Speak classical Chinese

1. What are the original Chinese texts? The brave retreat also (1).

Few but fine mountains are not only for soldiers, but also for success. Jiayou was stationed in Qin Zhou, where there were many famous mountains in the Qin Dynasty. De gave birth to his wife and fled to Huashan with his son and others. He took clothes, a knife and ten cakes and took them into the mountains.

I remembered my imperial army. At this point, if you catch it, you will die, if you don't eat it, you will die if you meet a tiger, a wolf or a poisonous snake. I don't feel sorry for these three dead people. Zhang Peng10-2119: 38: 49 People who only look at the depths of the mountains will go to their places and eat their cakes, starting from the grassroots. Ten diseases a day, vomiting and bloating are everywhere.

For a few months, peace of mind is like eating whole grains, and you can go into the mountains for two years without being hungry. However, many people meet wild animals, and they will not die.

The words of De said, "All animals can know people's popularity, but their sound shock valley is not as high as 100 paces. Virtue, whether dead or not, never moves, like a stroke, needs an instant jump. After less than a dozen steps, I stopped to sit and let it go.

Before and after the test. Later I went to Shangzhou, but I didn't know its Shangzhou. I was held hostage by the waiting person and died of self-denial.

Song Sunxiao, who knows Shangzhou, said, "I don't think you are a villain, but you are a kind of person." Virtue has its roots, which makes it the Qin Zhou of the private prosecutor.

Zhang Gong 'an knew Qin Zhou well, claiming that he was sick, and removed soldiers for the people. Today, among the mountains, there is no other power, and Meng De can be described as a Taoist.

All gentlemen in the world care about one thing, so they admire and fear. Desire and fear are not necessarily used in the chest. People know their colors when they look at the face.

Therefore, no one in the world is unique when the weak are humiliated and the strong laugh. Today, Meng De has no scruples, and the lofty spirit has spread outside, seeing things but not himself.

Pushing this way, although it is listed in heaven and earth, has never been the foot of an animal. Zhang Peng10-2119: 39:17 Remarks ① Brave: SHEN WOO Imperial Camp guards the capital in peacetime, and guards the border when there are border police.

(2) Imperial Army: the regular army of the Northern Song Dynasty. Originally refers to the emperor's personal soldiers.

In the northern song dynasty, the princes were cut, the soldiers were incorporated, and the imperial capital was concentrated, which was called the imperial army. ③ Benefits: Same as dysentery and diarrhea.

Zhang Peng 1 0-2119: 39: 28 Trained1. Explain the meaning of adding words in the following sentences. (1) Holding his clothes, holding a knife and ten cakes () (2) I no longer feel sorry for these three dead people () (3) However, the number of people who meet wild animals is () (4) Wandering around and leaving () 2. In the following sentences, the incorrect explanation of the added words is () A. I didn't get what I wanted. Realize.

B. Any wild animal can recognize popularity: average; Most C. Germany died of self-separation: unexpected; Expect.

D. Zhang Gongan knows Qin Zhou Fitness: Go; Here you are. Zhang Peng10-2119: 39: 403. In the following four groups of sentences, the meaning and usage are the same: (a) 1. Moral disregard for death 2. It's not a pity that B. 1. Before and after the exam, if the Tao exists, the teacher exists.

C.① People know that today's husband is a bearded man, and he is very solid, close to the cost. D.① Qin Zhou, which is set for self-complainers, must take Chang 'an An Jun as the quality and follow Zhang Peng 10-2 19: 40: 004. The following is the understanding and appreciation of the ideological content and expression of the article. B. The article focuses on the plight of Meng De in the deep mountains, but he does not want to be a soldier, which reflects from one side that the harm of military service in the Song Dynasty is worse than that of tigers, wolves and poisonous snakes; The author's dissatisfaction with the military service system and sympathy for Meng De's tragic experience are self-evident.

Zhang Peng10-2119: 40:1/c. The author thinks that Meng De is a Taoist man. This "Tao" means that when people are not afraid, they have an invisible and powerful momentum, forming a force that tigers dare not hurt.

D. The author uses Mende's mortal heart and recklessness to develop his argument. He called Meng a "Taoist", which is not only a praise for his fearless spirit of overcoming difficulties and dangers, but also the author's admiration for a realm of self-cultivation and philosophical thinking of life. Zhang Peng10-2119: 40: 225. Sentences underlined in the translation.

