What are the expressive techniques and linguistic features of poetry?

Poetry is an emotional literary genre, which reflects social life in a lyrical way, is highly concise and concentrated, and expresses thoughts and feelings with rich imagination, rhythmic language and line-by-line arrangement. Poetry is a rhythmic, rhythmic and emotional language art form, and also the oldest and most basic literary form in the world.

trait

Poetry is a highly concentrated literary genre that reflects social life. Full of the author's thoughts and feelings and rich imagination. Its language is concise and vivid, with distinct rhythm, harmonious phonology and rich musical beauty. Sentences are generally in rows, paying attention to the beauty of structural form. He Qifang, a modern poet and literary critic in China, once said: "Poetry is a literary style that reflects social life most intensively, and it is full of rich imagination and feelings. It is often expressed in a direct lyrical way, and its language is different from prose in the degree of exquisiteness and harmony, especially in the distinctive rhythm. " This definition summarizes several basic characteristics of poetry: first, it reflects life in a highly concentrated and general way; The second is lyrical expression, full of rich thoughts and feelings; Third, rich imagination, association and fantasy; Fourth, language has musical beauty.

technique of expression

There are many ways to express poetry, among which the traditional way of expression that was first popular in China and has been used to this day is "Fu, Bi and Xing". "Preface to Mao Poetry" says: "Therefore, poetry has six meanings: one is wind, the other is fu, the third is green, the fourth is prosperity, the fifth is elegance and the sixth is fu." There is a quatrain called "three lights, the sun, the moon and the stars, and four poems are elegant and elegant." "Fu, Bi and Xing" are the expressive methods of poetry. Fu is a way of expressing things directly. Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said in "Notes on Poems": "The doer of Chen Qi's story should tell the truth." For example, Ge Tan and Fei both used this technique in The Book of Songs. Write something with additional meaning and threaten to cut it out. Zhu Dui said, "If you compare, you can use this thing to compare. "For example, the Book of Songs such as Cat and Storytelling is written in this way. Xing: It is a way to support things, that is, to write out what you want to describe and express your thoughts and feelings through the beginning of things. Confucius pointed out more clearly in Zhu Zhong of Tang Dynasty: "If you want to be interested, you must talk about other things first to arouse the words you recite." For example, Guan Ju and Yao Tao used the expression of "interest" in The Book of Songs. These three expressions have been handed down all the time, and they are often used comprehensively and complement each other, which has a great influence on poetry creation in past dynasties. Exaggeration, repetition, overlapping, jumping, etc. It's hard to describe. However, all methods are inseparable from imagination. Rich imagination is not only a major feature of poetry, but also the most important form of expression of poetry. In poetry, there is another important expression, symbol, which is simply "symbolic meaning", but in modern poetry, symbol is the direct image of the soul and should be paid attention to. There are three main types: 1. Analogy. In Wen Xin Diao Long, Liu Xie said that Bi Xing means "either Bi Xing speaks with sound, or looks with appearance, or imitates with heart, or Bi Xing is useless. "There are many examples in the poems we listed before. There is also a common method of analogy, that is, "personification": imitating things. /I waved gently,/bid farewell to the clouds in the western sky. /the golden willow by the river,/the bride in the sunset; /colorful shadows in the waves,/rippling in my heart. I regard "Cloud" and "Golden Willow" as people. For example, "Because of the Wind" of love: ... my heart/as bright as the candlelight in your window/a little ambiguous/inevitable/because of the wind/... with the love of my life/light up one. In the final analysis, the essence is personalization. 2. Exaggeration is to enlarge what you want to describe, just like "capitalization" and "close-up" shots in movies, so as to attract readers' attention and association. Li Bai's Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, so it is not as good as Wang Lun (for Wang Lun), and it is suspected that the Milky Way has set for nine days (Looking at Lushan Mountain). It vividly shows the characteristics of things and expresses the poet's passion, which is not only acceptable to readers, but also convincing and surprising. However, this exaggeration must be artistic and beautiful, not too absurd, nor too real and vulgar. For example, there is a poem describing the bumper harvest of cotton: "The head of a cotton bag/truck is stuck/stuck, three feet high/like an anti-aircraft gun." It can't produce the feeling of beauty. Metonymy is to replace another thing with this thing. Similar to analogy, but different. The difference is that analogy is generally compared, and the comparison is concrete and visible; Metonymy is concrete on the one hand and abstract on the other, which bridges the gap between concrete and abstract, makes the image of poetry more vivid and prominent, and thus causes readers' association. This is what Ai Qing said: "Put wings on your thoughts, dress your feelings, color your voice, and solidify those who have changed." To shape the image of poetry, we can not only use the materials absorbed from perspective to describe the picture, but also use the materials obtained from the senses such as hearing and touch. Reflect the image in many ways and be vivid and novel. Jia Dao, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, sang on a donkey that "a bird stands by the pool, and a monk pushes the door under the moon", but he thought it was ok to use "a monk knocks at the door under the moon". He couldn't decide whether to push or knock, so he made a thoughtful decision with his hand. Unexpectedly, this donkey blocked a big official's way, and this big official is the great writer Han. It's better to say "knock" because there is a sound. On a moonlit night in the mountains, there were one or two knocks on the door, which made the scene "alive" and made the environment more silent. The crows and bells in a night-mooring near maple bridge mentioned earlier are also the crowing touch of this poem. There is also the music description in Bai Juyi's Pipa Xing. Modern, such as Huang Helang's "Morning Song": "There is also a stubborn listening/wind, rain, waves/faint/dawn/morning bell of Lingquan Temple/like a gushing spring/distant response/faint knocking down/a few sparse stars/cock crowing/as if crossing the ocean/cock crowing/like the tide. That will open up a wider field for poetry creation. Whether it is metaphor, exaggeration or metonymy, it depends on the poet's keen observation of objective things, his own feelings, his own bold imagination and even his own fantasy. It can be said that no matter whether he is a romantic or a realist, he will not be a poet without imagination (fantasy). For example, Li Bai, who is famous for his boldness, has rich imagination and magnificent poetic style. He also wrote excellent works such as Andrew has a spacious house in Qian Qian ... When did you suddenly see this house ... (Autumn Wind Breaking the Cottage) and "She is fragrant and foggy, and her jade shoulders are cold and full of moons. When can we lie on our screen again and watch the bright light stop crying? "(Moonlit Night) and so on.