What measures do EU countries take to develop new energy sources?

At present, the composition of primary energy in EU is: oil accounts for 4 1%, natural gas accounts for 22%, nuclear energy accounts for 15%, solid fuel accounts for 16%, and renewable energy accounts for 6%. Among them, the internal composition of renewable energy is: biomass and garbage power generation account for 63.6%, wind energy 1.4%, geothermal energy 3.6%, hydropower 3 1% and solar energy 0.4%. The most important application of renewable energy is power generation. It is reported that the EU stipulates that by 20 10, 22% of the EU's electricity and 12% of all energy will be converted into renewable energy.

The important strategy of EU's national energy security strategy system is to base itself on the domestic market, develop domestic new energy, develop new energy/renewable energy and implement energy diversification strategy. The so-called energy diversification at least includes the development of new energy (such as hydrogen energy) and renewable energy (biomass energy, water energy, etc.). ) and promote the energy structure based on natural gas. The core of diversification is "developing alternative energy", which is an important aspect of energy security strategy. The international development is relatively fast, such as the hydrogen energy roadmap of the European Union.

EU develops alternative energy sources to realize energy diversification. Another main content of the EU's internal energy strategy is to diversify the types of energy. In the past few years, the EU has comprehensively reviewed its energy policy and made a strategic plan for the future. The main direction of these long-term plans is to save energy and develop alternative energy sources. Objectives: ① By 20 10, the EU's energy consumption will be reduced from 14- 15% of the world total to 12%. ② Take the development of new energy as the political focus. ③ By 2030, the external dependence of energy will remain at 70%. ④ The utilization of renewable energy reaches 12%. ⑤ Meet the standards stipulated in the Kyoto Protocol. For these overall goals, the EU has also set specific goals, such as: ① integrating the internal market. (2) review the energy tax, energy conservation and energy diversification plan. ③ Popularize new technologies. (4) Start the energy-saving plan. ⑤ Develop vehicles using clean fuel. ⑥ Revive railway traffic, improve highway traffic, advocate clean urban traffic and implement the principle of pollution compensation.

The EU is also gradually developing from relying on foreign aid to independence, and constantly getting rid of the supply of external energy. The EU emphasizes the development of its own energy resources, mainly referring to the diversification of energy sources. In order to be independent of others and ensure complete autonomy, the EU proposes to improve energy efficiency, expand the scale of nuclear energy utilization, strengthen the research and development, application and promotion of renewable energy, and vigorously develop a low-carbon economy. At present, nuclear energy provides 1/3 of electricity in the EU. Nuclear energy is not only stable in supply, but also stable in price, especially without carbon dioxide emission. The problem is to solve its safety performance and public acceptance.

At present, the EU's electricity production has reached the goal of energy diversification, and the EU has also achieved similar energy diversification in the transportation field. The EU has sufficient technical capacity to develop biofuels, thermonuclear fuels and hydrogen fuels, but these developments have certain limitations.

In EU countries, nuclear power has been developed for decades and has become a mature energy source. Nuclear energy is France's energy source. The oil crisis in 1970s and 1980s prompted France, which was short of fossil energy, to choose the road of developing nuclear power. France currently has 59 nuclear reactors with a total installed capacity of more than 63Gwe, providing more than 400 billion kWh of electricity every year. At present, 80% of France's energy comes from nuclear energy, 15% from hydropower and 5% from coal and oil. This is due to the long-term policy of promoting energy independence. France is also the world's largest net exporter of electricity, with an annual income of about 2.6 billion euros. In order to develop nuclear energy, the European Court of Justice issued a regulation in June 2002 10, confirming that the European Commission is responsible for nuclear safety. The enlargement of the EU means that another 65,438+09 Soviet-designed reactors will be included in the EU. Some of them need to be closed early. The European Council decided to allocate 480 million euros for the European Atomic Framework Program (2002-2006), and to study how to better ensure the high safety of nuclear energy within the EU, as well as technical issues such as nuclear fission and nuclear waste disposal.

In order to technically implement the strategy of energy diversification, the EU also launched the "European Intelligent Energy" (EIE) project in 2003 to support the implementation of EU energy policies, such as improving the energy efficiency of buildings and industries, promoting the integration of new renewable energy with local environment and energy systems, supporting the diversification of transportation energy, such as promoting the use of biofuels, and supporting developing countries to develop renewable energy and improve energy efficiency.

