Why are Hakka people called Hakka people?

About the origin of the Hakka people, it is generally believed that they were migrated from the north to the south. Historically, many civilians were displaced by wars such as the "Five Hundred Years of War" and the "An Shi Rebellion", and some refugees fled to the south, so the Hakka people were generally distributed in Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan and other places. Of course, now the Hakka people are also distributed overseas.

The Hakka people mean "outsiders" because only the natives are their own people, so they are very cautious after arriving in the south. For example, the famous Fujian Tulou is the masterpiece of the Hakka people, Tulou can live, but also can be used as a defense of the castle, which reflects their difficult situation as outsiders.

The Hakka people are in a constant state of migration, sometimes inevitably separated, so their concept of ancestry is particularly strong, focusing on the family system, the genealogy is particularly detailed and well preserved. For example, the Hakka people in Jiangxi surnamed Zhang and Hakka people in Fujian surnamed Zhang, through the genealogy can be linked, it is possible that the ancestor is a family, so we can often see the situation in the south of the family banquet set hundreds of tables.

Because of their difficult living situation, Hakka people are hardworking and innovative, thus they are quick-thinking and have achieved great success in business, politics and culture. For example, revolutionary pioneer Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Thai Prime Minister Yingluck, Singaporean leaders Lee Kuan Yew and Lee Hsien Loong, and so on, these are all Hakka people.

The Hakka dialect is very difficult to understand, but according to research, Hakka dialect is the official language of ancient China. The Hakka people brought the official language of the Central Plains to the south and have been inherited to this day, so some of the ancient poems are read in Hakka with a more harmonious rhyme. Therefore, Hakka dialect also provides a great help for the study of ancient Chinese language.

In short, the Hakka people are a group of people created by historical reasons, and no matter where they go, they are the descendants of China.

The history of the Hakka people, or "Hakka" as they are called, is not very long, but began in the Qing Dynasty.

The Hakka people are tough and traditional, with a strong migratory Li, but compared to the Hakka settlement - Fujian, Guangdong and Jiangxi border areas around the folk, the Hakka people are too "young", this character can easily appear out of place.

First, the Hakka settlement: "four Chu Ge"

The Hakka people's north, is known as "Jiangnan good place" of the people of the right side of the river (Jiangxi people), the earliest traceable to the Han Dynasty; its east is the clothes south of Fujian children, began in Jin, into the Tang; its south is the children of Fujian, began in Jin, into the Tang; its south is the children of Fujian, began in Jin, into the Tang; its south is the children of Fujian, began in Jin, into the Tang; its south is the children of Fujian. Jin, into the Tang; its south is the "seaside Zulu" Chaozhou people, founded in the Qin and Han dynasties, the enlightenment of the Tang Dynasty, full of Song Dynasty; and its west is a vast mountainous area, south of the west is the Qin and Han dynasty lineage of Lingnan.

This powerful four neighbors, in the evolution of thousands of years, has been adhering to the task of the Han culture of the southern graduation, but also self-rendering "Central Plains cultural branch" of the color.

Originally, the four branches in the process of self-development, because there are Fujian, Guangdong and Gan mountainous areas as a buffer, is also considered to enjoy themselves, has been to get along, but I do not know when, Fujian, Guangdong and Gan appeared so a group of new people, who do not know where they came from, and what is the attribute.

Second, the spoiler: Fujian, Guangdong and Gan border area began to appear chaotic

Jiangyue people in ancient times, the most prosperous culture, literati, they have vast private land and countless money, under the feudal exploitation, countless tenant households had to take the risk of walking into the mountains to enter the Gannan to make a living on their own, coupled with the war and the tax evasion of the stragglers rolled over, these people have become the then Gannan

Thus Ganzhou became the cradle and the most initial shelter of the Hakka people, a period before the Southern Song Dynasty.

With the retreat of the Southern Song Dynasty, the clients of Ganzhou began to cross the Wuyi Mountains into Tingzhou, the most southwestern part of Fujian, where the mountainous plains created under the wash of the Tingjiang River were sufficient for the settlement of a larger population, and over time, Tingzhou began to gather a population and began to look like it was prospering.