(1) So, when the weak are humiliated, the strong laugh. There are no unique people in the world. Translation: (2) Although it ranks heaven and earth, it has never been the foot of an animal! Translation: Zhang Peng 1 0-219: 40: 33 Reference answer and brief analysis1. (1) exchange; In exchange for 2 worries and 3 repetitions; Repeatedly (4) indecisive 2. D (should be interpreted as "just right; Just right. " )

3.A(A.①② Both are conjunctions, meaning "because"; B. 1 pronoun, "it" means "tiger"; Auxiliary words, used between subject and predicate, cancel the independence of sentences and have no practical significance; C.① Continuous words may not be translated; (2) coordinate conjunctions, which are equivalent to "harmony"; D.① Conjunction, "So, then"; Adverb "Cai" ) Zhang Peng10-2119: 40: 424.c (Meng De's "Tao" means "making something out of nothing" with "noble spirit". )

Note: This point involves Su Zhe's thoughts and writing style. He advocates "nourishing the spirit", both for people and for literature. 5.( 1) Therefore, the weak are insulted, the strong are laughed at, and no one is extraordinary and independent.

(2) even if it is listed between heaven and earth, it is ok. What are those beasts worth mentioning? Zhang Peng 10-2 1 20:07:39 translated from Meng De, a deserter from the Imperial Brave Camp. When I was young, I liked living in the mountains. When I was a soldier, my wish of "a good mountain forest" failed to come true.

During the Jiayou period in Song Renzong, Qin Zhou was in charge and there were many famous mountains in Guanzhong, Shaanxi. Meng De divorced his wife, gave his son away to others, fled to the foot of Huashan Mountain, exchanged clothes for a knife and ten cakes, and took him into the mountains.

I thought to myself, "I am a member of the Imperial Army. Since I'm here, I'll die if I'm caught, die if I don't eat, and die if I meet a tiger, a wolf and a poisonous snake. " I'm no longer worried about these three ways to die. "

It happened that Zhang Peng 10-2 1 20:07:58 walked to the depths of the mountain. After eating the cake, he picked grass roots and fruits to eat.

I was sick for more than ten times a day, and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal distension and chest tightness all appeared. After a few months, eating these is as safe as eating whole grains.

So, I was hungry in the mountains for two years, but I never died after many encounters with wild animals. Meng De said: "All wild animals can recognize human breath.

There were still a hundred paces to go, so he fell on the ground and screamed, and his voice rang in the valley. I am not intimidated by it, because I am not afraid of death.

After a while, it jumped like it was going to hit Zhang Peng 10-2 1 20:08:08, ten paces away from me, stopped and squatted there, hesitated, and finally bowed its head. Other beasts who try again are the same before and after. "

Later, Meng De came to Shangzhou. He didn't know it was Shangzhou. He was caught by the sentry, and Mende expected to be executed. Song Sun Xiao, the magistrate of Shangzhou County, said to him, "I don't think you are bad.

2. People who write people's classical Chinese are deeply impressed by the old people, and those who want to cross the river are also kind.

The servant went out and lived alone at the ferry. One day, a scholar took shelter from the rain, his clothes were wet and his sleeves were thin.

The old man sat down until he knew that the boy was trying to return from the county. The old man knew a little about books, talked with them for a long time, and ordered him to cook taro.

Do your best, then enter, full of vitality, and say with a smile, "I will never forget the impression of the old man one day." Don't go until the rain stops.

For more than ten years, the scholar took the first place as the prime minister, and even ordered the chef to make an impression, sighing: "Who wants the old man to make a sweet impression!" Make people visit his wife because. Cheng and Wei Wen know that this person has old friends, invited him to meet, and said that he would not be a servant.

When he arrived in Beijing, Guo Xiang comforted him and said, "Don't forget the impression of the old man. It is a troublesome thing to cook an impression now. " After cooking the taro, Guo Xiang no longer said, "Who is fragrant and who is sweet!" The old man said: "I still have an impression, but the people who are sweet about it are not reconciled, and the time and location have changed."

Xianggong walked dozens of miles from the county yesterday, trapped in the rain and didn't choose food; Now there are treasures in the hall, and there are still meals in the morning, and there is a banquet in the tripod. What's your impression? Old people still like "xianggong" and stop at impressions. When the old man is old, he has heard a lot: there are couples in the south of the village, who are so poor that they work hard as assistants and are blessed or famous, so they spoil their wives and abandon them, causing them to die of depression. This is the impression that they are women.

There are students A and B in the east of the city, one inkstone Yi Deng, one window and one couch. Don't argue about clothes and shoes when you get up in the morning. B should mention it first. When they heard that A was down and out, they gave up with a smile. Give the impression that they are friends. I even asked who my son was. I wish him success in the future when I study. I am honest and clean, loyal and filial, and an official. I don't want to bribe him. This is an impression that I am learning.

