which is an important aspect of the college entrance examination. 1. Because of the urgency of this matter, it is lucky to have a good conclusion. (Hongmen Banquet) 2. It means "intentionally" and "intentionally". 3. Compare grammatical relations and infer meaning and usage. Husband's misfortune often accumulates in details, while wisdom and courage are trapped in drowning. (Introduction to Lingguan) At first glance, the two clauses are the same, and the usage and meaning of the two words "Yu" should of course be the same, but after careful analysis, we will find that the grammatical relationship between the two sentences is different. "Evil" and "Yu" Therefore, the word "Yu" has different meanings. The former means "from" and the latter means "be". Fourth, the way to find meaning in a sentence is 1. Substitute the meaning of function words into sentences to determine the correct meaning. Remember the basic usage of commonly used function words. When reading and solving problems, you can substitute each usage into sentences and choose meaningful ones. If two sentences are given to distinguish whether a function word is used in the same sentence, we can substitute the usage and meaning of the function word in the confident sentence into another sentence to understand and see if the sentence makes sense. If it makes sense, usage and meaning are the same, otherwise, meaning and usage are different. This method is particularly important for solving the function words in the college entrance examination. Because the college entrance examination question usually gives an example from the current Chinese textbook of middle school, as long as we have a correct understanding of the function words in this sentence, we have a great chance to answer this question correctly. ① Experts help Wen Huijun. ("Zhuangzi Health Master") ② Who is the king for this? Of these two sentences, the word "Wei" in the second sentence is the preposition "Dai" and "Ci". If substituted in the first sentence, it can be understood as "my master is Wen Zainiu", so the word "Wei" here is also used as prepositions "substitute" and "give". Verbs such as "look", "do", "do" and so on. (2) Function words in fixed sentence patterns, such as "Nothing is ... Hu" and "He ... Wei". (3) Words with the same category, such as "Zhu" (Zhi, Zhi) and "Yan" (here)

5. How to write an elite education review in the argumentative process of Chinese argumentative essays reminds you:

The argumentation process refers to the process of combining arguments with arguments after putting forward arguments. In general, the argument should be demonstrated after the argument is given, so that the materials can better serve the central argument.

How to combine arguments with arguments? Please read the following eight methods and complete the following exercises.

1. Meaning analysis method

Meaning analysis is to explain, explain or expound the meaning of concepts, theories or propositions cited as arguments. Especially when the cited arguments come from difficult classical Chinese or difficult sentences in classic works, it is very necessary to use explanatory analysis. Meaning analysis can be highly evaluated or revealed from the aspects of effect, value and influence from small to large. For example:

There is also German Chancellor Brandt. When he visited Poland in the 1980s, he knelt devoutly in front of the gravestones of people killed by the Nazis. This kneeling not only shows the German people's remorse for their crimes, but also shows Brandt's noble personality charm.

This underlined sentence is meaning analysis, and this behavior is highly valued. It can be seen that only through meaning analysis can the meaning of the argument become clearer, and readers can easily realize from this fable that the environment is an important factor for success and the argumentation power of the argument can be fully demonstrated.

2. Qualitative analysis method

Qualitative analysis is an analytical method to reveal the essence of things through the phenomena provided by arguments. The key to using this method is to accurately grasp the essential things contained in the argument. For example, when demonstrating the view that "fraud doesn't work", first quote the case of Mr. Nanguo, and then analyze:

The word "make up a few mistakes" is well summed up, but it points out the key of Mr. Nan Guo-"make up". It's understandable that Mr. Nan Guo Can doesn't blow his whistle, but he shouldn't pretend to be an expert, cheat and cheat, make a living by cheating, so that he runs away and laughs generously.

Here, the author grasps the essence of Mr. Nan Guo's fraud and ignorance of pretending to understand, points out the key point of Mr. Nan Guo with a word "chong" and points out the essence of the cited case. Qualitative analysis can often hit the nail on the head, and it also plays a centralized role in argument.

3. Assessment and analysis methods

Evaluation and analysis method is to make an appropriate evaluation of the case after citing it, so as to confirm your own point of view. For example, when discussing "frugality", he quoted "Zeng Guofan used frugality to discipline his son, and his son Ceng Jize eventually became an excellent diplomat; After the fact that Fang Zhimin was not greedy as an official, was poor all his life and made a name for himself through the ages, he went on to analyze:

Yes, "frugality always enriches the soul". Frugality can cultivate people's courage and will to fight against difficulties, which is the most important quality of a person's career. In this sense, some people say that hunger is a component of life and suffering is a kind of capital, which makes sense. Consciously abstaining from extravagance and frugality is an effective way to promote people's cultivation and temper their will.

Here, the author closely follows the argument, evaluates and analyzes the argument, and strengthens the author's point of view.

4. Causality analysis method

Causal analysis is an analytical method, which grasps the facts stated in the argument and infers the reasons accordingly. Everything happens for a reason. We can deduce the cause of this result according to the causal relationship of the development and change of things, thus revealing a certain law of life, and proving this point with examples. For example, the article "Breaking through the Buried Pressure with Struggle" quoted an analysis by Einstein and Hua:

Why didn't they "suffocate" because of "burying" and make achievements? Because they are unwilling to endure the fate of being "buried"; No matter how unfavorable the situation is, they never lose their courage and strength to go up; They firmly believe that a swift horse that never loses its ambition will eventually take off. Therefore, in the case of "burying", they did not complain about others, but worked hard and finally broke through "burying" and stood out.