Tingzhou's population growth, the first impact is the neighboring Zhangzhou Minnan people, the process will inevitably occur Tingzhou customers on the people of Zhangzhou harassment and erosion.

In the impression of the people of Zhangzhou, their ancestors were the Heluo people who came south from the Central Plains because of the barbarian fang clamor in Fujian and Guangdong Gan, and their impression of the border area of Fujian and Guangdong Gan still remains in the "barbarian fangs" and "she people" under the oral tradition, "They recorded these names in their usual correspondence.

In particular, before the Southern Song Dynasty, the shekels who lived in the mountains were a group of outsiders who specialized in slash-and-burn farming and did not need to pay taxes, so of course, the Zhangzhou people would treat these clients as the same kind of migrants.

As proof, in the late Southern Song Dynasty, these shekels assisted the Southern Song army in their fight against the Yuan army, and returned to the mountains after their defeat.

Perhaps the Minnan people are too tough, has been eastward Tingzhou customers began to shift direction, to the south, the first to reach the mountainous counties under the Chaozhou, that is, Meixian, and after a long time, Chaozhou north of the county almost all the customers were captured, so the imperial court followed the trend of the establishment of Jiayingzhou in its place, so that the forefathers of the Hakka have a happy and beautiful future of the base.

Third, the expansion of the Hakka people

It must be said that the Hakka ancestors were really a good way to increase the population, the population explosion on the one hand, from a steady stream of migrants and customers from the Central Plains, and on the other hand, because of the introduction of high-yield crops in the southern Fujian and Chaoshan, such as sweet potatoes, so that the population of the mountainous areas need to solve the problem of the ration to multiply.

Thus, the Hakka ancestors, who were good at migration, took Jiayingzhou as their base, and kept expanding to the west and south. Soon, Rao Ping, the border between Chaoshan and Minnan, and Hailufeng, the border between Chaoshan and Guangfu, as well as the two sides of the Pearl River, the traditional territory of Guangfu, gathered many customers who took working as their occupation, and their population grew incredibly fast. The population growth was so fast that they finally clashed with the Guangfu people, and a large-scale "Tuktuk Armed Conflict" broke out.

At this time, the "guest" is still not considered Hakka, should still follow the Song Dynasty "customer" concept, and the role of the guest house, but ultimately by the Guangfu people gave the Hakka "Hakka" name. The name "Hakka" was given to the Hakka people by the Guangfu people, and this name was eventually accepted by all the Hakka people.

The conflict ended in failure for the Hakka, and as a result, a large number of Hakka living on both sides of the Pearl River retreated to the north of Guangdong, or continued to move westward into Guangxi and Sichuan, or even directly to the South China Sea, which set off another curtain of Hakka's thousands of kilometers of migration.

In this process, the Hakka's insightful people, such as Luo Xianglin, for the Hakka's name played a very critical role, so that to this day, but whenever we talk about the Han Chinese, we will think of the "Hakka"; and the same kind of scenario, if it happened in the Ming and Qing dynasties before, the Hakka people are bound to more than one "barbarian fang". "The first time I saw this, it was a very good idea.

Fourth, the nature of the Hakka people

The Hakka people, the reason why they are called "Hakka", is indeed related to their repeated migrations over the past few hundred years, the residence is not fixed, and the "Hakka" is the closest.

The reason why Hakka is called "Hakka" lies in the fact that the surrounding neighbors are mature folk with their own customs and habits. When the newcomers who do not fit in with each other move in and create their own way to form a dialect island or a cultural island, they will certainly cause resentment among the locals, which will lead to conflicts.

As for the Hakka people, what is their composition? Whether they are an ethnic minority or not, this should not be too controversial.

