Fang Koon How to crack the problem of socialization of urban ethnic affairs governance

With the current rapid development of industrialization, urbanization, informatization and agricultural modernization, the pattern of ethnic distribution in China is undergoing profound changes, and interactions, exchanges and intermingling of ethnic groups are taking place at an unprecedented breadth and depth, and the urban ethnic work is faced with a series of new situations, new problems and new challenges. It is no exaggeration to say that the state of urban ethnic work is directly related to the modernization of the entire ethnic affairs governance system and governance capacity. In the sense of modernization of governance, the concept of socialization of urban ethnic affairs governance has a higher level of orientation, a deeper connotation and a greater significance than the socialization of urban ethnic work. The socialization of urban ethnic affairs governance requires the transformation of ethnic work from government affairs to public **** affairs and public **** services, especially in the conditions of market economy, facing the new normal of "the co-existence of increased national support for ethnic affairs and the still weak capacity of ethnic minorities to provide basic public **** services", the urban ethnic work can be In the face of the new normal of "national support for ethnic affairs has increased and the capacity of basic public **** services for ethnic minorities is still weak" under the conditions of market economy, the urban ethnic work can go deep into all areas of society to explore and reconfigure the resources, and in the process of transferring and decomposing the government's functions, to set up a mechanism of social collaboration on urban ethnic affairs, so as to realize the ideal state of urban good governance.

I. Problems to be solved in the socialization of urban ethnic affairs governance

(1) Problems of cooperation among government, market, and society

The national power represented by the government is in a dominant position in the governance of urban ethnic affairs, assuming the functions of supplying basic public services for ethnic minorities, and management of ethnic affairs of a strong political and policy nature. The emphasis on the "socialization" of governance does not mean that the government can be "absent"; rather, it is necessary to strengthen the construction of a party and government-led responsibility system for the governance of urban ethnic affairs. The government is only a member of the governing body of urban ethnic affairs, not the only one, and it cannot take over everything in the process of urban ethnic work. For example, for the urban ethnic minority floating population, in the past, the government assumed almost all the service and management responsibilities, lacking the participation of the market and social forces, the government's unilateral management and control is more than the social services, the rights of the ethnic minority floating population is difficult to implement, contradictions and disputes are frequent, and the management effect is not satisfactory. As a result, there is a need to pay more attention to cross-sectoral cooperation, consultation and synergy between the Government and society, between the Government and non-profit organizations, and between public and private institutions. The role of the Government is to shift from "rowing the oars" to "steering the ship", providing the necessary basic support, while bringing social and market forces to the forefront to provide ethnic minority people with socialized services that are direct, concrete and responsive to their needs. Obviously, this shift will help mobilize all forces to promote interaction, exchange and integration among ethnic groups in the city, but at the same time, it also puts higher demands on the government's ability to govern. The government not only can't dump the burden and responsibility, but also be good at borrowing power, organically integrating the resources of multiple subjects, and becoming a skillful artisan in managing cross-sectoral cooperation in the governance of urban ethnic affairs.

(B) cross-regional, cross-functional, cross-sectoral integration issues

On the whole, China's ethnic policy and related regulations on urban ethnic work are undoubtedly correct and good. However, with the rapid development of the economy and the increasing rate of urbanization, the population movement of all ethnic groups has become more and more frequent, and the number of ethnic minorities in the cities has increased substantially, the urban ethnic work characterized by regional, passive, and static nature is difficult to adapt to the new changes brought about by the great cross-regional mobility of all ethnic groups. The services and management of the floating population of ethnic minorities are facing a number of new situations and problems in the context of the accelerating trend towards urbanization, which are mainly manifested in three "failures to adapt" and two "failures to keep up", namely, the failure of foreign ethnic minority populations to adapt to urbanized life and management, and the failure of Han Chinese residents to adapt to urbanization. That is to say, the Han Chinese residents in the city are not adapted to the living habits and customs of the foreign ethnic minority people, and the urban management departments are not adapted to the various management problems arising from the large number of foreign ethnic minority people entering the city; the management services of the government of the place of inflow are not able to keep up with the government of the place of outflow are not able to keep up with the coordinating services of the government.

