Brief introduction of rural planning

The planning contents mainly include: ① analysis and evaluation of rural natural and economic resources; ② Development direction, strategic goal and regional layout of rural social economy; ③ Development scale, level, speed, investment and benefit of rural economic sectors; (4) Formulate the measures and steps of current rural planning. Rural planning should be based on rural resources, existing production base and national economic development principles and policies, with economic development as the center and improving efficiency as the premise. It is necessary to make a long-term combination, leave room, weigh repeatedly, comprehensively compare and choose the best scheme.

1 general problems in village planning

In the current legal system of urban planning, there are only two national laws and regulations concerning village planning: Regulations on Planning and Construction of Villages and Market Towns and Measures for Compilation of Village Planning (Trial). According to the guidance of these two documents, village planning should generally refer to the relevant contents of village planning; In the actual operation process, all localities are usually compiled according to the urban planning standards. Due to the unbalanced social and economic development, the village planning compiled in the past was mainly centralized.

1. 1 Overall characteristics of villages in China.

(1) is small in scale and scattered in layout.

This is caused by the low level of agricultural production and the requirement of convenient farming management in China. There are many villages and market towns of different sizes within the scope of townships (towns), which are scattered individuals in form and interrelated organic whole in essence. They form a network structure system in production, life, culture, education, service, trade and other aspects, and are distributed in a pyramid shape.

(2) Diversification of village types

China has a vast territory and a large number of ethnic groups, and the natural living environment, socio-economic conditions and historical and cultural background vary greatly from place to place, resulting in a diversified pattern in structural layout, socio-economic functions, folk customs, production characteristics and even architectural styles.

(3) The level of regional development varies greatly.

The unbalanced development of village production in different regions and the differences in natural and construction conditions lead to different village scale, distribution density, production capacity, economic benefits and farmers' material and cultural level.

1.2 general problems of village construction and development

Due to historical reasons, the main problems of village construction and development in previous village planning in China are summarized as: serious land waste, poor utilization of resources, backward infrastructure, poor investment environment, difficult to cultivate industrial and commercial civilization, difficult to establish factor market, difficult to control environmental pollution, and lack of village characteristics [1].

1.3 Construction of traditional village planning system

According to the current two laws and regulations, village planning includes three levels: village system planning, village (village) overall planning and village (village) construction planning; Village planning mainly involves village master planning and village construction planning. On the practical level, the latter two levels of planning are often combined and collectively referred to as "village planning". Practice has proved that the combination of village master planning and village construction planning can improve the efficiency of planning, be conducive to the combination of long-term development of villages with current construction needs, and be easy to operate and implement.

1.4 general problems involved in village planning

The existing research shows that the problems involved in village planning mainly focus on the rational calculation of population and land use, village planning and layout, village road traffic problems, village public facilities configuration, and the protection of village history, culture and local characteristics. These problems have been discussed in depth in "Discussion on Several Issues of Village Planning" [2], and they are not repeated here.

2. Unconventional problems of village planning in underdeveloped areas

2. 1 More mountains and less arable land.

Villages in underdeveloped areas are generally located in mountainous areas, and it is precisely because of the large proportion of mountainous areas that the natural conditions on which survival, production and life depend are relatively poor, which is not conducive to the development of agriculture; At the same time, the traffic is inconvenient, and its villages are naturally relatively backward. Larger plains or dam areas are often occupied by more developed towns and villages, which is particularly typical in less developed provinces in the west (such as Yunnan and Guizhou). Villages in mountainous areas usually rely on a small piece of flat land for farming, and most villagers' houses are built on the mountain. Because there are many mountains and little flat land, the agricultural foundation is weak; The transportation is inconvenient and there is no other industry support, which leads to long-term economic underdevelopment.

2.2 Remote geographical location, far away from the central town.

Villages in underdeveloped areas are usually far away from central cities, even from central towns and market towns. This location condition also limits the economic development of this area, so that it can not be driven by the radiation of the central town, can not enjoy the opportunities brought by the industrial transfer of the central town, and can only rely on its own strength for a long time to develop slowly and relatively closed.

2.3 Small population and low quality

Due to the lag of development, the motive force of population growth in underdeveloped areas mainly depends on its natural growth. At the same time, due to the relatively loose family planning policy, the natural growth rate in these areas is usually high. However, if the mechanical growth factor is taken into account, the population of these villages, especially those with high quality, mostly migrate to developed areas and towns (that is, the impact of urbanization), and the migration speed is higher than the natural growth, while the population in underdeveloped areas tends to show a negative growth trend, which also leads to a long-term small population, insufficient labor force and low quality in these areas. For example, the total population of Ming Ge Village is less than 600, and the young and middle-aged labor force is even less. In this way, it is very unrealistic to take the road of large-scale industrialization and make the village economy reach the level of villages in developed areas (such as Huaxi Village in Jiangsu Province).