The powerful ones, such as the Hakka people, are really remarkable in their ability to expand outward, and the neighboring folk, Chaoshan, is about nearly half of the Hakka, while the mountainous areas of Zhangzhou in southern Fujian have also been transformed into Hakka in some of the towns and villages, and as for the Guangfu province, the east bank of the Pearl River and the northern part of Guangdong is a clear-cut Hakka.

From this, we can also speculate that although Fujian, Guangdong and Gan have a large population of She, under the compulsion of the Hakka people, the She people were either assimilated or migrated, and so we see that the descendants of She in the border areas of Fujian, Guangdong and Gan became Hakka people, speaking Hakka, and some were fortunate enough to regain their identity as She after the liberation of Fujian, Guangdong and Gan, and some had to continue to be assimilated without realizing it.

Almost at the same time as the expansion of the Hakka, a group of She from Fujian and Guangdong Gan moved eastward to eastern Fujian and southern Zhejiang, and they are the survivors of the She.

Therefore, the Hakka people are still the main body of the Central Plains people after the Southern Song Dynasty, the people who lost their land and the displaced people who fled from the war as the main composition, adhere to the traditions of the Han Chinese, and are not willing to abandon the words of the ancestors and customs, but also integrated into some of the characteristics of the She people of a group, so with the early arrival of the descendants of the Central Plains people appear to be incompatible with the early, and so they are known as the "Hakka". "The Hakka.

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Wen/Guihai Si Ji

Secondly, the origin of the Hakka people. The Hakka people are one of the many branches of the Han Chinese community that have migrated in various stages of history. With the Qin Dynasty, the five hu mess at the end of the Jin Dynasty, and the Northern Song Dynasty, a large number of Han Chinese either migrated or fled from the central plains of Henan, Shanxi, Shandong, etc. to settle in the two provinces of Guangdong, Fujian and Guangdong, and the two lakes. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the government divided the household register into the main register and the guest register, and the immigrants were naturalized as the guest register. The Central Plains migrated to people also called themselves Hakka people, take people in other countries for the meaning of foreigners, which is also the "Hakka" the origin of the name it. After the Hakka people due to war and experienced several migrations, the formation of the current distribution pattern.

According to statistics, there are 80 million Hakka people in the world, and there are more than 50 million in China, 25 million in Guangdong (data source Baidu Encyclopedia), Hakka people are hard-working, flexible, adaptable, and reside in more than 80 countries overseas, living in all parts of the world are very good. After thousands of years of migration, the Hakka people have developed their own unique culture, retaining a great deal of the traditions of the Central Plains culture, but also absorbing the cultural characteristics of the region and the Baiyue ethnic group. The Weilou, Weilonglou and Hakka Tulou are all famous folk buildings. Hakka culture is both an important branch of Han culture and an important part of southern Chinese culture.

Finally, the Hakka people came from the economically and technologically developed northern central plains, and some aristocrats relocated their families to avoid disaster or to escape from difficulties, bringing craftsmen and artists from all walks of life, objectively spreading advanced manufacturing and farming techniques and ideas, promoting the development of civilization in the southern Baiyue region, and at the same time, it is also one of the living proofs of the great integration of the Chinese nation.

Personal knowledge of the Hakka people on these, written for your correction reference.

The Hakka people are a unique cultural system of the crowd. Hakka people's living customs, customs and people are obviously different from other ethnic groups. In particular, the eating habits, language and culture, economic conditions, the country to Guangdong, the Hakka dominate the trend! Hakka people are warm and generous, cultural cultivation is generally higher; Hakka people are vast and outstanding, all over Guangdong, Guangxi, Jiangxi provinces; Hakka cuisine and Cantonese cuisine with the same plate and flavor, as we all know: eat in Guangdong. I, is the Hakka people ......

Why is the Hakka people called Hakka people? First of all, let's talk about the Hakka people from the beginning.