Still have to say; The old man is next door to Xishu. I heard that his teacher told his disciples about the past dynasties, including generals, ministers, Yin, assassins, guards, orders, arrogance or rashness. Once the incident started, he was rewarded with evil, kneeling down to meet the money for fear of falling behind. However, people who forget the past with today are not alone! Before the old man finished speaking, Guo Xiang suddenly thanked him: "The old man knows!" Send it with generous funds.

As a result, the old man's name became famous. Praise said, "It's amazing that the old man can get rich with the country without thinking! I don't know what this country is like. Can you honor the old man's words? But as far as it is concerned, it is hard to forget an impression, and it is a person who has not integrated with the old man and regards it as an impression.

It is strange that although the old man knows books, why does what he says sound so good? Does he know it's true Or is the rumor too true? Hey, honey! There are gentry and scholars who can't speak, but those who can speak are often born. Old Yu Man, he is from Zhujiadu, Cishui County.

My son went out to work as a helper to earn money. He and his wife lived by the ferry. One day, a famous scholar took shelter from the rain under his eaves. His sleeves were thin and wet, and his figure was very thin and gaunt.

The old man invited him into the house and knew that he was a scholar who had just arrived in the county to take the Tongsheng exam and was going home. The old man knows a little about poetry and has a long talk with the scholar, so he asks his wife to cook taro for the scholar to eat, and the scholar eats a bowl full. Impress the old lady and serve him another bowl, and the scholar will be full.

He smiled and said, "I will never forget the warmth of your invitation to Taro!" After the rain stopped, the scholar said goodbye and left. Ten years later, the scholar was admitted to the imperial examination and became the prime minister.

Occasionally, he ordered the chef to cook taro for him. He put down his chopsticks and sighed, "Why is the taro of the old man who wants to go to Zhujiadu so fragrant and sweet?" "So he sent someone to find the old couple at the ferry and drove them away with horses and chariots. After hearing this, the local county magistrate thought that the old man had an old relationship with the Prime Minister, so he invited the old couple to meet and be equal with them. People who are impressed by the elderly no longer go out to do housework to make money.

After arriving in Beijing, the Prime Minister comforted them and said, "I can't forget the taro rice you used to treat the elderly. I want to trouble your wife to cook it for me again today!" " Soon, the taro wife cooked the taro and gave it to the Prime Minister. The prime minister ate, put down his chopsticks and said, "Why did the taro taste so sweet?" ! "Taro old man said," are all the same taro! The reason why taro used to be so sweet is not the different cooking skills, but the status of the times has changed people's tastes! Once upon a time (at that time), Xianggong, you came out of the county seat, walked dozens of miles and got caught in the rain (hungry and cold). You are not picky about food. Now your kitchen is full of exquisite food and meals given by the court. You often arrange banquets and show food. Where can I eat the sweetness of taro? (However), I am still happy to say that "xianggong" your change is limited to taro! I'm old and I've heard so much.

There is a poor couple in the south of my village. The wife weaves and spins every day, carries water and washes rice, and helps her husband study hard and practice hard. Fortunately, her husband was admitted to the Imperial Examination. After his success, he doted on other concubines and abandoned his wife at home, so that her wife died of excessive sadness. This situation is to treat your wife as taro! In the east of the city, there are two students, A and B. They use inkstones and lanterns. There is only one window and one bed where they live, and even the clothes and shoes they wear in the morning are no different from each other.

Later, B first passed the exam and became an official in the officialdom. When I heard that A was down and out, I laughed at him and ignored him. The friendship between the two men broke off.

In this case, his friend is considered as Taro. I have even heard that when someone's children are studying, they are determined to say that if they want to be successful in the future, they must be honest and capable, and they must be loyal and filial.

But after he really became an official, he was dismissed for corruption, indiscretion and bad conduct. In this case, what he learned is regarded as taro.

My old neighbor has a private school, and the teacher tells students about the previous generation (the last years of the Ming Dynasty), including Xiangguan, Qing Xiang, Qing Yin, Cixi, Taishou and county magistrate. Some of them wear purple ribbons and gold seals on their waists, while others get on and off with curtains pulled by servants. However, once an incident occurs in China and foreigners invade from outside, they often kneel and kowtow, scrambling to surrender, and even equate the ancestral temple, the country (the whole country), their own reputation and the honor of the king with taro.

As a result, the world forgot the past because of the present experience, just between a pair of chopsticks! "said the old man.

3. Did the ancients speak classical Chinese? The ancients spoke in a completely different way from us. If the ancients were resurrected, we would certainly not understand what they said. Now the southern dialect is closer to the ancient spoken language and retains a small number of ancient pronunciation methods, so the southern dialect is more difficult to understand, such as Wu dialect and Cantonese. Of course, there were dialects in ancient times.