Strategies for developing renewable energy and low-carbon energy

Developing renewable energy is the central goal of EU's energy policy. Renewable energy, including hydropower, wind energy, solar energy, biomass energy, geothermal energy, ocean energy, etc., has great resource potential, little environmental pollution and can be used continuously. It is an important energy source that is beneficial to the harmonious development between man and nature. At the same time, in the medium and long term, the economic competitiveness of renewable energy may be no less than that of traditional energy. Renewable energy can reduce carbon dioxide emissions, increase the sustainability of energy supply, improve the security of energy supply, and reduce Europe's increasing dependence on imported energy.

Since 1970s, the idea of sustainable development has gradually become the consensus of the international community, and the development and utilization of renewable energy have been highly valued by EU countries. Many EU countries regard the development and utilization of renewable energy as an important part of their energy strategies, put forward clear development goals of renewable energy, and formulated laws and preferential policies to encourage the development of renewable energy. Renewable energy has developed rapidly, becoming the fastest-growing field among all kinds of energy sources. The market applications and industries of some renewable energy technologies such as photovoltaic power generation and wind power generation have been growing at an average annual rate of more than 20% in the past 10 years, and the development of renewable energy has become a hot spot in the energy field of the European Union.

National renewable energy development goals:

In the process of promoting the industrialization of renewable energy, EU countries have emphasized the responsibility of the government in the development of renewable energy. Usually, the government invests in science and technology first, and then develops the market to promote the industrialization process. Many countries have formulated specific development goals of phased renewable energy. 1995, the eu published the green paper on energy policy, and on this basis, it adopted the white paper of the European parliament "Future Energy: Renewable Energy" in 1997, which defined the eu's action plan to increase the proportion of renewable energy in the energy structure. It is pointed out that the proportion of renewable energy in primary energy consumption will increase from 6% in196 to 12% in 20 10, and the proportion of renewable energy installed capacity in total installed capacity will also increase from 197 to 22% in 20 10. According to the White Paper on Renewable Energy formulated by EU 1997, the development goal of renewable energy in EU in 20 10 is to reach 12% of the total energy, which is double the 6% in 1998.

Each member state has also set its own development goals. Germany and Britain promise that by 20 10 and 2020, the proportion of renewable energy generation will reach 10% and 20% respectively. According to Germany's new renewable energy law, by 2020, the power generation of wind energy, biomass energy, hydropower and solar energy will increase by 10%, making it account for 20% of Germany's total power generation.

At the beginning of February 2006, a professional British company provided the British government with a "Vision 2020 Plan" on energy security, suggesting that Britain should pay full attention to the substitution of renewable energy before the oil and gas in the North Sea dried up. Since the 20th century, Britain has formulated a new energy strategy aimed at "low-carbon economy". In 2003, it published the White Paper "Future Energy of the British Government-Creating a Low-carbon Economy", and announced Britain's energy strategy for the next half century: turning Britain into a low-carbon economy country by 2050. In order to achieve this long-term goal, Britain will devote itself to the research and development, application and export of advanced technologies, create more business opportunities and employment opportunities, and play a leading role in the stability, sustainability and environmental protection of energy technologies and energy markets in Europe and even the world.

Spain indicated that its renewable energy generation ratio will exceed 29% in 20 10. Some countries in northern Europe have put forward the goal of gradually replacing nuclear power with wind power and biomass power generation.

The European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the EU Summit have made unremitting efforts around energy supply, internal energy integration market construction, international energy market coordination, strengthening energy-saving technologies, promoting the research and development and promotion of renewable energy, and achieving emission reduction targets.

In 2006, the EU's energy policy action plan for the next three years (2007-2009) was adopted, and comprehensive measures were taken to ensure the EU's medium and long-term energy supply. In 2007, it was decided to continue to implement the EU's fifth sustainable development plan, formulate a tax system for carbon dioxide emissions, set emission reduction targets, and increase the proportion of renewable energy in energy consumption. In 2007, the EU formulated an energy and transportation development strategy to improve energy efficiency in the transportation field, support research on alternative energy and renewable energy, and encourage extensive research on energy conservation and emission reduction. In April 2009, the "Climate Action and Renewable Energy Package" was issued, which closely combined emission reduction targets with renewable energy development, and put forward more ambitious goals and more specific implementation plans.

The EU's energy and environmental protection policies are strongly promoted by the EU's transnational policies, actively led by member governments, led by energy management institutions, and enthusiastically participated by infrastructure departments, energy enterprises and citizens. Along the way, the EU's energy and environmental protection policies are closely integrated and mature.

EU's great efforts in the field of new energy: EU is not only a big energy consumer, but also a big energy importer. In order to ensure a stable and reliable energy supply, the EU should, on the one hand, carry out close energy cooperation and strengthen strategic partnership with energy exporting countries and regions such as Russia, Central Asia, Caspian Sea and Black Sea, and at the same time strengthen cooperation with energy organizations such as the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, OECD and large multinational energy groups.