In the Qin Dynasty, the First Emperor sent Zhao Tuo and many other Qin people to conquer the land of the Hundred Yue, even if the death of Qin can not return, Zhao Tuo later set up the South Vietnamese to the Han Dynasty before surrendering, and many Qin soldiers in the already brought some Hakka into the Lingnan region, coupled with the First Emperor's large-scale construction, a lot of Hakka ancestors were sent to cut wood, the real Hakka people for the first time large-scale migration in the period of the Five Husbandman Rebellion, the clothes of those who are the south is the Hakka people. Hakka people, these Han people brought advanced farming culture, according to the local terrain to establish the Hakka residential, gathering and living against foreigners, the second migration is the Anshi Rebellion to the Tang Dynasty to end the Song Dynasty, the third migration is the Battle of Yashan and then there is no Huaxia, Hakka people have completed all the migration of the Central Plains at this time has been Hakka people, such as Wen Tianxiang and other heroes rose up to resist the foreigners, the fourth migration is the end of the Ming dynasty in the early Qing dynasty at this time, the southern migration of Hakka people Stable development of the community grew and began to move to the coast and Sichuan and other places there is also the phenomenon of return migration in short, is playing around in the Lingnan region. Successive imperial examinations Hakka people because they are not local domicile, there is a special examination quota called Hakka, and Hakka people are Hakka people to their own self-proclaimed, that is, in the countryside as a guest, " Wicker Road Peach Arc exhibition of the transfer, the South is far more than a thousand years. The dialect is enough to prove the rhyme of the Central Plains, and the rituals and customs are still left three generations ago. "Huang Zunxian once described the Hakka people in this way. The fifth great migration is the late Qing Dynasty by 80% of the Hakka people led by the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom movement was destroyed, many Hakka people fear of extinction, a large number of migrated overseas, laying the foundation for the Hakka people distributed around the world. The Hakka people who moved overseas call themselves HAKKA, which in English stands for Hakka people, Hakka culture. Hakka is not an ethnic minority, we are the most populous and widely distributed of the Han Chinese people, we have never forgotten where we come from, Hakka still exists, Hakka is not a representative of the region, he is more than 180 million Hakka people around the globe, Hakka culture does not only belong to the Hakka people, he is the study of the Han Chinese culture is indispensable to a part of the Hakka architecture is not only Hakka people to defend against foreigners, he is also one of the four major structures of ancient architecture in China. The Hakka architecture is not only for the Hakka people to defend themselves against foreigners, but also one of the four major structures of ancient architecture in China

The Hakka traditional dress is the Hakka people's improved Han Chinese dress, without the long robe, long shirt so binding, and the Ming Dynasty survivors wore the young man's dress is very close to the Hakka traditional dress. Some people say that the Hakka people are the descendants of the Han Chinese with Yao Miao She, this point is undeniable after the founding of new China, the Hakka people used to be not integrated with the Miao Yao, only a small number of She and the Hakka people have integration, and is the She Han Chinese, She has been through the Tang, Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties of the extinction of the disaster of the millions of She destroyed very few, the rest of the She wanted to live only with the Hakka people to integrate the abandonment of She culture, and now the She culture, the Hakka area will be the She will be the Hakka people, and the She culture, the She will be the Hakka people. Nowadays, very few She people in the Hakka area can speak the She language and they have basically been Sinicized. The Hakka language, as an ancient language, is used to read poems in the same way as Cantonese and rhymes very well

Can you try to read this poem in Mandarin, and see if it doesn't rhyme? But in Hakka, the word "diagonal" in the phrase "far up the cold mountain, the stone path is slanting" is pronounced "峡", which is exactly the same as the word "home" at the end of the second and fourth lines. At the end of the second and fourth lines, the words "home" and "flower" rhyme, and in ancient Chinese "斜" is also pronounced as "峡", which is exactly the same as in Hakka. The same as the Hakka dialect.

This is a poem written by my ancestor, Mr. Zhang Zishou, and it has more flavor in Hakka language.

A Night Walk on the West River

Tang Dynasty: Zhang Jiuling

Where is the man in the distant night, walking in the moonlight in a clear pool?

The sky is so open, and the hometown is so dear to my heart.

The world is silent and unperturbed, and the middle stream is clear.