2.4 Backward social and municipal infrastructure

Compared with villages in developed areas, the actual development level of underdeveloped areas is limited, and they have no economic ability to improve social and municipal infrastructure; Foreign capital has no incentive to invest in this field. The resulting reality is that many villages have no basic public service facilities such as water supply and drainage facilities, primary schools, libraries, medical rooms, etc., and their sanitary conditions are worrying, and their production and life have been at a very low level for a long time.

2.5 The concept of rule of law and management methods are backward.

The economic base determines the superstructure. Villagers in underdeveloped areas have been busy with the most basic survival and life for a long time, and their economic forms have the characteristics of natural economy and small-scale peasant production. They have been divorced from the division of labor and cooperation in social production for a long time, which leads to their backward and closed concepts, especially the lack of the concept of rule of law and the management concept of village management can not keep up with the development of the times. In this way, even if there is a scientific "village planning", it can not be thoroughly understood and truly recognized by the management, and it is difficult to really implement it. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the process of village planning in underdeveloped areas. For village managers, the process of compiling village planning in underdeveloped areas should be a process of popularizing law among villagers and updating village management concepts.

2.6 insufficient attention to planning and insufficient funds.

Because the status of underdeveloped areas in cities, counties and even townships (towns) is often "insignificant", the higher authorities (usually the urban construction or planning management departments of the counties where they are located) pay less attention to their planning than the planning of cities and central towns, which directly leads to insufficient or no investment in planning expenses. In fact, villages in these areas simply can't afford the high planning costs of formal planning institutes, and even some funds are unwilling to invest in indirect benefit planning. The economic strength of villages cannot be compared with that of towns. Without the support of special funds, it is difficult to raise planning funds, and the shortage of planning funds makes village planning difficult to deal with. In order to cope with the planning inspection, administrative village organizations often make a simple plan by themselves or entrust the superior management department, which is naturally unscientific and operability is not strong.

2.7 Ethnic minorities live in close communities.

Many villages in underdeveloped areas are inhabited by ethnic minorities, especially in southwestern provinces. On the one hand, this will strengthen the urgency of the development of the region; On the other hand, the rich folk culture of ethnic minorities also brings hidden advantages for their development.

3 key points of village planning in underdeveloped areas

(1) Road system: The existing road network system is not perfect, and roads at all levels are generally narrow; The alley in the village is narrow and curved, and the fire truck can't get in; Except for the transit road, all the other roads in the village are cement roads with poor quality; Road ancillary facilities are not perfect.

(2) Villagers' housing: the housing layout is scattered and the residential land is serious; Houses are mostly brick-wood structures with poor ventilation and poor quality; The architectural style is uneven, and the newly built brick-concrete farmhouse has seriously damaged the original village style; The environment is dirty and the sanitary conditions are poor.

(3) Public facilities: the primary school is too small and the teaching facilities are not perfect; No kindergartens, clinics and other facilities; The shops in the commercial points in the village are in disorder, and there is no good business environment and business atmosphere.

(4) Municipal infrastructure: unsystematic drainage and untreated domestic sewage; Pulling wires in the village is a fire hazard.

(5) Environmental sanitation: there is a lack of management of domestic garbage, and there are more garbage in idle open spaces and open ditches; Most families are open-air or simple toilets with poor sanitary conditions.

(6) Landscape environment: low green rate, lack of public green space and public activity space; The river shoreline is poorly afforested and there is much garbage; Most of the "naked" houses in the village have seriously affected the visual environment of the village.

3.2 Planning content and ideas

The author thinks that on the basis of meeting the requirements of basic standards, village planning should especially highlight key points, grasp the center, and avoid "covering everything" and "covering everything". For underdeveloped areas, there can only be one so-called focus and center. For a village with hundreds of people, it is difficult to gather much strength to make many earth-shattering events. Therefore, the content of village planning should not blossom everywhere, but focus on the main problems, grasp the main contradiction (economic backwardness), do one thing well, plan a development idea and solve a problem.

As far as Ming Ge Village is concerned, as it belongs to a natural village, its economy is mainly supported by basic agriculture, with tourism and catering reception services as the mainstay. Therefore, under the premise of doing a good job in agriculture, Ming Ge Village should pay special attention to the development of characteristic agriculture, take the development mode of promoting agriculture by agriculture and promoting agriculture by business, and concentrate on several aspects, instead of being greedy for more, which can be summarized as five "one" development ideas, namely:

(1) One goal: to build a harmonious countryside, including harmony between man and nature (reasonable development) and harmony between people (improvement of civilization).

(2) A central task: namely, economic development, grasping the direction of economic development with agriculture as the core, and driving the hospitality industry of farmhouse music.

(3) Leading industrial chain: namely, green agriculture-extension industry (deep processing of agricultural products, green service industry).

(4) A window: express the image of this window through a re-integrated village style.

(5) New look: the new material environment and mental outlook of Ming Ge Village. The material environment includes the improvement of the production environment, the beautification of the living environment, the enrichment of the material content of life, and the improvement of people's satisfaction, and they are full of hope for the future.