This passage explains the direct influence of "upward courage and strength" and "hard work" on people by analyzing the reasons why the two men stand out from the crowd, plays an exemplary role, and directly demonstrates the view that "it is necessary to break through the pressure of' burying' by struggle".

6. How to analyze the argumentation process, argumentation process and requirements The argumentation process mentioned here refers to the process of combining arguments with arguments after putting forward arguments.

In general, the argument should be demonstrated after the argument is given, so that the materials can better serve the central argument. How to combine arguments and arguments to elaborate? Here are eight ways. Please read and complete the following exercise by yourself.

1. Meaning analysis The meaning analysis method is to explain, explain or expound the meaning of a concept, theory or proposition cited as an argument. Especially when the cited arguments come from difficult classical Chinese or difficult sentences in classic works, it is very necessary to use explanatory analysis.

Meaning analysis can be highly evaluated or revealed from the aspects of effect, value and influence from small to large. For example, when German Chancellor Brandt visited Poland in the 1980s of 19, he knelt devoutly in front of the gravestones of people killed by the Nazis.

This kneeling not only shows the German people's remorse for their crimes, but also shows Brandt's noble personality charm. This underlined sentence is meaning analysis, and this behavior is highly valued.

It can be seen that only through meaning analysis can the meaning of the argument become clearer, and readers can easily realize from this fable that the environment is an important factor for success and the argumentation power of the argument can be fully demonstrated. 2. Qualitative analysis is an analytical method to reveal the essence of things through the phenomena provided by arguments.

The key to using this method is to accurately grasp the essential things contained in the argument. For example, when demonstrating the view that "fraud doesn't work", we first quote Mr. Nan Guo's case, and then make an analysis: the word "make up the mistake" is well summarized, but it points out the key of Mr. Nan Guo-"make up".

It's understandable that Mr. Nan Guo Can doesn't blow his whistle, but he shouldn't pretend to be an expert, cheat and cheat, make a living by cheating, so that he runs away and laughs generously. Here, the author grasps the essence of Mr. Nan Guo's fraud and ignorance of pretending to understand, points out the key point of Mr. Nan Guo with a word "chong" and points out the essence of the cited case.

Qualitative analysis can often hit the nail on the head, and it also plays a centralized role in argument. 3. Evaluation analysis method Evaluation analysis method is to make an appropriate evaluation of the case after citing it, thus confirming its own point of view.

For example, when discussing "frugality", he quoted "Zeng Guofan used frugality to discipline his son, and his son Ceng Jize eventually became an excellent diplomat; After Fang Zhimin made a name for himself as an official who was not greedy, poor all his life, he went on to analyze: Yes, "frugality is always rich in the heart". Frugality can cultivate people's courage and will to fight against difficulties, which is the most important quality of a person's career. In this sense, some people say that hunger is a component of life and suffering is a kind of capital, which makes sense. Consciously abstaining from extravagance and frugality is an effective way to promote people's cultivation and temper their will.

Here, the author closely follows the argument, evaluates and analyzes the argument, and strengthens the author's point of view. 4. Causal analysis Causal analysis is an analytical method that grasps the facts stated in the argument and infers the reasons accordingly.

Everything happens for a reason. We can deduce the cause of this result according to the causal relationship of the development and change of things, thus revealing a certain law of life, and proving this point with examples.

For example, the article "Breaking through the Burial Pressure with Struggle" quoted an analysis by Einstein and Hua: Why didn't they achieve anything because of "burying"? Because they are unwilling to endure the fate of being "buried"; No matter how unfavorable the situation is, they never lose their courage and strength to go up; They firmly believe that a swift horse that never loses its ambition will eventually take off. Therefore, in the case of "being buried", they did not complain about others, but worked hard and finally broke through "being buried" and stood out. This passage explains the direct influence of "upward courage and strength" and "hard work" on people by analyzing the reasons why people are "buried", which plays an exemplary role and directly demonstrates that "it is necessary to break through" buried "by struggle.

Supplement of the respondent 5. Conditional analysis is a method to analyze the conditions for its success after citing a factual argument. For example, when discussing the relationship between artistic accomplishment and scientific achievements, an argumentative paper has the following two paragraphs: In recent years, I have often heard people ask the question: Why can't we contribute an Einstein? There may be many reasons.

Generally speaking, an Einstein needs a profound cultural background as well as superb knowledge of mathematics and physics. Among them, artistic accomplishment is a big factor.

If Einstein is indifferent to the beauty of art, people have every reason to doubt whether the aesthetic standard of science (truth) can be established in his mind. Without this standard, it is difficult for him to make an epoch-making contribution to science.

Music, painting and literature will not directly teach you how to solve differential equations, but they can expand your cultural background, enrich your imagination, improve your aesthetic sense and spiritual realm, and thus help you become Einstein. There may be many reasons for Einstein's success, but as one of the necessary conditions, artistic accomplishment is indispensable.

With this analysis, this argument supports the argument accurately. 6. Hypothetical analysis Hypothetical analysis is a method to analyze the enumerated arguments by using hypothetical reasoning.

In this way, firstly, we should quote the argument completely, and then put forward the hypothesis that the forming condition does not exist, and deduce the completely opposite result from it. In the comparison of different conditions and results, the inevitability of its formation conditions has been strongly demonstrated. For example, an analysis in Six Kingdoms said: "If you want the Three Kingdoms to love their place, Qi people can't be attached to Qin, assassins can't do it, and good generals are still there. Therefore, the number of victories and defeats, the principle of survival, should be better than Qin, or unpredictable."

7. Complement analysis In terms of specific skills, in addition to the above methods, argumentative writing should also be good at using words such as "of course", "of course", "if", "but" and "take a step back".