(C) the rule of law, socialization and refinement of the coupling problem

The governance of urban ethnic affairs is a complex systematic project, which is becoming more and more prominent in the overall ethnic work. At present, the supporting legislation for urban ethnic work in China is rather broad and abstract, with little operability, and the guiding decrees are rather monotonous, and their effectiveness in regulating specific issues such as ethnic relations is not satisfactory, while the relevant policies and regulations can only provide principled rights and interests protection for the floating population of ethnic minorities under the conditions of the market economy, with a lack of substantive safeguard mechanisms, which makes most of the urban ethnic work departments still rely on administrative regulation to solve ethnic problems, which obviously runs counter to the trend of socialized work. The socialization of urban ethnic affairs governance should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of ruling the country in accordance with the law in a comprehensive manner, using the rule of law as a way of thinking and means to regulate and coordinate urban ethnic relations, giving full play to the superiority of the rule of law, further perfecting the relations of authority and responsibility between the various main bodies of urban ethnic affairs governance as well as the legal system, strengthening supervision and inspection of the implementation of the legal system, and making the spirit of the rule of law the "root" and the "foundation" of the governance system. The spirit of the rule of law as the "root" and "soul" is embedded in all aspects and stages of socialization. The socialization of urban ethnic affairs governance is also inseparable from refinement. Only by formulating different governance strategies for ethnic minority areas and diaspora areas, as well as for different types of cities in the east, central and west, and by making good use of economic, administrative, legal, cultural, information, media and other means of integrated governance, especially by promoting the transformation and upgrading of urban ethnic affairs from grid-based management to networked governance, can the drawbacks of the traditional management methods of simplicity, sloppiness and backwardness be effectively overcome. Therefore, the rule of law, socialization and refinement of ethnic work should be regarded as an inextricable organic whole, and must be coupled with the rule of law and refinement in the process of promoting the socialization of urban ethnic affairs governance, so as to realize the synergistic force of the "three".

Two strategies for building a socialized system of governance of urban ethnic affairs

(1) Meta-governance: the construction of the party and government-led responsibility mechanism for urban ethnic affairs

Whether it is from the point of view of China's ethnic work system or from the point of view of China's specific national conditions, the party committees and governments at all levels play a dominant role in urban ethnic affairs is unquestionable, and must also be adhered to. At the present stage, to deal with the urban minority mobile population is increasing, minority people's needs continue to improve the reality of the pressure, the city government departments, especially the ethnic work department is undoubtedly the primary responsibility for the governance of ethnic affairs of the main body, we must continue to strengthen and improve its functions, to give play to its in the city of national minority affairs in the governance of the socialized system of governance, "yuan governance The role of "meta-governance" in the socialized system of urban ethnic affairs governance must continue to be strengthened and improved. In China, in addition to the Constitution and the Law on Regional Ethnic Autonomy, there are no unified laws on ethnic work. For a long time, China's urban ethnic work has been based mainly on the Regulations on Urban Ethnic Work, and although the regulations have played an important role in urban ethnic work, most of the local regulations on ethnic work originate from government documents or speeches by leaders, and some of them are too abstract or have a large degree of flexibility; in the case of specific urban ethnic work, the content of these regulations is uneven, and there is also a lack of legal supervision and legal sanctioning measures, and do not reflect authority, coercion and the rule of law in sudden events, and therefore cannot be used as the main means of governing urban ethnic affairs.

The urgent task of establishing and perfecting the government-led responsibility mechanism is to speed up the legislation on urban ethnic work, and it is imperative that the Regulations on Urban Ethnic Work be revised as soon as possible in accordance with the needs of the situation, and that appropriate legal forms be established for the protection of the rights and interests of urban ethnic minorities, the management of halal food, and the division of powers and responsibilities of the main bodies of the governance of ethnic affairs that need to be further regulated through the law, in order to There are laws to follow. In terms of strict law enforcement, on the one hand, we must insist that all people are equal before the law, and no one has the privilege to go beyond the law, and no matter which ethnic group's citizens or which religion's citizens believe in, if they have violated the law or committed a crime, they must be dealt with according to the law; on the other hand, we must safeguard the special needs of the ethnic minorities, and respect the customs and habits of the ethnic minorities as well as their normal religious beliefs, and in particular we must resolutely rectify and put an end to the refusal of housing, transportation, rent, sale, and the practice of halal food management. On the other hand, the special needs of ethnic minorities should be safeguarded, and the customs and habits and normal religious beliefs of ethnic minorities should be respected; in particular, words and deeds that discriminate against or disguise discrimination against them, such as refusing to live in, transporting, renting, or selling their homes, conducting special security checks, and raising the threshold of employment, should be firmly corrected and eliminated. In addition, it is necessary to focus on hot issues of general concern to cadres and masses of all ethnic groups, and gradually expand the coverage of supervision and inspection work, focusing on city management and law enforcement departments, window service industries, communities, and network websites, and increasing the supervision of the implementation of ethnic laws and regulations. To standardize the workflow, innovative ways and means, the establishment of the Civil Affairs Commission as the lead unit, the departments to cooperate, self-inspection and supervision, daily inspection and special inspection of the unity of the long-term supervision mechanism, the formation of a comprehensive law enforcement synergy, to ensure that the laws and regulations are really put into practice.