At the same time, the main contents and key points of the plan also need to be developed around these five "ones", including:

(1) Rational layout of village development land and clear future development direction;

(2) straighten out the road traffic in the village and handle the internal and external traffic links;

(3) Transforming the living environment of the village, including sanitation, living, production and tourist reception environment;

(4) to create characteristic village landscape, including the unity of architectural style,

(5) Improve infrastructure construction, including water supply and drainage, power communication, sewage treatment, etc.

(6) Establish a new management system to lay an organizational foundation for building a tourist catering reception area in the future.

3.3 Adjustment of functional layout

According to the key planning theme, this plan takes increasing "resultant force" as the core content in the land use adjustment, and forms an interrelated and interpenetrating spatial relationship between the original two different villages (Shangmingge Village and Xiamingge Village), thus forming a complete environmental space, playing a better role and making the whole planning area form a pattern of "one axis, one belt and three pieces":

(1) "One axis": the main axis of village development formed by the original village road and the main road passing through the village.

(2) "Belt": a riverside green belt.

(3) "Three Areas": The whole planning is divided into three areas, namely, the northern villagers' residential area, the southern villagers' residential area, the newly planned residential area and the management area located on both sides of the river.

3.4 Village Characteristic Planning

Village characteristics are an important factor to attract foreign investment and external consumers. On the basis of maintaining the existing pattern and style, the plan strives to integrate the land use of mountains, water, green land and villages, pays attention to the excavation of local characteristics, and integrates the characteristics of local residential culture into the village construction, so that the characteristics of the environment and landscape construction of mountain villages can be more fully reflected, and the image of a natural village is created. Therefore, in the planning, it is considered to form a series of characteristics from three aspects: "one style, two major features and three elements", combining points, lines and surfaces:

A style: a simple pastoral style with natural village texture as the main tone.

Two characteristics: grasping the characteristics of mountains, water and villages, and making beautiful scenery the most prominent characteristics of villages.

(1) Mountain Greening: Strengthen the greening of the mountains around the village to make it a green background of the village. Where there are mountains, the architectural layout is built on the mountain and complement each other.

(2) Water Show: Make full use of the existing water system landscape, and plan to rub the water system into the village, so that the village will be set off by green hills, with flowing water in front of and behind the house, facing an open pastoral scenery.

Three landscape elements:

(1) Leisure space: In order to make the urban space more transparent and modern, the plan will set up squares with different characteristics in important locations. First, the village space will be varied; The second is to add "living room" for the village, which is an important window to express the image of the village.

(2) Sightseeing space: According to the current conditions, leisure parks are set up in the north, middle and south of the village, and the design fully highlights the waterfront characteristics, making the park the "finishing touch" of the village landscape.

(3) Leisure Green Belt: Waterfront Green Belt, which takes local folk customs as the main context, sets up some leisure facilities along the river, and uses greening to create a space environment with different atmospheres, forming a rich and multi-level external space environment.

4. Differences in village planning between underdeveloped areas and developed areas.

Through the above analysis and examples, the differences between village planning in underdeveloped areas and village planning in developed areas can be summarized as follows: ① Content differences: the latter pursues all-round development and pays attention to coordination, while the former pays more attention to economic development; (2) Industrial differences: the former pays more attention to the agricultural foundation than the latter, and takes the road of green industry development driven by agriculture (or driven by agriculture, especially processing industry) instead of large-scale industrial production; ③ Differences in land use layout: the former is mainly based on the division of basic housing sites, while the latter is mainly based on the planning of urban residential quarters; ④ Differences in development strategies: the former takes advantage of backward advantages, especially the advantages of well-preserved ancient buildings and folk customs, and often uses the idea of mountain development to emphasize the development of mountains; The latter makes more use of the first-Mover advantage and takes the road of industrialization; ⑤ Difference in disaster prevention: Due to different topographical conditions, flood prevention is the main disaster prevention in the former village, while flood prevention is the main disaster prevention in the latter; ⑥ Characteristic difference: The former emphasizes the primitive and simple village environment characteristics, mainly protecting the existing village spatial pattern, maintaining and updating buildings, and improving the living environment and infrastructure, which is different from the development trend of urban characteristics in developed areas; ⑦ Differences in compilation process: The former pays more attention to the planning process, emphasizing the participation of villagers, the interaction between planners and villagers, and the popularization of village official education; ⑧ Differences in sources of funds: The former is mainly multi-party financing and government financial support, and the planning behavior is less market-oriented and more planned, while the latter is more powerful and self-funded.

5 conclusion

Although there are many underdeveloped factors restricting development in underdeveloped areas, their village planning should not be "underdeveloped". With its unique natural environment, human geography, industrial base, folk customs and local farmers' production and living habits, village planning in this area can stretch local characteristics, excavate traditional culture and create village planning with distinctive mountain village characteristics and strong local cultural atmosphere in terms of planning layout, architectural form, construction method, environmental utilization and resource development.

Nowadays, all localities are in full swing to build a new socialist countryside. New rural construction, village planning first; Changing the backward appearance of rural areas, especially the underdeveloped areas in the west, will become a major event to promote the overall civilization of the country, with far-reaching significance!