The idea of going back to the forest and the leaves changing, and the sadness of sitting in the dew, is born.

The first time I saw a crane on the island, it was a crane in the middle of the night, and it was a crane in the middle of the night.

This is part of my expression of Hakka.

The Hakka is not an ethnic concept, nor a regional concept, but one of the ethnic branches within the Han Chinese nation: there are about 80 million Hakka people in the world. About 50 million of them are distributed in more than 180 cities and counties in 19 provinces in China, including Guangdong, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangxi, Sichuan, and Hainan, etc. The number of local Hakka in Guangdong Province reaches about 25 million, accounting for one-third of the local ethnic group in Guangdong, where the three major dialects are Cantonese, Chaoshan, and Hakka. About 6 million people are located in Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan, and about 15 million people are located in more than 80 countries and regions, including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Vietnam, the United States, Peru and Mauritius, where Hakka is also an important part of the local language. Huizhou, Meizhou, Shenzhen, Ganzhou, Longyan, Heyuan, Shaoguan, Hezhou, Sabah and Hsinchu are important cities where Hakka people live, and Meizhou, Huizhou, Ganzhou and Tingzhou are known as the "Four Hakka States".

The Hakka people are, to put it bluntly, "outsiders", as opposed to the original inhabitants. Strictly speaking: Guangdong's major ethnic groups are mixed assimilation of the earliest inhabitants of Lingnan Baiyue and the final formation of the Hakka folk than the formation of other Guangdong folk later. Because the Hakka language is originally the elegant language of the Central Plains, only to absorb some of the indigenous languages in the south, but its main body is still the elegant rhyme of the Middle Ages. The earliest Hakka people who migrated to Guangdong were the descendants of the Qin army during the Qin Shi Huang's conquest of the Baiyue, who gradually formed the Hakka folklore in Guangdong by integrating with the local Baiyue ethnic group. Since then, people from the Central Plains have continued to migrate to the south and integrate into the Hakka community.

The Western Jin Dynasty died as a result of the Eight Kings' Rebellion and the Five Husband Rebellion: the Central Plains became a battleground for the Five Hus tribes, and a large amount of farmland was deserted, and the Han Chinese people were taken as slaves. In order to survive, some oppressed people from the Central Plains moved from the Central Plains through Nanyang of Henan Province to Xiangyang, and then moved eastward along the Han River into the Yangtze River to the areas of Hubei, Anhui, and Jiangsu; and to the south, they moved from the Jiujiang River to the Poyang Lake, or moved along the Ganjiang River into the mountainous area of Gannan. The vanguard had already arrived at present-day Tai Po in Meizhou, and set up Yizhao County on the basis of "Liu Minying" in the ninth year of Yi Xi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (i.e., 413 A.D.). At this time, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, in order to resettle the immigrants from the Central Plains, specially set up the overseas Chinese states, counties and prefectures, and gave them all kinds of preferential treatment. This trend is rising and falling, lasted more than 170 years, the migrant population of one or two million people.

The Tang Dynasty, after the Anshi Rebellion, the clans and towns, coupled with the Central Plains region of successive years of famine, the government knocking exploitation, people do not want to live, many cities and towns are cut off from the smoke and fire, a depression, and finally provoked the Huang Chao Uprising. Huang Chao Uprising half of China, but Gannan, southwestern Fujian and northeastern Guangdong less affected by the war, so there are a large number of people in the Central Plains by the Jiujiang up the Ganjiang River, came to today's Gannan, western Fujian, northeastern Guangdong, the triangle of settlement. According to the Hakka genealogy: this period of immigrants to avoid living in Fujian Ninghua Shibi Cave also many. This southward migration continued into the Tang Dynasty period, lasted more than 90 years.