(2) Participatory governance: the construction of a multi-principal cooperation mechanism for urban ethnic affairs

Cooperation has the potential to unleash the energies of people and institutions in a cross-sectoral context, and successful cooperation generates multiple levels of benefits, the most notable of which lies in the fact that it is a much more thorough, satisfactory, and effective solution to the problem of public **** than the government could accomplish on its own. With the increasing influence of enterprises, universities, scientific research institutions and social groups, the government should stimulate their participation in urban ethnic work, and should make good use of administrative means, social mobilization means, and market means, so as to build a pattern of government-led cooperation and governance of urban ethnic affairs by multiple subjects. For one thing, we should harmonize government management with the autonomy of associations, and involve social forces in the service and management of ethnic minority migrant populations. On the premise of following the regulations on the autonomy of associations and that religions should not interfere in the political and educational systems, social organizations such as ethnic cultural associations, religious groups, volunteer organizations and charitable associations should be fully stimulated to provide public welfare services as well as to promote the self-management of migrant ethnic minority groups, and by accelerating the relevant legislation, the scope, content, methods and channels of social organizations' participation in the governance of urban ethnic affairs should be regulated. It is necessary to establish a pluralistic and integrated model of ethnic social work, promote the entry of professionals, teams and capital from universities, research institutions and other organizations into the field of urban ethnic social work, and enhance the professionalism and service capacity of urban ethnic social workers. Second, a market-oriented approach should be used to absorb relevant enterprises to cooperate with the government to provide high-quality and efficient ethnic minority public **** services. The government should sign agreements with enterprises in the form of targeted recruitment and skills training, and give more policy support to enterprises in the inflow area, so as to help the ethnic minority migrant population to be successfully employed and smoothly integrated into the city. It is necessary to actively explore new modes such as the "enclave" economy, industrial clustering, and government-purchased services, so as to continually narrow the gap between ethnic and non-ethnic areas, and between urban and rural areas, and to enable all regions and ethnic groups to carry out economic exchanges on an equal footing. Third, multiple social governance bodies are working together to resolve conflicts and disputes. To resolve contradictions and disputes involving ethnic minority migrant populations in cities, it is necessary to change the previous dilemma of government departments "fighting alone" and "being isolated and unsupported", to make comprehensive use of economic, political, social and cultural measures, and to emphasize the active role of social groups and representatives of ethnic minorities, as well as the strengthening of political and social institutions. The government has also taken an active role in strengthening political communication, eliminating barriers, coordinating interests and promoting understanding, and resolving conflicts at the grassroots level, at the local level and in the early stages through socialization.

(C) Embedded governance: the construction of inter-embedded mechanisms in urban multi-ethnic communities

The realization of citizenship can be regarded as a goal pursued by the local government itself, rather than the provision of a particular service. It includes not only the basic treatment of citizens, but also their participation in decision-making, the promotion of the ability to live independently and autonomously, and the direct participation in the provision of services within the community, and thus the local government should maintain an appropriate balance between individual rights and social responsibilities. In urban ethnic work, ethnic work departments at all levels should not look at migrant ethnic minority groups in isolation, and should not overemphasize the special nature of ethnic minority status; rather, they should orient their socialization work from the perspective of citizenship towards guiding ethnic minorities to become embedded in the urban community and civil society, and facilitating the acquisition by migrant ethnic minorities of the rights to civic status and to participate in the governance of the community, so as to genuinely realize their citizenship. Therefore, the current mechanism of building multi-ethnic communities in cities should focus on the cross-regional docking between places of inflow and outflow, and the establishment of social structures and community environments in which ethnic groups are embedded in each other.

First, there should be effective coordination and cooperation between the governments at all levels in the places of outflow of the migrant population and the city governments in the places of inflow. As the main body responsible for local management, the city governments in the inflow areas should incorporate the service and management of the floating population of ethnic minorities into the performance appraisal system of the local governments. They should improve and adjust the content of their policies to make them more compatible with the policies of the place of outflow, and take the initiative to accommodate the ethnic minority floating population, guaranteeing them equal access to basic urban public **** services, such as compulsory education, medical care and health care, employment, housing, etc., and forming a dynamic governance mechanism in which "services are provided when people are here, and services are provided when people are gone". Ethnic minority mobile population out of the government should be carried out at the source of the relevant legal system, policy, order education, especially in the outflow of personnel training and education to do a good job in detail, which should include helping ethnic minorities to correctly understand the ethnic issues and urban ethnic relations.