EU energy policy action plan for the next three years;

The EU's Energy Policy Action Plan for the Next Three Years (2007-2009) adopted in 2006 proposes to improve energy efficiency in order to achieve the EU's goal of reducing energy consumption by 20% by 2020, and requires member States to define the "responsibility target" of energy conservation and determine the main energy conservation areas according to the characteristics of their own economies and energy policies, so as to quickly adopt implementation measures. For example, for people's homes, public places, government agencies, tourist hotels and commercial buildings, urban lighting landscapes and road lighting, it is encouraged to replace energy-saving lamps and energy-saving equipment as soon as possible. At this rate of development, the EU will save 10% to 20% of electricity consumption in the three years from 2007 to 2009. The EU has further expanded the utilization and development of nuclear energy, and increased the investment of funds and manpower in technical research such as safety guarantee and reduction of nuclear waste pollution.

The plan also calls for greater research on new energy technologies and the development of green energy, and vigorously promotes the use of new energy and green energy, and stipulates that in the three years from 2007 to 2009, the use target of renewable energy and natural energy should reach 65,438+00%, and the targets should be broken down according to different countries. Judging from the implementation of the plan, hundreds of research institutions and enterprises in EU member countries have focused on the research and development of green energy and renewable energy. The utilization of natural energy such as wind energy, solar energy and geothermal energy has expanded from industry and agriculture to commercial and civil fields, and gradually entered people's daily lives. Some experts said that at present, the technology of producing renewable energy through plant decomposition in the EU has become increasingly mature, and the EU is adopting more active incentive policies in reducing costs and popularizing technologies. Most member countries have taken relevant measures by providing financial compensation or incentives to users who use green energy and energy-saving equipment to promote new technologies.

The main policies and measures of EU to promote the development of renewable energy;

There are four main types of EU policy documents guiding the development of renewable energy: white papers on energy policy (including discussions on the development of renewable energy); White paper on renewable energy and its action plan; "Green Paper on Energy Supply" (before publishing the white paper, publish the green paper first; To some extent, the Green Paper is a document to consult the opinions of member countries); EU directive. The EU directive is a legally binding document guiding the legislation of member countries, and its provisions on promoting the development of renewable energy are more specific. EU directives related to renewable energy development include: 200177/EC directive (on renewable energy), 2003/30 /EC directive (on biodiesel), 2003/96/EC directive (on energy tax), 2003/54/EC directive (on electricity market liberalization) and so on. The development of renewable energy in EU is the result of the cooperation between government policies and market mechanisms.

In May 2003, after difficult negotiations, the European Union adopted a directive to promote the use of biofuels in the field of transportation. According to the directive, by the end of 2005, the consumption of biofuels in the EU should reach 2% of the fuel market and 5.75% by the end of 20 10. By 2020, 20% of the fuel used for transportation will be new fuel.

EU policy makers realize that the problem of developing and utilizing renewable energy lies not in technology, but in strong political support. Without political support, it will be shelved because of the cost. Political support is not a slogan, but also includes providing land, using traditional energy as a backup (because renewable energy may be interrupted), tolerating much higher prices than traditional energy, and investing in the future, encouraging innovation, and supervising the implementation of the same measures and other management measures, all of which require the cooperation of the government and enterprises to intervene in market behavior and even social life. Otherwise, the long-term goal of EU energy supply security will be difficult to achieve.

It is emphasized that the development of green energy and energy-saving technologies is an integral part of the EU's energy sustainable development strategy. The EU should lead the new global technological revolution. Turning over the brilliant historical report cards of the EU in energy and environmental protection, we can easily draw the conclusion that the EU is far ahead, with a solid foundation and strong strength, both in energy and environmental protection strategies and in specific implementation rules, laws and regulations. There is a lot of coal in Europe, and it is very cheap. The problem is how to make it cleaner economically through the technological revolution. The research and development of clean energy technologies, such as the clean treatment of traditional coal and firewood, have improved the efficiency of energy utilization; Strive to develop new energy technologies and accelerate the transfer, testing and application of technologies such as bioenergy, hydrogen energy, solar energy and wind energy; At the same time, in the storm of the current economic crisis, and in the case of intensified energy wars around the world, the EU's two major plans in the fields of energy and environmental protection can be described as ambitious and comprehensive. Compared with Obama's new energy policies, they are more comprehensive, systematic and operable. No wonder the EU claims to "lead a new global technological revolution".