In 1126 A.D., Bianliang, Tokyo, Northern Song Dynasty, was broken by the Jin army, and Zhao Gong, Emperor of Song Dynasty, crossed the river to the south, and the people who crossed the river to the south reached a million people. After the Jin soldiers entered the Central Plains, a large number of people from the Central Plains crossed the river and went south. Later on, Mongolia destroyed Jin, and then went to war with Song, and the junction of Gan, Fujian and Guangdong became the battlefield for both Song and Yuan. In the process of fighting against the Yuan, many Hakka children joined the army and went to war with the army, and some Hakka people also entered the Meizhou and Huizhou areas in eastern Guangdong to escape the war. Because of this time, the household registration has "main", "guest" distinction, immigrants into the naturalization of the "Hakka". The "Hakka people" then called themselves "Hakka people".

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, some Hakka warriors followed Zheng Chenggong against the Qing Dynasty and moved to Taiwan, some to the north of Guangdong, Guangdong, Guangdong, western relocation; some to Guangxi, Hunan, Sichuan. At the same time due to the imported from the Americas, Gansu, potatoes and other high-yield crops were the first to land in the southern coast, which made the local population began to expand: Gan, Fujian, Guangdong border area of the Hakka after more than 200 years of development, the population increased greatly, and the local mountainous and fewer fields, the contradiction between people and land is becoming increasingly acute. At that time, the Sichuan area almost experienced a mass extinction of population after the war in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, the imperial court wanted to emigrate to Sichuan to solve the human-land conflict, so the Han Chinese who had emigrated from the Central Plains to the two lakes and the two provinces entered Sichuan in large numbers: the ancestors of Zhu De, Guo Moruo, and Han Suyin were Hakka people who had emigrated to Sichuan from Guangdong and Fujian at that time. Because of the history of this Hu Guang filling Sichuan's great influence, to this day in Sichuan Hakka children still circulate a legend: every Sichuan Hakka children's wrists have that year's ancestors into the Sichuan when the rope tied traces.

But the late Ming and early Qing dynasty this population migration and failed to fundamentally solve the problem of conflict in the Lingnan region, to the middle of the Qing dynasty Hakka children and the local residents of the original inhabitants of the local from time to time for the competition for the field, the water source of the armed fighting, the people call it a struggle for the soil - to come to the people who come to the people are also referred to the Hakka people, the soil of the aborigines native to the people. The indigenous people of the region were also known as "Lai-Tu". After the rise of Tianpingtianguo movement, it took advantage of the reality of the sharp conflict between people and land at that time to use the Hakka people as the basic team and fought in the south for more than ten years. After the failure of the Tianping Heavenly Kingdom, these Hakka people were moved to Hainan, Guangxi, and even across the sea to make a living.

In addition to the migration in the country, since the Song Dynasty, there are constantly Hakka ancestors to avoid the war migrated overseas. The Water Margin Chronicles recorded that Ruan Xiaoqi, Li Jun and others later went down to the South China Sea to set up their own king, although it is a novelist's words, but also from the side of the southeast coast of China at that time the experience of the ancestors migrated to overseas. Southern Song Xiangxing two years (1279 AD) Song General Zhang Shijie defeated Yashan, left Prime Minister Lu Xiufu (Jiangsu Yancheng people) negative young emperor and died in the sea; his young son Lu Zili (No. Fuxing Song) and other remnants of the Southern Song Song Dynasty fled to the South China Sea by the ship to the island of Java. Lu Zili was elected as the leader and established the Java Shunta Kingdom. Since then the Chinese have been established in Southeast Asia Bo Nai State, "Flying Dragon" State, Nathanael Island State, Malay Wu Kingdom, Siamese Thonburi Dynasty, Lan Fang **** and State, Dai Yan Kingdom, etc., in Southeast Asia, there are many people in the business settlement. Among them, a large number of Hakka children migrated overseas one after another through sea and land routes: sea routes departed from the ports of Xiamen, Shantou, Guangzhou, Haikou, Humen, Hong Kong and Taishan Chixi's Taipa Jiachong, venturing out to various parts of the South Seas by boat. By land, they entered Burma and Vietnam through the borders of Guangxi and Yunnan. Among them were those who fled overseas after the failure of the anti-Yuan resistance at the end of the Song Dynasty, the "anti-Qing and restitution of Ming Dynasty" at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement at the end of the Qing Dynasty, and the various armed uprisings led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in his early days, as well as a considerable number of bankrupt peasants and the urban poor, who either sailed on their own, or were taken captive, tricked, or recruited as "indentured Chinese laborers". "Since the middle of the 20th century, some of them have been relocated from their countries of origin to Europe, America and other countries around the world. Now the Hakka descendants have spread to more than 80 countries and regions in five continents. As the saying goes, "Where there is sea water, there are Chinese people, and where there are Chinese people, there are Hakka people".