The second is to weave a social network that promotes the community embedding of ethnic minority migrants through community-based services. Communities should shift from a preventive control model to a service and participatory governance model to adapt to the needs of market economic development, changes in government functions, transactional reorganization, and the gradual differentiation of social organizations and other new situations. The social integration function of community absorption should be stimulated, and cultural inclusiveness should be increased, so as to help the ethnic-minority migrant population break through the traditional embeddedness constraints, "de-embed" from the place of departure, and then successfully re-embed themselves in the new urban society. Taking the communities where ethnic minority migrants live as a platform, targeted services and guarantees are provided to enhance ethnic minority people's sense of community, cultivate their sense of community identity and belonging, and promote the cultural and psychological adaptation of ethnic minority people to modern urban civilization. General and special needs should be further subdivided, and public **** services related to the special needs of ethnic minorities should be increased, such as halal food, services for special funeral customs, and special religious ceremonies. With the support and guidance provided by the government, the community should be the main body to carry out collaboration with neighboring ethnic enterprises, colleges and universities, scientific research institutions, religious groups, non-profit organizations and volunteers to provide "face-to-face" social services. Of course, while improving the community-based services, we can also try to establish a national urban migrant population information network, and timely release of relevant employment demand, labor supply and other information, so that the mobility of ethnic minority migrant population to reduce the blindness, and enhance the effectiveness of the management of migrant population services.

Thirdly, it is guiding the various ethnic groups in urban communities to embed themselves in each other in terms of living space, economic and cultural interactions, and so on. At present, compared with cities in diaspora areas, the problem of residential segregation is more prominent in cities with a relatively high concentration of mobile populations in border ethnic areas. Therefore, it is recommended that the government take appropriate economic compensation to relocate and divert single-ethnicity residential districts and buildings that have already been formed, and encourage and guide the embedded living of all ethnic groups; for communities that are being planned and constructed, through the formulation of preferential land and financial and tax policies, attention should be paid to the distribution structure of the living of people of all ethnic groups in the planning and carrying out of post-disaster reconstruction, relocating and migrating people, the renovation of old and dilapidated houses, and the construction and distribution of guaranteed housing, etc. The Problems. Diaspora cities in the east-central region are currently faced with the problem of changing or reorganizing multi-ethnic community units as a result of old-city reconstruction and demolition. In this regard, the government should step up its publicity efforts to strengthen the ideological foundation of inter-ethnic residence and to stop expanding the phenomenon of selective settlement. It is recommended that, in the course of demolition and relocation, the Government should provide certain economic subsidies and policy preferences to poor minority residents, and, on the basis of respect for the wishes of the minorities, carry out in-situ rehousing or resettlement according to a certain proportion of the ethnic groups, so as to make the demographic structure of the restructured community reasonable and optimized. In addition, it is necessary to take equality and mutual benefit as the principle, to expand the depth and breadth of the economic mutual embeddedness of the various ethnic groups in the city, and to take inclusive community culture construction as a breakthrough, to further deepen the identification of the Chinese culture, so as to consolidate the foundation of national unity, so that the various ethnic groups in the city will understand each other, respect each other, be tolerant of each other, appreciate each other, learn from each other and help each other, and hold each other tightly together like the pomegranate seeds.

(4) Networked governance: the construction of an interactive docking mechanism between online and offline urban ethnic affairs

The extension of community grid management to urban ethnic affairs, which can not only effectively bring into play the function of socialized governance, but also provide seamless public **** services for ethnic minority people. On the one hand, it is currently necessary to further optimize the urban ethnic minority grid management system at the level of expanding the content of grid services and expanding social participation. By defining the scope of services, forming service teams, clarifying service responsibilities, standardizing hierarchical management, and strengthening information interaction, we can form the synergy of grid collaborative services, optimize the grid management process and service means, promote management by service, and put service in management, and then improve the satisfaction and happiness of ethnic minority people. On the other hand, under the background of big data, promoting the deep integration of the Internet and urban ethnic work, realizing the maximum use of technical power in the service management of ethnic minorities, urgently requires the transformation and upgrading of urban ethnic affairs from grid-based management to network-based governance. This requires the integration of instrumental rationality and value rationality, the introduction of new concepts such as "Internet + Ethnic Minority Service Management" and "Intelligent Civil Religion", and the close connection between the real space governance of the grid unit and the virtual network governance with intelligent terminals as the hub, so as to build an interactive online and offline interface. The networked governance mechanism for urban ethnic affairs has been constructed by linking online and offline interactions. To this end, it is also necessary to change the old model of management by a single government authority, integrate the resources of ethnic social workers to re-engineer the service management process, and establish a networked service management system combining government supervision, community operation, and extensive participation by ethnic minority people and volunteers, with the participation of multiple subjects*** in the same governance. With the expansion of networked functions, a wider and deeper level of data interoperability and resource *** enjoyment can be realized, but the risk of leakage of information related to ethnic minorities has also increased. To cope with the network risk, it is necessary to develop high-security technologies and provide stronger technical support for identity security authentication, access control, information confidentiality, etc., so as to effectively protect the privacy and corporate secrets of the ethnic minority people. National network regulators and security agencies should also increase their efforts to govern cyberspace in accordance with the law, and effectively safeguard national unity, social stability and national unity.