There was also Mandarin in ancient times, which is the lingua franca equivalent to Mandarin now. It is a language that officials must learn in order to facilitate administrative communication, so it is called Putonghua. If ordinary people have a wide range of activities, they should also use Mandarin to facilitate communication. Of course, we don't understand Mandarin.

As far as written language is concerned, the classical Chinese you speak is a unified written language in ancient times and used by ancient literati. What you may say is that many folk people can't read and write, and literate people record according to their spoken meaning. Let me remind you that ancient historians do not collect history by the people, but only select materials from ancient books. The people you mentioned who are engaged in collecting folk languages may be poetry officials, that is, officials sent by the rulers to collect folk poems. The Book of Songs was written by these poets, and it was basically written in folk natural language, but the possibility of literary processing was not ruled out.

In short, to put it simply, written Mandarin is classical Chinese. In ancient times, there were also works written without Mandarin, such as Biography of Flowers on the Sea written in Wu language.

4. Can the ancients really speak in classical Chinese? The ancients spoke in classical Chinese. Remember what Chen Sheng said in Historical Records? "Whew, does the swallow know the ambition of the swan?" This is what Bobby Chen said when he was a civilian. The older the common people speak, the harder it is to understand. Mulan Ci is a folk song in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, and The Water Margin of the Three Kingdoms is the vernacular of the Ming Dynasty, which is similar to the current language. In fact, the classical Chinese spoken now is spoken by ancient people, and the written language and spoken language are slightly different, but the difference should not be great. It was later used in the article. There are great differences between classical Chinese and vernacular Chinese. Later, vernacular Chinese was used in some literary works. Vernacular writing is widely used in modern times. In fact, this local dialect still has the shadow of ancient people's speech. Take Xiamen dialect as an example, "Have you eaten?" Xiamen dialect only says "Have you eaten?" "Is there?" Just say, "Is there?" If you ask in detail, "Is it true or false?" Xiamen said, "Is there any suppression?" .

5. How do' others' say special sentence patterns in classical Chinese? Summarize the special sentence patterns in classical Chinese. Generally speaking, it refers to some special sentence patterns in classical Chinese that are different from modern Chinese expression habits.

There are mainly: judgment sentences, passive sentences, ellipsis sentences and inversion sentences. Let's illustrate it with examples according to the classical Chinese we have studied: 1 Judgment sentence: In classical Chinese, the judgment word "yes" (or "no") is also used to construct judgment sentences. For example, if you ask the world now, do you know if there are any Han Chinese, and don't consider Wei and Jin Dynasties.

(Peach Blossom Garden) Not me, but a soldier. The "yes" and "no" in the sentence (I am for the country) are synonyms of the judgment words "yes" and "no" in modern Chinese.

However, this usage is not common. Classical Chinese often uses other words or structures to express judgments.

(1) Use other judgmental words to express judgment, for example, this is my sin. (Gou Jian annihilates Wu) Translation: This is my sin.

The word "then" in the sentence is translated into "yes", which is equivalent to the judgment word in modern Chinese. In addition, there are: Nai, Jun, Ben, Cheng, Yi, Su, Fei and so on. For example, I am in a hurry today, and this is the autumn when my minister will serve me.

This is a crucial autumn. (3) Liang Jiang Chu Xiangyang.

Minister this cloth. (5) and * * *.

6 fish, I want it, bear's paw I want it. (b) use "use"

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) Translated as: Lian Po is an excellent general of Zhao. The beauty of my wife is my own.

The reason why my wife thinks I'm beautiful is that she loves me in private. The meaning of the word "Shi" in the sentence is expressed by the structure of "Zhe, Ye".

Of course, this structure is not fixed, specifically, its structural changes are very flexible. For example: 1. Use the form "20081October 15 to 20091February 30".

("Ailian said") 2. Judging four people by "You Bao Chan Shan" 3. In "North Judge Xu Gong and Beauty are on the same table"

Duke Xu in the north of the city is a beauty of Qi. (Note that "zhe" at the end of the sentence means "de ren", not a structural auxiliary word. )

Jixuan, Qiannan attic. (Selected Annals of Ji Xiang) 4. Judge Liu Bei and Table "Four in One"

(Battle of Red Cliffs) Second, the so-called passive sentence means that the relationship between the subject and the predicate is passive, that is, the subject is the passive and patient of the behavior expressed by the predicate verb, not the active and implementer. Such sentences are called passive sentences.