The Hakka is the purest Han Chinese, not a minority, and the Hakka language is a living literary language, with many ancient Chinese words still appearing in daily utterances. In our Hakka ancient graves have to prove that we are Han Chinese in a row of words (on the monument), hundreds of years ago, the same, especially the first two words "China", the male is generally "China's great virtue and hope xxx 。。。。 The tomb of the male is generally "the tomb of the Chinese great virtuous xxx"; female is "the tomb of the Chinese great YiDe xxx" are living in this piece of land is the Han people.

The Hakka people, or Hakka people, Hakka community, Hakka folk, known as the earth Guangdong people in Sichuan, is an important branch of the Lingnan Han people, but also the Han people in the world is widely distributed, far-reaching influence of one of the folk. The term Hakka originated in the Siyi area of Guangdong. In the early Qing Dynasty, the people of Meizhou moved out to the Pearl River Delta, and were called Hakka by the people of Guangfu; they moved to Guangxi and were called Lairen; they moved to Jiangxi and were called Shedmin, and were later changed to Hakka, and to this day the Hakka people are called Hakka people in Jiangxi and other places, and the Hakka people are the main force of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Red Soviet Revolution. The Hakka people were the main force of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the Red Soviet Revolution. They played an important role in the establishment of a new China where all ethnic groups were equal. The origin of the Hakka has been described in many ways, the main ones being the Hakka Central Plains theory and the Hakka hybrid theory. The Hakka Central Plains theory holds that the main body of the Hakka is composed of immigrants from the Central Plains, while the Hakka Indigenous theory holds that "the Hakka ****similarity is the ****similarity resulting from the mixing of the Han Chinese who migrated southward with the ancient Vietnamese immigrants from the Fujian, Guangdong and Gan delta regions, and its main body is the ancient Vietnamese people living on this land, rather than a few Central Chinese exiled from the region". ". From the beginning of the two Song dynasties, the Han people of the Central Plains moved southward in large numbers, arriving in Meizhou through Gannan and western Fujian, and eventually forming a relatively mature Hakka folk line with strong stability. Since then, the Hakka people have used Meizhou as a base for a large number of out-migration to the whole country and even the rest of the world. "The capital of the Hakka is Jiayingzhou.

So far, there is no universally recognized standard for defining where is the "pure Hakka settlement" and where is the "non-pure Hakka settlement", but only in relative terms. In Luo Xianglin's book "The Origin and Flow of the Hakka", the distribution area of the Hakka people in China was roughly divided on the basis of extensive research. Domestic Hakka people mainly live in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Taiwan and other places, of which there are 33 pure Hakka counties and 144 non-pure Hakka counties. In foreign countries, the distribution of Hakka people is even more extensive, the so-called "seawater where there are overseas Chinese, there are overseas Chinese where there are Hakka people".

Simply put, the Hakka people are the north of the people because of the war moved to the junction of Gan, Fujian and Guangdong provinces (from Gan into Fujian and then into Guangdong), and the local people are increasingly intermingled in the formation of their own unique culture of a Han Chinese folk. Therefore, the Hakka are Han Chinese, not an ethnic minority. The term Hakka appeared later, when the Hakka folk group was formed, it was not called Hakka. Therefore, some people don't really agree with the name Hakka. The Hakka people's home base is in the area bordering the three provinces of Gan, Fujian and Guangdong, as well as the western part of Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and overseas.

The so-called "Hakka" refers to the Han people who originated from the Central Plains, and after five large-scale southward migrations, the Hakka people in the southern provinces have formed a unique style of Hakka folklore, which is an important branch of the eight Chinese Han ethnic groups

Simply put, the Hakka people are the Han people in the north who have migrated southward due to the war and the chaos of Gan, Fujian and Guangdong provinces, and the Hakka people are the most important people in the world. The Hakka is a Han Chinese people who moved south to the border of Gan, Fujian and Guangdong provinces (from Gan to Fujian and then to Guangdong) due to the war, and formed a Han Chinese folk with their own unique culture in the increasing integration with the local people

Therefore, the Hakka is a Han Chinese people, not an ethnic minority

The term "Hakka" appeared relatively late in the formation of Hakka as a folk line, and was not called Hakka. The term "Hakka" appeared later, and when the Hakka people were formed, they were not called Hakka, so some people don't agree with the name "Hakka."

The Hakka people's home base is in the area bordering the three provinces of Gan, Fujian and Guangdong, as well as in the western part of Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan, and overseas.

In the gestation, growth, and outward movement of the Hakka culture, the Hakka culture has gone through integration after integration, and it has been a great success in its development.

In the process of nurturing, growing and spreading outward, Hakka culture has gone through one integration after another, and in the process of integration, it has continuously absorbed the nutrients of neighboring cultures to develop and strengthen itself

Therefore, Hakka culture, like other cultures in China, is a constantly evolving culture

With the progress of the society, the Hakka culture has adapted to meet the needs of its own survival and development in the past and formed a number of consciousnesses or habits, such as the consciousness of the small peasant economy, small group and its related living habits, etc., in today's increasingly perfect market economy, may appear to be a bit outdated, somewhat out of date

So today they should jump out of the Hakka circle, with the "will be over the top, a glimpse of the mountains," the momentum of the Hakka culture to correctly understand and assess, in order to carry forward the excellent cultural traditions of Hakka, and at the same time, bravely abandon the Hakka culture, to the end, to the end, to the end, to the end, to the end, to the end, and to the end, to the end.

Mr. Luo Xianglin is the founder of Hakka studies. According to Mr. Luo's theory, the Hakka people are a branch of the Han Chinese race (the concept of "civil lineage" in the book), just as the clan is divided into a number of houses and branches, the Han Chinese race has a number of branches, such as the southern and northern lineages, and the southern lineage at the end of the Tang Dynasty is divided into the Yuehai lineage, the Xianggang lineage, the Nanhan lineage (the natives of Guangdong and Guangxi, also known as the Guangfu lineage), the Fujian and Shanghai lineages (also known as the Fu Lao lineage), the Fujian and Gan lineages (also called the Fu Lao lineage), and the Mingan lineage (also known as the Minnan lineage). ), and Min Gan (i.e. Hakka). Therefore, according to Mr. Luo's theory, Hakka is not an ethnic minority but a part of Han Chinese. This conclusion has been debated since then (for example, Fang Xuejia believes that the main source of the Hakka people is the Yue people, see his book "Hakka origin and flow of the mystery"), but basically become a scholarly **** knowledge. Fudan University in Shanghai, Li Hui et al. from the perspective of genetics, 148 Hakka men in Changting, Fujian Province, genetic analysis, the results show that the Hakka paternally inherited Y chromosome and the Han Chinese in the Central Plains recently, mixed analysis found that the Hakka data structure in the structure of the Han Chinese accounted for 80.2%, the structure of the class of the She 13%, the structure of the class of the Dong 6.8%. The results also further confirm that the main source of the Hakka people is the Han Chinese.

References

Luo Xianglin: "Introduction to Hakka Studies", "Hakka Origin and Flows"

Zhou Yunzhong: "A New Examination of the Origin of the Hakka People"

Li Hui, Pan Wuyun, et al. "Genetic Analysis of the Origins of the Hakka People"