"Bei" is often used to express passive relationship in modern Chinese, and it also exists in classical Chinese, but it is rare. For example, if you are loyal and vilified, can you complain? Can loyalty be vilified by others without resentment? In classical Chinese, passive sentences often use "... for ..." and "... see ... and their corresponding variant structures.

For example: (1) "Battle of the Red Cliff" 2. ”………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

("On Qin") 3. "... The second episode of The Hongmen Banquet (Part II) ... See ... in" 1. " ... see ... "I am sincerely worried that I will be bullied by the king and lose Zhao.

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) Parents laugh at generous families. ("Autumn Water") 2. "……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

(Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) 3. "Battle of Red Cliffs" (3) omitting passive sentences with passive signs, such as Wang, is very embarrassing.

(Zou Ji satirizes Chabr, King of Qi) Your Majesty, you have been cheated, which is very serious. Jingzhou people are attached to operators, forcing soldiers to take advantage of the situation.

(Battle of Red Cliffs) The people of Jingzhou joined Cao Cao because of the military situation. Third, the ellipsis sentence (1) omits the subject, the guest comes from outside, (Zou Ji) talks with the guest, (Zou Ji) asks the guest and says ... ("Zou Ji can be ironically trained") There are different snakes in Yongzhou, (snakes) are black and white ... ("Snake Catcher") (2) Predicate.

One effort failed (drum), and three times (drum) exhausted ... (Debate on Cao Gui) (3) The omission of the verb object is as great as a feat, and worshipping (referring to Lin Xiangru) as a minister. (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) (4) Ellipsis of prepositional object This man has heard everything.

("Peach Blossom Garden") (5) The preposition omits that the generals fought (in) Hebei and the ministers fought (in) Henan. In classical Chinese sentences, the word order of some sentences is different from that of modern Chinese, so we call them inverted sentences.

Its inversion phenomenon mainly includes: subject-predicate inversion, preposition object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and so on. (1) verb inversion in order to emphasize the predicate, the predicate is sometimes placed before the subject.

This is only because of the need of language expression. I'm sorry, you don't like it! (Yu Gong Yi Shan) Hey! If Yanzi's family is poor! (Yan Zi Chun Qiu) 2 Preposition Object In modern Chinese, the object is often located behind the predicate as the object of the predicate.

In classical Chinese, under certain conditions, objects often appear as prepositional objects before predicates. There are two special cases: 1. The phenomenon of prepositional object in negative sentences In negative sentences, when the predicate part is modified by negative adverbs, the object carried by the predicate will generally be prepositioned.

For example, when I was three years old, I was willing to take care of you. (Shuo) "I want to care" should be understood as "I don't want to care about me".

Such negative adverbs generally include "nothing", "nothing", "nothing", "nothing" and so on. Another example: the ancients did not bully.

(Don't bully me) (Shi Zhongshan of Su Shi). 2. Pronouns and prepositions in interrogative sentences In classical Chinese interrogative sentences, when interrogative pronouns are used as the objects of predicate verbs (or prepositions), the objects are often placed in front of the predicate verbs (or prepositions).

For example, Liang asked, "What is your Majesty doing here?" "He Cao" should be understood as "Fuck him", which means "What did you bring". In modern Chinese, prepositions are followed by objects to form an object-object structure, which is used to modify verb predicates.

In classical Chinese,

6. The general angle of age words in classical Chinese: metonymy.

In ancient times, minors tied their hair in a bun, which was called the total angle. Hanging bun and bun year: refers to childhood.

A bun, short hair hanging over a child's hair. Tie hair, adult: 15 years old or older.

Ancient boys tied their hair when they were young. Logistics [Ji (1)]: The woman is about fifteen years old.

Ancient hairpin: an ancient hairpin. Ancient women raised their heads at the age of fifteen.

Weak crown: The male is about twenty years old. Ancient men were crowned at the age of twenty and put on adult hats.

Because it is immature, it is called "weak crown". Standing: thirty years old.

The Analects of Confucius: "Standing at thirty". Standing means "achieving something".

There is no doubt: forty years old. The Analects of Confucius: "Forty without confusion."

Confused: Confused. Know destiny: fifty years old.

"The Analects of Confucius": "You know your destiny at fifty". Flower: sixty years old.

Sixty years was a standard in ancient times. Gu Xi: Seventy years old.

Du Fu's Qujiang poem: "Life is 70 years old. Eighty-year-old man [Mao Die (four tones, two tones)]: eighty or ninety years old.

Generally refers to old age. "Book of Rites": "890 Yue Yao".

"Poetry" Mao Chuan: "Eighty years old". H: One hundred years old.

Book of Rites: "One hundred years is a period of time.